Categories
List of fake news troll farms
From Wikipedia - Reading time: 27 min
The following is a list of websites, separated by country, that have been designated by journalists and researchers as likely being part of troll farms.
List
[edit]Albania
[edit]| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bients.com | bients.com | Often spreading fake stories, often of political nature. | [1] | |
| The Predicted | ThePredicted.com | Supported Bernie Sanders during the 2016 U.S. Democratic Primaries and 2016 US Presidential Election with false stories about Hillary Clinton. | [1] |
Cambodia
[edit]The following is a list of websites linked to a group based in Cambodia that posted death hoaxes about public figures in order to spread malware.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bx24news.com | bx24news.com | [2] | ||
| thedailynews24hr.com | thedailynews24hr.com | [3] | ||
| Daily90news.com | Daily90news.com | [2] | ||
| e365media.com | e365media.com | [2] | ||
| fnews2.com | fnews2.com | [4] | ||
| freshnews49.com | freshnews49.com | [2] | ||
| Freshnews85.com | Freshnews85.com | [2] | ||
| mz24news.com | mz24news.com | [5] | ||
| news28link.com | news28link.com | [6] | ||
| news37zone.com | news37zone.com | [2] | ||
| Newsa24daily.com | Newsa24daily.com | [7] | ||
| newsidaily.com | newsidaily.com | [2] | ||
| newskdaily.com | newskdaily.com | [8] | ||
| ranksnews.com | ranksnews.com | [2] | ||
| todaynewsbd.com | todaynewsbd.com | [2] | ||
| wreddismorce.com | wreddismorce.com | [2] |
Ghana
[edit]The following websites are part of a network of fake news websites registered in Ghana between 2016 and 2018, many of which have spread death hoaxes about public figures.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1ivescores.com | 1ivescores.com | [9] | ||
| 1ndependent.co.uk | 1ndependent.co.uk | [9] | ||
| ab.cnewsgo.com | ab.cnewsgo.com | [9] | ||
| abcnewgo.com | abcnewgo.com | [9] | ||
| aljazeera-TV.com | aljazeera-TV.com | [9] | ||
| aljazeeranews-TV.com | aljazeeranews-TV.com | [9] | ||
| allafricanews.co.za | allafricanews.co.za | [9] | ||
| asianews-TV.com | asianews-TV.com | [9] | ||
| bbctimes.com | bbctimes.com | [9] | ||
| boroughtimes.com | boroughtimes.com | [9] | ||
| breaking-bbc.co.uk | breaking-bbc.co.uk | [9] | ||
| Breaking-CNN.com | Breaking-CNN.com | Responsible for publishing numerous death hoaxes, including one for former First Lady Barbara Bush one day after her announcement that she would halt all further medical treatment in 2018. Designed to emulate CNN. | [10][9] | |
| cbn-TV.com | cbn-TV.com | [9] | ||
| channels-3.com | channels-3.com | [9] | ||
| City-Herald.com | City-Herald.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11][9] | |
| cnewsgo.com | cnewsgo.com | [9] | ||
| cnn-channel.com | cnn-channel.com | [9] | ||
| da1lymail.com | da1lymail.com | [9] | ||
| dailynews.tv | dailynews.tv | [9] | ||
| dream1k.com | dream1k.com | [9] | ||
| dw-tv3.com | dw-tv3.com | [9] | ||
| elpais-TV.com | elpais-TV.com | [9] | ||
| express-co.uk | express-co.uk | [9] | ||
| Florida-times.com | Florida-times.com | [9] | ||
| football-usa.com | football-usa.com | [9] | ||
| Fox-news24.com | Fox-news24.com | Defunct | Imitates Fox News. Site currently down. | [12][13][9] |
| foxnewsr.com | foxnewsr.com | [9] | ||
| france24-TV.com | france24-TV.com | [9] | ||
| global-news-views.news | global-news-views.news | [9] | ||
| glonews360.com | glonews360.com | [9] | ||
| Houston Chronicle TV | houstonchronicle-TV.com | Not affiliated with the legitimate Houston Chronicle. | [14][15][16][9] | |
| huffingtonpost-fm.com | huffingtonpost-fm.com | [9] | ||
| jetsanza.com | jetsanza.com | [9] | ||
| livetv-news.com | livetv-news.com | [9] | ||
| local-reports.com | local-reports.com | [9] | ||
| m1rror.com | m1rror.com | [9] | ||
| mailonline-TV.com | mailonline-TV.com | [9] | ||
| maltatodays.com | maltatodays.com | [9] | ||
| manhattan-post.com | manhattan-post.com | [9] | ||
| metro-uk.com | metro-uk.com | [9] | ||
| miami-express.com | miami-express.com | [9] | ||
| Michigan-herald.com | Michigan-herald.com | [9] | ||
| mtv-tv3.com | mtv-tv3.com | [9] | ||
| naij.cbn-tv.com | naij.cbn-tv.com | [9] | ||
| news-TV.co.uk | news-TV.co.uk | [9] | ||
| news.cbn-tv.com | news.cbn-tv.com | [9] | ||
| news24-channel.com | news24-channel.com | [9] | ||
| news24-TV.com | news24-TV.com | [9] | ||
| news360-TV.com | news360-TV.com | [9] | ||
| news7pm.com | news7pm.com | Plagiarized its footer from The Last Line of Defense. | [17] | |
| newsdaily-TV.com | newsdaily-TV.com | [9] | ||
| NewsPhD.com | NewsPhD.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11][9] | |
| nydailynews-TV.com | nydailynews-TV.com | Impostor site, per PolitiFact | [11][9] | |
| nytimes-news.com | nytimes-news.com | [9] | ||
| ondamic.com | ondamic.com | [9] | ||
| online.read-news.com | online.read-news.com | [9] | ||
| online.states-tv.com | online.states-tv.com | [9][11] | ||
| parliaments.eu | parliaments.eu | [9] | ||
| primenews-TV.com | primenews-TV.com | [9] | ||
| radiogtv.com | radiogtv.com | [9] | ||
| read-news.com | read-news.com | [9] | ||
| smithrise.com | smithrise.com | [9] | ||
| states-news.com | states-news.com | [9] | ||
| stluciantimes.com | stluciantimes.com | [9] | ||
| streethitz.com | streethitz.com | [9] | ||
| te1egraph.co.uk | te1egraph.co.uk | [9] | ||
| te1egraph.com | te1egraph.com | [9] | ||
| telegraph-TV.com | telegraph-TV.com | [9] | ||
| Texas-express.com | Texas-express.com | [9] | ||
| theguard1an.com | theguard1an.com | [9] | ||
| theguidian.com | theguidian.com | [9] | ||
| times1live.co.za | times1live.co.za | [9] | ||
| TV-bbc.com | TV-bbc.com | [9] | ||
| TV-cnn.com | TV-cnn.com | [9] | ||
| updater24.com | updater24.com | [9] | ||
| USA-Radio.com | USA-Radio.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11][9] | |
| USA360-TV.com | USA360-TV.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11][9] | |
| USA Television | Usa-television.com | Impostor site, per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact. Affiliated with Fox-news24.com. | [18][11][9] | |
| usanews-TV.com | usanews-TV.com | [9] | ||
| usatoday-TV.com | usatoday-TV.com | [9] | ||
| za.i-telecast.com | za.i-telecast.com | [9] |
Myanmar
[edit]The following is a list of websites tied to spam networks that were based in Myanmar and taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| itechmedia.info | itechmedia.info | [19] | ||
| popinvdo.xyz | popinvdo.xyz | [19] | ||
| bamakhit.com | bamakhit.com | [19] | ||
| RAZZWIRE | razzwire.net | Accused by the Myanmar Press Council of plagiarism from news outlets. | [19][20] | |
| thuta.org | thuta.org | [19] | ||
| Shwe Wiki | shwewiki.com | [19] | ||
| latestmyanmarnews.com | latestmyanmarnews.com | [19] | ||
| Layaung.com | Layaung.com | [19] | ||
| alanzayar.com | alanzayar.com | [19] | ||
| celehits.com | celehits.com | [19] | ||
| bahuthutagabar.net | bahuthutagabar.net | [19] | ||
| thunkhuma.info | thunkhuma.info | [19] | ||
| shweman.website | shweman.website | [19] | ||
| themoonmm.club | themoonmm.club | [19] | ||
| Let Pan - Daily News | letpandailynews.com | [19] | ||
| myanmarfightcovid19.com | myanmarfightcovid19.com | [19] | ||
| celemedia.club | celemedia.club | [19] | ||
| News-uptodate.club | News-uptodate.club | [19] | ||
| thutazone.org | thutazone.org | [19] | ||
| khukhit.com | khukhit.com | [19] | ||
| shwethoon8.club | shwethoon8.club | [19] | ||
| shweman.com | shweman.com | [19] | ||
| updatenew.net | updatenew.net | [19] | ||
| poppingboxmm.com | poppingboxmm.com | [19] | ||
| myanmartodaylife.com | myanmartodaylife.com | [19] | ||
| celelove.com | celelove.com | [19] | ||
| urdufood.xyz | urdufood.xyz | [19] | ||
| minsatekyite.com | minsatekyite.com | [19] | ||
| feelingnews.com | feelingnews.com | [19] | ||
| aphawmon.com | aphawmon.com | [19] | ||
| khitstyle.com | khitstyle.com | [19] | ||
| storefeeling.com | storefeeling.com | [19] | ||
| dnaethadin.com | dnaethadin.com | [19] | ||
| hiinnommaww.site | hiinnommaww.site | [19] | ||
| khitlunge.com | khitlunge.com | [19] | ||
| aungthapyay.xyz | aungthapyay.xyz | [19] | ||
| aungthapyay.com | aungthapyay.com | [19] | ||
| sweetmyanmar.com | sweetmyanmar.com | [19] | ||
| abcmm.net | abcmm.net | [19] | ||
| Kalaykalar | kalaykalar.com | [19][20] | ||
| bahuthutagabar.com | bahuthutagabar.com | [19] | ||
| ONLINE LAWKA | onlinelawka.com | Accused by the Myanmar Press Council of plagiarism from news outlets. | [19][20] | |
| lugyinews.com | lugyinews.com | [19] | ||
| Online Hartha | onlinehartha.com | [19] | ||
| khitalinmedia.com | khitalinmedia.com | [19] | ||
| achawlaymyar.com | achawlaymyar.com | [19] | ||
| news.mintehrlay.xyz | news.mintehrlay.xyz | [19] | ||
| Padaethar | padaethar.com | [19] | ||
| harthalover.com | harthalover.com | [19] | ||
| myanmaralinn.best | myanmaralinn.best | [19] | ||
| maynewshub.com | maynewshub.com | [19] | ||
| sportmyanmarnews.com | sportmyanmarnews.com | [19] | ||
| celemama.com | celemama.com | [19] | ||
| MM Live News | mmlivenews.com | Accused by the Myanmar Press Council of plagiarism from news outlets. | [19][20] | |
| alinnmyay.com | alinnmyay.com | [19] | ||
| apannpyay.com | apannpyay.com | [19] | ||
| apannpyaymedia.com | apannpyaymedia.com | [19] | ||
| wowmyanmar.com | wowmyanmar.com | [19] | ||
| luckymyanmar.com | luckymyanmar.com | [19] | ||
| kyautthinpone.com | kyautthinpone.com | [19] | ||
| celetrend.com | celetrend.com | [19] | ||
| aungparsay.co | aungparsay.co | [19] | ||
| poppingmyanmar.com | poppingmyanmar.com | [19] | ||
| cele.mm1news.com | cele.mm1news.com | [19] | ||
| celevillage.com | celevillage.com | [19] | ||
| Alinnpya | alinnpya.com | [19] | ||
| mmcelebrity.info | mmcelebrity.info | [19] | ||
| Lupyo News | luponews.com | [19] | ||
| hlataw.com | hlataw.com | [19] | ||
| dnaekhitmedia.com | dnaekhitmedia.com | [19] | ||
| burmese.asia | burmese.asia | [19] | ||
| smilekodaw.com | smilekodaw.com | [19] | ||
| jeeptoolay.com | jeeptoolay.com | [19] | ||
| mmrednews.com | mmrednews.com | [19] | ||
| newspost.xyz | newspost.xyz | [19] | ||
| Myitter | myitter.net | Accused by the Myanmar Press Council of plagiarism from news outlets and spreading COVID-19 misinformation. | [19][20] | |
| စွယ်စုံသတင်းထူးများ | topmmnews.com | Accused by the Myanmar Press Council of plagiarism from news outlets. | [19] | |
| mmtimesspecialnews.com | ||||
| ETS - Every Time Story | everytimestory.com | Accused by the Myanmar Press Council of plagiarism from news outlets. | [19][20] | |
| santhitsa.net | santhitsa.net | [19] | ||
| maharmedianews.com | maharmedianews.com | [19] | ||
| cmads.site | cmads.site | [19] | ||
| chartakemalay.website | chartakemalay.website | [19] | ||
| mdynews.xyz | mdynews.xyz | [19] | ||
| shwemyanmarmalay.com | shwemyanmarmalay.com | [19] | ||
| pyawsayar.com | pyawsayar.com | [19] | ||
| lucky7media.com | lucky7media.com | [19] | ||
| lupyonews.com | lupyonews.com | [19] | ||
| mzbfamily.com | mzbfamily.com | [19] | ||
| shwepyiaye.com | shwepyiaye.com | [19] | ||
| centralonlinenews.com | centralonlinenews.com | [19] | ||
| xbnewsmedia.com | xbnewsmedia.com | [19] | ||
| celemyinkwin.com | celemyinkwin.com | [19] | ||
| bagosar.com | bagosar.com | [19] | ||
| myanmartechnews.com | myanmartechnews.com | [19] | ||
| tameelay.com | tameelay.com | [19] | ||
| Myanmar Daily News | chitsakar.com | Accused by the Myanmar Press Council of plagiarism from news outlets. | [19][20] |
North Macedonia
[edit]The following websites are part of a network of fake news sites registered in North Macedonia for profit motives between the 2016 and 2020 US Presidential Election campaigns.
A 2018 report by Buzzfeed News linked the owners of an American fake news website, Liberty Writers News, to a Macedonian media attorney who operated numerous "fake news" websites during the six month lead-up to the 2016 Presidential Election. As of 2018, the governments of the United States and "at least two Western European countries" were investigating a possible connection between the Macedonian fake news sites and the Internet Research Agency, as an IRA employee was known to visit North Macedonia in 2015.[21]
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24wpn.com | 24wpn.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| 247NewsMedia.com | 247NewsMedia.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| abcnews.live | abcnews.live | Spoof of ABC News. | [22][23] | |
| About2Day.com | About2Day.com | Same owner as DailyHeadlinesNow.com. | [24] | |
| akniinfo.com | akniinfo.com | [25] | ||
| AmericanPeopleNetwork.com | AmericanPeopleNetwork.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| AMPosts.com | AMPosts.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11][26] | |
| armyusanews.com | armyusanews.com | [25] | ||
| aweirdworld.net | aweirdworld.net | [25] | ||
| beaware.one | beaware.one | Published by a Macedonian officer at the Ministry of Defense. | [27] | |
| bestconservativenews.com | bestconservativenews.com | [23] | ||
| BlueVision.news | BlueVision.news | Per PolitiFact.
Copied story from the Last Line of Defense. |
[11][28][26] | |
| boss24.net | boss24.net | [25] | ||
| bossfeed.net | bossfeed.net | [25] | ||
| breaktimedaily.com | breaktimedaily.com | [23] | ||
| butam.net | butam.net | [25] | ||
| BuzzFeedUSA.com | BuzzFeedUSA.com | Per PolitiFact. Not to be confused with BuzzFeed. | [11][29][30] | |
| BVA News | BVAnews.com | Pro-Trump website reportedly developed by a Macedonian teenager in 2016. | [31][32][33] | |
| cbinfo24.com | cbinfo24.com | [25][34] | ||
| ciceinfo.com | ciceinfo.com | [25] | ||
| cole24info.com | cole24info.com | [25] | ||
| conscountry.us | conscountry.us | [23] | ||
| Conservative Army | Conservativearmy88.com | Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact. | [18][11][21] | |
| conservativecolumns.com | conservativecolumns.com | [23] | ||
| Conservative Fighters | conservativefighters.com | [35][36][37] | ||
| conservativefighters.org | conservativefighters.org | [36][37] | ||
| Conservative Flash News | ConservativeFlashNews.com | Per PolitiFact.
Copied story from the Last Line of Defense. |
[11][38][26] | |
| conservativeforever.com | conservativeforever.com | [36][37] | ||
| Conservative Info Corner | ConservativeInfoCorner.com | Per PolitiFact.
Shares the same website metadata as redcountry.us. |
[11][39] | |
| conservativemedia.com | conservativemedia.com | [36][37] | ||
| conservativenation.us | conservativenation.us | [23] | ||
| ConservativePaper.com | ConservativePaper.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11][23] | |
| ConservativePoliticus.com | ConservativePoliticus.com | Per PolitiFact.
Same owner as DailyHeadlinesNow.com. |
[11][24] | |
| conservativestate.com | conservativestate.com | [33] | ||
| theconsinfo.com | theconsinfo.com | [23] | ||
| ConsPatriot.com | ConsPatriot.com | Same owner as DailyHeadlinesNow.com. | [24] | |
| coolinfo24.com | coolinfo24.com | [25] | ||
| crazyifonews.com | crazyifonews.com | [25] | ||
| cukam.com | cukam.com | [25] | ||
| cukaminfo.com | cukaminfo.com | [25] | ||
| cukammedia.com | cukammedia.com | [25] | ||
| cvikas.com | cvikas.com | [25] | ||
| cvikasdrv.com | cvikasdrv.com | [25] | ||
| cvikasinfo.com | cvikasinfo.com | [25] | ||
| cvrcinfo.com | cvrcinfo.com | [25] | ||
| Daily Info Box | DailyInfoBox.com | Per PolitiFact.
Shares the same website metadata as redcountry.us. |
[11][39] | |
| DailyHeadlinesNow.com | DailyHeadlinesNow.com | [24] | ||
| dailynewsdiscovery.com | dailynewsdiscovery.com | [25] | ||
| dailynewspolitic.com | dailynewspolitic.com | [33] | ||
| dailypolitics.info | dailypolitics.info | [33] | ||
| dailyrethink.com | dailyrethink.com | Published by a Macedonian officer at the Ministry of Defense. | [27] | |
| Daily Sid News | DailySidNews.com | Per PolitiFact.
Copied story from The Last Line of Defense. |
[11][40] | |
| Daily USA Update | dailyusaupdate.com | Falsely claimed that Scott Baio died in a plane crash. | [41][42][43][23] | |
| dawnlightnews.com | dawnlightnews.com | Published by a Macedonian officer at the Ministry of Defense. | [27] | |
| derven.net | derven.net | [25] | ||
| dotinfo24.com | dotinfo24.com | [25] | ||
| Donald Trump News | DonaldTrumpNews.co | [33] | ||
| donaldtrumpnews.net | donaldtrumpnews.net | [36][37] | ||
| The Examiner | Theexaminer.site | Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact. | [18][11][44] | |
| extraordinaryinfo.com | extraordinaryinfo.com | Published by a Macedonian officer at the Ministry of Defense. | [27] | |
| fergieinfo.com | fergieinfo.com | [25] | ||
| forfreedomworld.com | forfreedomworld.com | [25] | ||
| FreshDailyReport.com | FreshDailyReport.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| Global Politics Now | GlobalPoliticsNow.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| GlobalRevolutionNetwork.com | GlobalRevolutionNetwork.com | Per PolitiFact.
Republished a hoax about worldwide blackout. |
[11][45] | |
| Guerilla News | guerilla.news | [46][47][48][49] | ||
| Guerilla News | Guerillanews.com | Falsely claimed that President Obama cancelled Peace Officers Memorial Day. | [18][50] | |
| hardcoreusanews.com | hardcoreusanews.com | [25] | ||
| HealthyFoodHouse.com | HealthyFoodHouse.com | [51] | ||
| HealthyWorldHouse.com | HealthyWorldHouse.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| hotmedia24.com | hotmedia24.com | [25] | ||
| ilovemyamerica.net | ilovemyamerica.net | [25] | ||
| kevkainfo.com | kevkainfo.com | [25] | ||
| libertyinfo.net | libertyinfo.net | [25] | ||
| libertyinfonews.com | libertyinfonews.com | [25] | ||
| libertymagazine.net | libertymagazine.net | [25] | ||
| libertynews.net | libertynews.net | [25] | ||
| thelibertynews.us | thelibertynews.us | [23] | ||
| Liberty Raise | Thelibertyraise.com | Per FactCheck.org. | [34][23] | |
| libertysignal.com | libertysignal.com | [36][37] | ||
| libertytoday.net | libertytoday.net | [25] | ||
| liberyinfo.com | liberyinfo.com | [25] | ||
| liberyinfo24.com | liberyinfo24.com | [25] | ||
| lifeeventweb.com | lifeeventweb.com | [25] | ||
| lifeinfo24.net | lifeinfo24.net | [25] | ||
| ludinfo24.com | ludinfo24.com | [25] | ||
| m2voice.co.uk | m2voice.co.uk | Published by a Macedonian officer at the Ministry of Defense. | [27] | |
| m2voice.com | m2voice.com | Published by a Macedonian officer at the Ministry of Defense. | [27] | |
| MacedoniaOnline.eu | MacedoniaOnline.eu | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| magakagnews.com | magakagnews.com | [25] | ||
| magazinefornews.com | magazinefornews.com | [25] | ||
| matyinfo.com | matyinfo.com | [25] | ||
| meryinfo.com | meryinfo.com | [25] | ||
| mm24info.com | mm24info.com | [25] | ||
| mminfo24.com | mminfo24.com | [25] | ||
| myamazingnews.com | myamazingnews.com | [25] | ||
| mycrezynews.com | mycrezynews.com | [25] | ||
| mydeeptruth.com | mydeeptruth.com | [25] | ||
| mydeplorables.net | mydeplorables.net | [25] | ||
| myinfonews.com | myinfonews.com | [25] | ||
| myliberty.one | myliberty.one | [25] | ||
| New Conservatives | [21] | |||
| newpoliticstoday.com | newpoliticstoday.com | Per PolitiFact. | [25][11][52] | |
| newpoliticstomorrow.com | newpoliticstomorrow.com | [25] | ||
| News Breaks Here | newsbreakshere.com | Falsely claimed that Hillary Clinton lost the popular vote in the 2016 US Presidential Election.
Copied story from The Last Line of Defense. |
[53][54][26] | |
| News Feed Hunter | NewsFeedHunter.com | Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact. | [18][11][26] | |
| newspatriot.net | newspatriot.net | [25] | ||
| The New York Evening | TheNewYorkEvening.com | This fake news website has spread numerous false claims, including a fake story claiming that Malia Obama had been expelled from Harvard. | [55] | |
| NewYorkTimesPolitics.com | NewYorkTimesPolitics.com | [51] | ||
| Open Magazines | OpenMagazines.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11][43][26] | |
| opremedia.com | opremedia.com | [56] | ||
| opreminfo.com | opreminfo.com | [25] | ||
| opremmagazine.com | opremmagazine.com | [25] | ||
| opremmedia.com | opremmedia.com | [25] | ||
| patriotnetwork.one | patriotnetwork.one | [25] | ||
| thepetitioner.org | thepetitioner.org | [36][37] | ||
| phoenixusnews.site | phoenixusnews.site | [57] | ||
| planetbros.com | planetbros.com | [25] | ||
| politicodailynews | politicodailynews.com | Published false quote from Sheryl Crow.
Impostor site of Politico. |
[58] | |
| politicreal.com | politicreal.com | Published by a Macedonian officer at the Ministry of Defense. | [27] | |
| PoliticsHall.com | PoliticsHall.com | [51] | ||
| prcmediainfo.com | prcmediainfo.com | [25] | ||
| proudpatriot.us | proudpatriot.us | [23] | ||
| ReadConservatives.news | ReadConservatives.news | Per PolitiFact. | [11][21] | |
| redbox.news | redbox.news | [23] | ||
| RedCountry.us | RedCountry.us | Per PolitiFact. | [11][59][39] | |
| RedInfo.us | RedInfo.us | Per PolitiFact.
Shares the same website metadata as redcountry.us. |
[11][39] | |
| redpeople.us | redpeople.us | Shares the same website metadata as redcountry.us. | [39] | |
| RedPolitics.us | RedPolitics.us | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| Resist the Mainstream | resistthemainstream.org | [36][37] | ||
| sacramentopress91.site | sacramentopress91.site | [57] | ||
| scandallinfo.com | scandallinfo.com | [25] | ||
| smithssite.com | smithssite.com | [25] | ||
| streetnews.one | streetnews.one | [25] | ||
| Success-Street.com | Success-Street.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| svijmedia.com | svijmedia.com | [25] | ||
| tamche1966.com | tamche1966.com | [25] | ||
| tapainfo.com | tapainfo.com | [25] | ||
| Team Candace Owens | teamcandanceowens.com | [36][37] | ||
| Team Candace Owens | teamcandanceowens.org | [36][37] | ||
| teamdancrenshaw.com | teamdancrenshaw.com | [36][37] | ||
| teoinfo.com | teoinfo.com | [25] | ||
| thisboss.net | thisboss.net | [25] | ||
| todayliberty.com | todayliberty.com | [25] | ||
| Top Alert News | Topalertnews.com | Likely part of the same network as Donald Trump News. | [34] | |
| True Trumpers | truetrumpers.com | [26] | ||
| The Trumpers | trumpers.live | [23] | ||
| Trump Vision 365 | TrumpVision365.com | [33] | ||
| tvrtinfo.com | tvrtinfo.com | [25] | ||
| universale24.com | universale24.com | [25] | ||
| Universale Info | universaleinfo.com | [25][34] | ||
| universalemedia.net | universalemedia.net | [25] | ||
| UniversePolitics.com | UniversePolitics.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| USA Daily Info | usadailyinfo.com | [60][61][43] | ||
| USA Daily Politics | USADailyPolitics.com | [33] | ||
| USA Daily Post | Usadailypost.us | Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact. | [18][11] | |
| USADoseNews.com | USADoseNews.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11][62] | |
| USANews4U.us | USANews4U.us | Per PolitiFact.
Copied April Fool's Day joke from Firstpost.com. |
[11][63] | |
| USA Newsflash | usanewsflash.com | Per PolitiFact.
Falsely claimed that Donald Trump made an announcement as president on or around November 14, 2016, two months prior to inauguration. |
[11][64][65][66][67][68] | |
| usapatriotsvoice.com | usapatriotsvoice.com | [25] | ||
| USAPolitics.co | USAPolitics.co | [51] | ||
| USA Politics Now | USAPoliticsNow.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11][69] | |
| USA Politics Today | usapoliticstoday.com | Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact.
Copied story from The Last Line of Defense. |
[18][11][70][21] | |
| USAPoliticsZone.com | USAPoliticsZone.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| US Conservative Today | USConservativeToday.com | [33] | ||
| USInfoNews.com | USInfoNews.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| USPoliticsLeader.com | USPoliticsLeader.com | [43] | ||
| US Postman | USPostman.com | [11][71][72] | ||
| vtamedia.com | vtamedia.com | [25] | ||
| WashingtonEvening.com | WashingtonEvening.com | Impostor site, per PolitiFact | [11] | |
| weagreeinfo.com | weagreeinfo.com | [25] | ||
| WeConservative.com | WeConservative.com | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| weirdworldinfo.com | weirdworldinfo.com | [25] | ||
| worldnewsfrompolitics.com | worldnewsfrompolitics.com | [33] | ||
| World Politicus | world-politicus.com | [73][46][74] | ||
| World Politicus | WorldPoliticus.com | [33] | ||
| yougoinfo.com | yougoinfo.com | [25] |
Republic of Georgia
[edit]The following websites are part of a network of fake news sites registered in the Republic of Georgia for profit motives during the 2016 US Presidential Election campaign. Some of these sites have attempted to spread malware or obtain personal information.
| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AllCrashNews.com | AllCrashNews.com | [75] | ||
| AmericanPresident.co | AmericanPresident.co | Per PolitiFact. Same owner as TrueTrumpers.com. | [11][76] | |
| American President Donald J. Trump | americanpresidentdonaldj-trump.com | Per Associated Press and Lead Stories.
Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. |
[77][78][79] | |
| AmericansMAGA.info | AmericansMAGA.info | Part of a network of sites based in the Republic of Georgia. Plagiarized a story from The Last Line of Defense. Reportedly attempts to install malware. | [80] | |
| BBC-Breaking-News.gq | BBC-Breaking-News.gq | [75] | ||
| BBC-Last-News.cf | BBC-Last-News.cf | [75] | ||
| BrutalEng.com | BrutalEng.com | [75] | ||
| CBCNews.gq | CBCNews.gq | [75] | ||
| CNNInternationalNews.com | CNNInternationalNews.com | Published a hoax article about a terrorist attack in New Zealand. Reportedly contains a pop-up that asks for personal information. | [75] | |
| CNNInternational.tk | CNNInternational.tk | [75] | ||
| county911.info | county911.info | Same owner as CountyNewsroom.info. Possibly spreads malware. | [81] | |
| CountyNewsroom.info | CountyNewsroom.info | The fake news website, registered to Tbilisi, Georgia, makes "a minimal attempt to look official" and is used to spread malware on readers' computers. | [82][81] | |
| DailyMirror.cf | DailyMirror.cf | [75] | ||
| DailyNewsPosts.info | DailyNewsPosts.info | Per PolitiFact.
Same owner as TrueTrumpers.com. |
[11][76] | |
| dailynewspostss.com | dailynewspostss.com | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| DC Posts | dcposts.info | Same owner as TrueTrumpers.com. | [76] | |
| departed.co | departed.co | Part of network of fake news sites registered in Georgia for profit motives during the 2016 US Presidential Elections. | [53] | |
| DepartedMe.com | DepartedMe.com | Per PolitiFact.
Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. |
[11][79] | |
| FacebookNeww.info | FacebookNeww.info | [75] | ||
| FoxNewsSports.info | FoxNewsSports.info | Same owner as TrueTrumpers.com. | [76] | |
| freedomwriters.pro | freedomwriters.pro | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| HeraldNews.tk | HeraldNews.tk | [75] | ||
| TheLocal.ga | TheLocal.ga | Published a hoax article about a terrorist attack in Ottawa, Canada in 2016. Reportedly contains a pop-up that attempts to spread malware. | [75] | |
| maganews.co | maganews.co | Same owner as TrueTrumpers.com. | [76] | |
| NewsLeak.co | NewsLeak.co | Per PolitiFact. | [11][83] | |
| newsrooms.info | newsrooms.info | Same owner as CountyNewsroom.info. Possibly spreads malware. | [84] | |
| NewTabi.com | NewTabi.com | [75] | ||
| ReportForLife.com | ReportForLife.com | [75] | ||
| statewatcher.com | statewatcher.com | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| TrueTrumpers.com | TrueTrumpers.com | This fake news website makes "claims about President Donald Trump, former President Barack Obama and Muslims, in particular, as well as click-baiting claims about porn stars and secret tricks for weight loss and whiter teeth."
Same owner as departed.co. |
[85][76] | |
| trumpence2024.com | trumpence2024.com | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| UnblockedGames.eu | UnblockedGames.eu | [75] | ||
| US4Trump | unitedstatesforpresidentrump.com | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| usadailynewsposts.com | usadailynewsposts.com | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| usatodaycom.com | usatodaycom.com | Part of network of fake news sites registered in Georgia for profit motives during the 2016 US Presidential Elections. | [53] | |
| usdailynewss.com | usdailynewss.com | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| usdeplorablesfortrump.com | usdeplorablesfortrump.com | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| usdeplorableslovestrump.com | usdeplorableslovestrump.com | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| usdeplorablesnews.com | usdeplorablesnews.com | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| usfoxnews.com | usfoxnews.com | Spoof of Fox News.
Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. |
[79] | |
| usofficialnews.com | usofficialnews.com | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| us-presidenttrump.com | us-presidenttrump.com | Shares the same IP address or ad network ID as departed.co. | [79] | |
| walkwithher.com | walkwithher.com | Part of network of fake news sites registered in Georgia for profit motives during the 2016 US Presidential Elections. | [53] | |
| World-BBC-News.com | World-BBC-News.com | [75] | ||
| xcounty.info | xcounty.info | Same owner as CountyNewsroom.info. Possibly spreads malware. | [86] |
Republic of Kosovo
[edit]| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ILoveNativeAmericans.us | ILoveNativeAmericans.us | Per PolitiFact.
Copied story from The Postillon, a parody/satire site. |
[11][87] | |
| NativeAmericans.news | NativeAmericans.news | Copied story from The Postillon, a parody/satire site. | [87] | |
| NativeStuff.us | NativeStuff.us | Per PolitiFact. | [11] | |
| Patriotswalk | Patriotswalk.us | Per FactCheck.org. | [34] | |
| Police Task | Policetask.com | Per FactCheck.org. | [34] | |
| US Political News (USPOLN) | uspoln.com | Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact.
Copied article from satire/parody site Politicops.com and fabricated quotes. |
[18][11][88][89][90] | |
| Virality Things | Viralitythings.us | Per FactCheck.org. | [34] | |
| WebViners.com | Webviners.com | Per FactCheck.org. | [34] | |
| WeLoveNative.com | WeLoveNative.com | Per PolitiFact.
Copied story from The Postillon, a parody/satire site. |
[11][87] |
Romania
[edit]| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ending the Fed | endingthefed.com | Published many false claims, including that Donald Trump was endorsed by Pope Francis in 2016. Accused by the Foreign Policy Research Institute of being part of a propaganda campaign by Russia. | [91][92][93] | |
| Expunere | expunere.com | Same owner as Ending the Fed, targeting Romanian audiences. Accused by the Foreign Policy Research Institute of being part of a propaganda campaign by Russia. | [92][93] |
Russia
[edit]| Name | Domain | Status | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BlackMatters.com | BlackMatters.com | Impostor site affiliated with the Internet Research Agency. Promoted a protest at Stone Mountain, Georgia in 2016 that was attended by white nationalists and anti-racist activists. | [94] | |
| LiveReport | livereport.co.za | [95] | ||
| nation-news.ru | nation-news.ru | [95] | ||
| Newsroom for American and European Based Citizens (NAEBC) | naebc.com | [95][96] | ||
| OnePoliticalPlaza.com | OnePoliticalPlaza.com | Per PolitiFact.
Promoted by the Internet Research Agency via Google AdWords. Claimed in a letter to the FEC to be run by a for-profit company registered in Florida. In 2020, the purported owner of the site, IDF International Technologies, Inc., was advised by the FEC that their "activities are not expenditures, contributions, or electioneering communications under the [Federal Election Campaign Act, 52 U.S.C. §§ 30101-45] and [Federal Election Commission] regulations." |
[11][97][98][99][100][101][102] | |
| polit.info | polit.info | [95] | ||
| rueconomics.ru | rueconomics.ru | [95] | ||
| Russian Federal News Agency (RIAFAN) | riafan.ru | [95] | ||
| SADC News | sadcnews.org | [95] |
References
[edit]- ^ a b Triest, Vincent; Grim, Ryan (2017-04-26). "Bernie-backing Albanian fake news site proprietor closes up shop". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Lead Stories Uncovers Network of Cambodian Websites Pushing Death Hoaxes On Facebook To Spread Malware | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2022-12-08. Archived from the original on 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
- ^ "Fact Check: Celine Dion Has NOT Passed Away As Of December 6, 2022". Lead Stories. 2022-12-06. Archived from the original on 2023-12-18. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ^ "Fact Check: Bruce Willis Has NOT Passed Away As Of December 6, 2022". Lead Stories. 2022-12-06. Archived from the original on 2023-12-18. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ^ "Fact Check: NO Evidence Angelina Jolie Has Passed Away As Of December 7, 2022". Lead Stories. 2022-12-07. Archived from the original on 2023-12-18. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ^ "Fact Check: Dolly Parton Has NOT Passed Away As Of December 5, 2022". Lead Stories. 2022-12-05. Archived from the original on 2023-06-07. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ^ "Fact Check: Shannen Doherty Did NOT Die On December 6, 2022". Lead Stories. 2022-12-08. Archived from the original on 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ^ "Fact Check: Simon Cowell Did NOT Die Suddenly At The Hospital". Lead Stories. 2022-12-07. Archived from the original on 2023-12-18. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb "Global Fake News Network Responsible For Dozens of Death Hoaxes Shuts Down After Ghana Connections Revealed | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2018-04-25. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
- ^ Yemi, Frank (2018-04-17). "Barbara Bush Dies After Cruel Death Hoax Is Spread By Website Purporting To Be CNN". Inquisitr. Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc Gillin, Joshua (2018-04-20). "PolitiFact's guide to fake news websites and what they peddle". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
- ^ McElroy, Damien (2018-01-18). "Fox News 24 site is latest ploy in fake news". The National. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
- ^ "Fake news prompts Foreign Affairs Ministry denial". Times of Malta. 2017-06-18. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
- ^ MacGuill, Dan (July 12, 2017). "Is pastor and gospel singer Don Moen dead after a short illness?". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
- ^ LaCapria, Kim (August 31, 2017). "Floyd Mayweather Jr. Donates a 'Whopping Sum of Money' to Houston After Hurricane?". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
- ^ Booth, Dominic (2017-05-04). "Legendary rugby star takes to social media to quash bizarre rumours that he is dead". Wales Online. Archived from the original on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
- ^ "Newest Site From 'Ghana' Fake News Network Copies Christopher Blair's Footer". Lead Stories. 2018-05-15. Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Schaedel, Sydney (2017-07-06). "Websites that post fake and satirical stories". FactCheck. Archived from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr "Myanmar Inauthentic Behavior Takedown - Multiple Clusters of Pages and Websites Pushed Large-Scale Clickbait, Small Volume of Political Content" (PDF). Graphika. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g "မြန်မာနိုင်ငံသတင်းမီဒီယာကောင်စီ၏ သတင်းထုတ်ပြန်ချက် ၄ / ၂၀၂၀". Myanmar Press Council. 2020-03-02. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
- ^ a b c d e Silverman, Craig; Feder, J. Lester; Cvetkovska, Saska; Belford, Aubrey (2018-07-18). "Macedonia's Pro-Trump Fake News Industry Had American Links, And Is Under Investigation For Possible Russia Ties". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-12-15. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ^ Silverman, Craig; Pham, Scott (2018-12-28). "In Spite Of Its Efforts, Facebook Is Still The Home Of Hugely Viral Fake News". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Fake ABC News Website Taken Down After DMCA Complaint -- Already Replaced One Day Later By New Fake News Site | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2018-10-05. Archived from the original on 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ^ a b c d Mirchandani, Aneela (2018-03-31). "A Look At Who Is Behind The Right-Wing Fake News That Spreads On Facebook". Rantt Media. Archived from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx "Macedonian Fake News Network Shuts Down Dozens Of Websites After Joint Investigation By Lead Stories & Nieuwscheckers | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2019-01-17. Archived from the original on 2023-03-29. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Fake News: Shep Smith NOT Fired by Fox News | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2017-03-08. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Meet The Macedonian Officer Running A Ring Of Fake News Websites". Lead Stories. 2018-02-06. Archived from the original on 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
- ^ Thompson, Sarah (2020-07-10). "Fact Check: Soros Was NOT Taken Into Custody for Crimes Against America". Lead Stories. Archived from the original on 2024-01-21. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
- ^ Qiu, Linda. "PolitiFact - No, Air Force One did not refuse to take Obama to Hawaii". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2023-11-17. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
- ^ "Fake news this week: No, California didn't legalize child prostitution". Global News. Archived from the original on 2022-05-28. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
- ^ Oremus, Will (2016-11-04). "Facebook is fuelling an international boom in pro-Trump propaganda". Slate. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
- ^ Oh, Inae; Vongkiatkajorn, Kanyakrit (2016-11-22). "A brief history of how fake news spreads so easily on Facebook". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Silverman, Craig; Alexander, Lawrence (2016-11-03). "How Teens In The Balkans Are Duping Trump Supporters With Fake News". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Misinformation Directory". FactCheck.org. 2017-07-06. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
- ^ Herman, Gary (2017-01-09). "Post-truth Politics". Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "A Look Into Viral North Macedonian Content Farms". Election Integrity Partnership. Archived from the original on 2023-11-09. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Synovitz, Ron; Mitevska, Maria (2020-10-23). "'Fake News' Sites In North Macedonia Pose As American Conservatives Ahead Of U.S. Election". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 2023-06-18. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
- ^ Gillin, Joshua. "PolitiFact - Fake news wrongly says Ken Starr died in plane crash on way to testify against Hillary Clinton". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
- ^ a b c d e Schenk, Maarten (2017-05-01). "Fake News: Trump Did NOT Just Fire All The Muslim Employees From White House | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
- ^ Valverde, Miriam (2017-07-20). "PolitiFact - It's fake news that an American killed North Korea's leader Kim Jong Un". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ Greenberg, Jon (2017-06-07). "Actor Scott Baio healthy and alive after fake news report of his death". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
- ^ LaCapria, Kim (2017-05-22). "Was Bill O'Reilly found dead at his Long Island home?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2021-02-21. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
- ^ a b c d Lytvynenko, Jane; Silverman, Craig (2017-02-08). "An Old Hoax Is Going Viral Again Thanks To Macedonian Pro-Trump Sites And Facebook Pages". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ MacGuill, Dan (2017-05-26). "Did President Trump 'Reinstate' a Memorial Day for Police Officers, Cancelled by Obama?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-05-27. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ "Earth Won't Go Dark for Days". Factcheck.org. 2017-08-11. Archived from the original on 2023-09-29. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ^ a b Grinberg, Nir; Joseph, Kenneth; Friedland, Lisa; Swire-Thompson, Briony; Lazer, David (2019-01-25). "Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election". Science. 363 (6425): 374–378. Bibcode:2019Sci...363..374G. doi:10.1126/science.aau2706. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30679368. Archived from the original on 2023-12-27.
- ^ Buntain, Cody; Golbeck, Jennifer; Auxier, Brooke; Girum Assefa, Biniyam. "Analyzing a Fake News Authorship Network" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ^ Guess, Andrew; Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason. "Selective Exposure to Misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ^ Cvetkovska, Saska; Belford, Aubrey; Silverman, Craig; Feder, J. Lester. "The Secret Players Behind Macedonia's Fake News Sites". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Archived from the original on 2024-03-07. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
- ^ Sharockman, Aaron (2017-05-30). "Bloggers claim Obama cancelled, Trump revived 'police week'". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
- ^ a b c d "Meet the Macedonian Teens Who Mastered Fake News and Corrupted the US Election". Wired. 2017-02-15. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2024-01-19. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ^ Martin, Dan (2020), Jones, John; Trice, Michael (eds.), "Third Spaces, Sequencing, and Intertextuality: (De)Constructing Misinformation and Fake News", Platforms, Protests, and the Challenge of Networked Democracy, Rhetoric, Politics and Society, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 135–156, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36525-7_8, ISBN 978-3-030-36525-7, S2CID 226574300, retrieved 2024-01-27
- ^ a b c d Higgins, Andrew; Mcintire, Mike; Dance, Gabriel J.x. (2016-11-25). "Inside a Fake News Sausage Factory: 'This Is All About Income'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
- ^ Evon, Dan (2017-09-21). "Did Ashley Judd Say She Wanted to Live in the Middle East 'Where Women Have More Rights'?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ^ Joshua Gillin, Fake story wrong about Malia Obama being expelled from Harvard for marijuana use Archived 2017-04-22 at the Wayback Machine, PolitiFact (April 19, 2017).
- ^ "Old Network of Anti-Islam Fake News Websites Turns To Twitter Trolling | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2018-11-27. Archived from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
- ^ a b "NewsGuard's Misinformation SWAT Team Issues Red Ratings to Two Networks Publishing Dozens of Hoax Websites". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
- ^ "Fact Check: Sheryl Crow Did NOT Say, 'I Forbid My Kids To Watch TV When Trump Is On, I Prefer Classy People Like Hillary Clinton.' | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2020-05-24. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
- ^ Silverman, Craig; Lytvynenko, Jane; Pham, Scott (December 28, 2017). "These Are 50 Of The Biggest Fake News Hits On Facebook In 2017". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
- ^ LaCapria, Kim (2017-02-14). "Did President Donald Trump ban 'full face' veils?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2021-02-21. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
- ^ Gore, D'Angelo (2017-01-05). "Plane crew didn't rebuff Obama". FactCheck. Archived from the original on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
- ^ Silverman, Craig (2017-06-22). "Macedonian Publishers Are Panicking After Facebook Killed Their US Political Pages". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2022-10-27. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
- ^ Gillin, Joshua (2017-04-27). "PolitiFact - Fake news story about Trump banning Facebook by executive order is an April Fool's Day prank". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2024-02-01. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
- ^ Herman, Gary (2017-01-09). "Post-truth Politics". Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
- ^ Kruzel, John (2017-05-31). "PolitiFact - Fake story about President Trump greenlighting Congress to ramp up Clinton investigation". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
- ^ "AP Fact Check: Trump Didn't Get Luxury-Model Air Force One - CBS Boston". CBS News. 2017-03-30. Archived from the original on 2024-02-01. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
- ^ "Nanna Heitmann, Yael Martínez and Jonas Bendiksen win Regional Prizes at the 2022 World Press Photo Contest | Magnum Photos Magnum Photos". Magnum Photos. Archived from the original on 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
- ^ Guess, Andrew; Nagler, Jonathan; Tucker, Joshua (2019-01-04). "Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook". Science Advances. 5 (1): eaau4586. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.4586G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau4586. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6326755. PMID 30662946.
- ^ "Russian Trolls Fooled Sanders Voters With Anti-Clinton Fake News". HuffPost. 2017-03-11. Archived from the original on 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
- ^ "A Fake Supreme Court Ruling". Factcheck.org. 2017-06-30. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ Struyk, Ryan (2017-01-05). "No, President Obama has not said he is refusing to leave office". ABC. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
- ^ Gillin, Joshua (2017-04-02). "PolitiFact - Report that Megyn Kelly has been fired from NBC is fake news". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2022-05-19. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ Valverde, Miriam (2017-07-11). "Fake news: Obama did not go to G20 summit this year". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2024-02-03. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
- ^ Kshetri, Nir; Voas, Jeffrey (November 2017). "The Economics of "Fake News"" (PDF). IT Professional. 19 (6): 8–12. doi:10.1109/MITP.2017.4241459. ISSN 1520-9202. Archived from the original on 2024-03-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Silverman, Craig (2016-08-19). "Online Scam Artists Are Using Hoaxes About Terrorist Attacks To Make Money". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
- ^ a b c d e f Silverman, Craig (2017-04-24). "This Pro-Trump Website Run From Eastern Europe May Be The Worst Thing On The Internet". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ "NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn't happen this week". AP News. 2017-08-05. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
- ^ "Fake News: Seven Ships (Or Ten Airplanes) Are NOT Preparing For Massive Muslim Deportation | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2017-08-01. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "This Website Keeps Making Up Fake Celebrity Quotes And New Domain Names". Lead Stories. 2018-01-25. Archived from the original on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ Silverman, Craig; Lytvynenko, Jane (2017-03-10). "A Liberal Troll Is Engaged In A Fake News Turf War With Macedonian Spammers". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ^ a b Mikkelson, David (2017-04-11). "Fake News: Deadly Crash Kills Two Moms, Five Kids". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ Joshua Gillin, Fake news site alters real story of fiery car crash, tries to spread malware on your computer Archived 2017-04-22 at the Wayback Machine, PolitiFact (April 11, 2017).
- ^ Gillin, Joshua (2017-02-23). "PolitiFact - Target did not stop selling the Bible in stores, despite fake news reports". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ^ Mikkelson, David (2017-04-11). "Fake News: Deadly Crash Kills Two Moms, Five Kids". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ Madeleine Doubek, Fake news claims Muslims can wear burqas in driver's license photos Archived 2017-04-22 at the Wayback Machine, PolitiFact (April 2, 2017).
- ^ Mikkelson, David (2017-04-11). "Fake News: Deadly Crash Kills Two Moms, Five Kids". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ a b c Gillin, Joshua. "PolitiFact - Trump wants to send Native Americans to India, fake news story says". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2022-07-21. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ^ Silverman, Craig (2017-03-20). "A Trump Official Did Not Say "It's Better For Our Budget If Cancer Patients Die More Quickly"". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ^ Tobias, Manuela (2017-07-06). "PolitiFact - It's fake news that the president can disband the Supreme Court". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ^ "A Fake Tom Price Quote". Factcheck.org. 2017-03-23. Archived from the original on 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ^ Townsend, Tess. "The Bizarre Truth Behind the Biggest Pro-Trump Facebook Hoaxes". Inc. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
- ^ a b Silverman, Craig (2016-08-29). "Facebook Made This Sketchy Website's Fake Story A Top Trending Topic". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-09-13. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ a b Townsend, Tess. "Researchers Say Viral Fake News Site Is Part of Russian Propaganda Campaign". Inc. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ^ Ackerman, Spencer; Resnick, Gideon; Collins, Ben (2018-03-02). "Leaked: Secret Documents From Russia's Election Trolls". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2023-12-16. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g "More-Troll Kombat - French and Russian Influence Operations Go Head to Head Targeting Audiences in Africa" (PDF). Graphika. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-11-25. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
- ^ "Step into My Parler - Suspected Russian Operation Targeted Far-Right American Users on Platforms Including Gab and Parler, Resembled Recent IRA-Linked Operation that Targeted Progressives" (PDF). Graphika. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-02-13. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
- ^ Leskin, Paige (2018-12-19). "Russia's disinformation campaign wasn't just on Facebook and Twitter. Here are all the social media platforms Russian trolls weaponized during the 2016 US elections". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2018-12-19. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
- ^ "The Tactics & Tropes of the Internet Research Agency" (PDF). New Knowledge. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-19. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
- ^ "Advisory Opinion Request" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 2019-11-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
- ^ "Advisory Opinion request, extension" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 2019-12-11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
- ^ "Draft AO 2019-18 (IDF International Technologies)- Draft A" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 2020-06-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
- ^ "ADVISORY OPINION 2019-18" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 2020-06-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fake_news_troll_farms14 views | ↧ Download as ZWI file
EncycloReader
is supported by the 
KSF