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List of massacres of Turkish people

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This is a list of massacres against Turks and Muslims in the Ottoman Empire.

List

[edit]
Name Date Present location Perpetrators Deaths Notes
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction c. 1820 to 1920 Former Ottoman territories and the Russian Empire Various Christian forces or nation states in the Caucasus, Crimea, Southeastern Europe Estimated up to around 5 to 5.5 million[1][2][3][4]

Death estimates include non-Turkish people

Massacres of the Muslim population during the Russo-Turkish War April 1877–March 1878 Balkans and Caucasus Armies of the Russian Coalition, mainly Russian Army 250,000–600,000[5][6]
Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks 14–15 November 1944 Georgia (country) Meskheti, Georgia NKVD 12,589–50,000
Buda massacre September 1686 Hungary Buda, Hungary Armies of the Holy League +3,000[7]
Navarino massacre[8] 19 August 1821 Greece Pylos, Greece Greek revolutionaries 3,000
Tripolitsa massacre[9] 23 September 1821 Greece Tripoli, Greece Greek revolutionaries 6,000–30,000[10][11]
Galați massacre 20 February 1821 Romania Galați, Romania Greek revolutionaries 50–300[12]
Massacres of the Turkish population during the April Uprising April–May 1876 Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgarian revolutionaries 200–1,000[13][14][15]
Harmanli massacre 16–17 January 1878 Bulgaria Harmanli, Bulgaria Russian Army 2,000–5,000[16]
Kızanlık massacres 1877–1878 Bulgaria Kazanlak, Bulgaria Russian Army, Bulgarians 1,751[17]
Lasithi massacres 1897 Greece Crete, Greece Christian mobs 850–1,000[18][19]
Sarakina massacre February 1897 Greece Crete, Greece Christian mobs 104 (61 children, 23 women and 20 men)[20]
Sitia massacre February 1897 Greece Sitia, Crete, Greece Christian mob 300[21]
Kissamos massacre February 1897 Greece Kissamos, Crete, Greece Christian mob 23[21]
Kirchova massacre August 1903 North Macedonia Kichevo, North Macedonia Bulgarian revolutionaries 8[22]
Raionovo, Planitsa and Kukurtevo massacres Autumn 1912 North Macedonia Raionovo, Planitsa and Kukurtevo, Macedonia Bulgarian irregulars +700[23][24]
Cisr-i Mustafapaşa massacre October 1912 Bulgaria Svilengrad, Bulgaria Bulgarians 200[25]
Edeköy massacre 1912 Turkey Edeköy, Edirne, Turkey Greeks 1,659[26]
Serres massacre 1912 Greece Serres, Greece Bulgarians 600[27]
Dedeagac massacre 1912 Greece Alexandroupolis, Greece Armenians 20[27]
Bulgarian school massacre 1912 North Macedonia Chair quarter of Uskub, North Macedonia Serbians 18[27]
Ohrid massacre 1912 North Macedonia Ohrid, North Macedonia Serbians 500[28]
Strumica massacre 1912 North Macedonia Strumitsa, North Macedonia Greeks 3,000[27]
Petrovo massacre 1912 Bulgaria Petrovo Bulgarians "every living Turkish thing"[29]
Yaylacık massacre 1912 GreeceYaylacık, close to Salonica Greeks 15[27]
Salonica massacre 1912 Greece Salonica Greeks 27[29]
Derin Çatak massacre 1912 Turkey Malkara Bulgarians 11[30]
Avrethisar villages massacre 1912–1913 Greece Kilkis Bulgarians 451[31]
Pravishte massacres 1912–1913 Greece Eleftheroupoli Greeks 195[27]
Kaz massacre March 1913 Turkey Yukarı Kılıçlı Bulgarians 43[32]
Karasatı massacre June 1913 Turkey Karasatı, Keşan Bulgarians and Greeks 29[33]
Uzunköprü massacre July 1913 Turkey Uzunköprü Bulgarians 42[34][35]
Habibçe massacre July 1913 Bulgaria Lyubimets Bulgarians 20[35]
Greek landing at Smyrna 15 May 1919 Turkey İzmir Hellenic Army and local Greeks 400–600[36]
Yeşiloba massacre 11 June 1920 Turkey Yeşiloba, Adana French Armenian Legion 64–200[37]
Menemen massacre 17 June 1919 Turkey Menemen, İzmir Hellenic Army and local Greeks 200
Massacre in Erbeyli 20–21 June 1919 Turkey Erbeyli, Aydın Hellenic Army 72
Birecik massacre 11–24 February 1920 Turkey Birecik, Şanlıurfa French Army 280[38]
Massacre in Marash 1920 Turkey Marash French Army and French Armenian Legion 4,500[39][40]
Massacre in Aintab 1920–1921 Turkey Aintab French Army and French Armenian Legion 6,000–7,000[38][41]
Yalova Peninsula massacres[42] 1920–1921 Turkey Armutlu Peninsula Hellenic Army, local Christians and Circassians[43] 5,500–9,100[44][45]
Bilecik massacre[46] March–April 1921 Turkey Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük Hellenic Army and local Greeks 208[47]
İzmit massacre[48] 24 June 1921 Turkey İzmit Hellenic Army 300[49][50]
Karatepe village massacre 14 February 1922 Turkey Karatepe, Köşk Hellenic Army 385[51]
Uşak massacre 1 September 1922 Turkey Uşak Hellenic Army and local Greeks 200[52]
Alaşehir massacre[53] 3–4 September 1922 Turkey Alaşehir, Manisa Hellenic Army 3,000[54]
Turgutlu massacre 4–6 September 1922 Turkey Turgutlu, Manisa Hellenic Army 1,000[54]
Salihli massacre 5 September 1922 Turkey Salihli, Manisa Hellenic Army +76[55]
Manisa massacre[56] 6–7 September 1922 Turkey Manisa Hellenic Army and local Christians 4,355[57][54]
Suşiçe massacre April 1941 North Macedonia Sušica Kingdom of Bulgaria 7[58]
Blatec executions September 1944 North Macedonia Blatec Kingdom of Bulgaria 15[58]
Istibanje-Teranci massacres October 1944 North Macedonia Istibanja and Teranci Nazi Germany 17[58]
Limassol massacre 13 February 1963 Cyprus Limassol, Cyprus Greek Cypriots 16[59]
Bloody Christmas[60][61] 21–31 December 1963 Cyprus Nicosia, Cyprus Greek Cypriots 364[62]
Massacre in Famagusta 11 May 1964 Cyprus Famagusta, Cyprus Cypriot Police 10–17[63][64]
Massacre in Akrotiri and Dhekelia 13 May 1964 United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Cypriot Police and local Cypriots 11[63][64]
Massacre in Kofinou 14–15 November 1967 Cyprus Kofinou, Cyprus Greek Cypriots 26[65][59]
Alaminos massacre[66] 20 July 1974 Cyprus Alaminos, Cyprus Cypriot National Guard 13–14[67][68]
Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre 14 August 1974 Cyprus Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda, Cyprus EOKA B 126[69][70]
Tochni massacre 15 August 1974 Cyprus Taşkent, Cyprus EOKA B 84[63]
Fergana massacre 3–12 June 1989 Uzbekistan Fergana valley, Uzbekistan Uzbek mobs 97[71]
Bulgarization of Turks in People's Republic of Bulgaria 1984–1989 Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgarian army 300 to 1,500 (according to HRW)[72]
Çetinkaya massacre 25 December 1991 Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Kurdistan Workers' Party 12
Bingöl massacre 24 May 1993 Turkey Bingöl, Turkey Kurdistan Workers' Party 38
Başbağlar massacre 5 July 1993 Turkey Başbağlar, Turkey Kurdistan Workers' Party 33
Yavi massacre 25 October 1993 Turkey Erzurum, Turkey Kurdistan Workers' Party 33[73]
Blue market massacre 13 March 1999 Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Kurdistan Workers' Party 13

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kaser 2011, p. 336: "The emerging Christian nation states justified the prosecution of their Muslims by arguing that they were their former 'suppressors'. The historical balance: between about 1820 and 1920, millions of Muslim casualties and refugees back to the remaining Ottoman Empire had to be registered; estimations speak about 5 million casualties and the same number of displaced persons"
  2. ^ Schayegh, Cyrus (2024). "A Late/Post-Imperial Region of Difference: The Ottoman Empire and its Successor Polities in Southeastern Europe, Turkey, and the Arab East, c. 1850s–1940s". Journal of World History. 35 (4): 579–622. doi:10.1353/jwh.2024.a943172. Between 1821 and the 1919–1922 Turko-Greek War, about five and a half million Muslims died of religious-ethnic war-related causes, including disease and hunger during forced migration, in southeastern Europe and the Crimea and Caucasus.
  3. ^ Fábos 2005, p. 437: "Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, 'only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land ... Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease' (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognized—and recognized themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of 'Muslim migration.'"
  4. ^ Anscombe 2023, p. 55: "Traumatic waves occurred in 1875–1878 and 1912–1923, but in all, between 1821 and 1922, 5.5 million Muslims died and 5 million became refugees in conflicts with Christian forces in the Balkans, Crimea and Caucasus."
  5. ^ Library Information and Research Service. The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1 (1999), Northumberland Press, sf. 493, During that war nearly 400000 Rumelian Turks were massacred. About a million of them who fled before the invading Russian armies took refuge in the Thrace, lstanbul and Western Anatolia
  6. ^ Karpat, Kemal. Ouoman Population. pp. 72–5.
  7. ^ Jewish Budapest: Memories, Rites, History, by Kinga Frojimovics, Géza Komoróczy, 1999, p.504-505
  8. ^ William St. Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, Oxford University Press, London, 1972 p. 40 ISBN 0-19-215194-0
  9. ^ W. Alison, Phillips (1897). The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Bouboulina Museum, Spetses Greece (Publisher: Greek Island Spetses; Accessed: 2007-04-18) Archived 2011-08-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ^ Cited by Hercules Millas, « History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey », History Workshop, n°31, 1991.
  12. ^ Ardeleanu, Constantin (January 2013). Military Aspects of the Greek War of Independence in the Romanian Principalities: The Battle of Galați (1821).
  13. ^ MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876). Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News", J.A. MacGahan, Esq. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co. p. 13. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  14. ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1999) History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Nide 1, Cambridge University Press, pp.347
  15. ^ Quataert, Donald. "The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 ", Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.69
  16. ^ Medlicott, William Norton (28 October 2013). Congress of Berlin and After. Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 9781136243172.
  17. ^ Irkıçatal, Eftal. İngiliz Belgelerinde 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi Sırasında Yaşanan Kızanlık Katliamları.
  18. ^ Carey, John (2005). International Humanitarian Law. BRILL. pp. 68 69. ISBN 9781571052674.
  19. ^ Barchard, David. The Fearless and Self=Reliant Servant (PDF). pp. 27 28 29 30 31.
  20. ^ "Crete - Hansard - UK Parliament". hansard.parliament.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  21. ^ a b "Mussulmans In Crete - Hansard - UK Parliament". hansard.parliament.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  22. ^ Korkmaz, Ender (28 June 2020). "OSMANLI ARŞİV EVRAKLARINA GÖRE İLİNDEN İSYANINDA YAŞANAN BAŞLICA OLAYLAR". International Journal of Current Approaches in Language, Education and Social Sciences (in Turkish). 2 (1): 304–333. doi:10.35452/caless.2020.15. ISSN 2687-2528. S2CID 225721639.
  23. ^ "2.1 - The War and the noncombatant population". macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  24. ^ International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (1914). Report of the International Commission to Inquire Into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  25. ^ Ginio, Eyal (2023). "From Cisr-i Mustafa Paşa to Svilengrad: The Ethnic Homogenization of a Thracian Town in the Balkan Wars" (PDF). International Journal of Middle East Studies. 55 (2): 275–298. doi:10.1017/S0020743823000788.
  26. ^ "Balkan Harbi Tefrikaları: Edeköy". Kırmızılar Resmi Web Sayfası (in Turkish). 29 July 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  27. ^ a b c d e f "Carnegie Report - Appendix A". macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  28. ^ "4.2. Servian Macedonia (b)". macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  29. ^ a b Papaioannou, Sefan (2012). BALKAN WARS BETWEEN THE LINES: VIOLENCE AND CIVILIANS IN MACEDONIA, 1912-1918 (PDF). p. 125.
  30. ^ "Güncel - Haberler - DERİN ÇATAK ŞEHİTLERİ ŞEHİT EDİLİŞLERİNİN 100. YILINDA ANILDI - Malkara Belediyesi". www.malkara.bel.tr. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  31. ^ "BELGELERİYLE 1912 BALKAN HARBİNDE, KILKIŞ ve KÖYLERİNDE BULGARLAR TARAFINDAN YAPILAN KIRIMLAR ve KIYIMLAR". www.pikovamubadilleri.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  32. ^ "Süleymanpaşa Belediyesi". www.suleymanpasa.bel.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  33. ^ "Balkan Savaşları ve Keşan (2) KARASATI KATLİAMI". MEDYA KEŞAN (in Turkish). Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  34. ^ "savaş ve işgaller – Uzunköprü Tarihçesi". uzunkoprutarihi.com.tr. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  35. ^ a b Polat, Hasan Ali; Çolak, Fatih. "II. Balkan Harbi'nde Doğu Trakya'da Katliam İddiaları ve Alman Heyeti'nin Trakya Seyahati Gözlemleri" (PDF). Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi.
  36. ^ Stavros T. Stavridis : The Greek-Turkish War, 1918-23: an Australian press perspective, Gorgias Press, 2008, ISBN 1593339674, page 117
  37. ^ YURTSEVER, Cezmi (2015). Katliamın Tanığı Yeşiloba. pp. 4–22.
  38. ^ a b "ADANA VE ÇEVRESİNDE ERMENİ MEZALİMİ". Yeni Çağ Gazetesi. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  39. ^ Levene, Mark (2013). Devastation. Oxford University Press. pp. 217, 218. ISBN 9780191505546.
  40. ^ Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973). The Lions of Marash. SUNY Press. p. 195. ISBN 9781438408828.
  41. ^ Ade, Mafalda (16 October 2019), "Özgür bir adam", Kaçan Adam, New York: Routledge, pp. 74–75, doi:10.4324/9780429261862-24, ISBN 978-0-429-26186-2, S2CID 213511034
  42. ^ Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009
  43. ^ Smith, Michael Llewellyn (1999). Ionian vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922 (New edition, 2nd impression ed.). London: C. Hurst. p. 209. ISBN 9781850653684. At the same time bands of Christian irregulars, Greek Armenian, and Circassian, looted, burned and murdered in the Yalove-Gemlik peninsula.
  44. ^ McNeill, William H. (1989). Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199923397. To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.
  45. ^ "Arşiv Belgelerine Göre Balkanlar'da ve Anadolu'da Yunan Mezâlimi 2". www.scribd.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
  46. ^ State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna, Stefanos Katsikas, Dimitris Kamouzis, Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012
  47. ^ DERGİ (6 November 1917). "Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi | Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi". Atam.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  48. ^ Toynbee, Arnold (6 April 1922) [9 March 1922], "Letter", The Times, Turkey.
  49. ^ Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
  50. ^ Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1970). The Western Question in Greece and Turkey:A Study in the Contact of Civilizations (PDF). H. Fertig, originally: University of California. p. 553. ' But at 1 P.M. on Friday the 24th June, three and a half days before the Greek evacuation, the male inhabitants of the two Turkish quarters of Baghcheshmé and Tepekhané, in the highest part of the town, away from the sea, had been dragged out to the cemetery and shot in batches. On Wednesday the 29th I was present when two of the graves were opened, and ascertained for myself that the corpses were those of Moslems and that their arms had been pinioned behind their backs. There were thought to be about sixty corpses in that group of graves, and there were several others. In all, over 300 people were missing—a death-roll probably exceeding that at Smyrna on the 15th and 16th May 1919.
  51. ^ Turan, Mustafa (2006). Yunan mezalimi: İzmir, Aydın, Manisa, Denizli, 1919-1923 (in Turkish). Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi. ISBN 978-975-16-1850-4.
  52. ^ Adıvar, Halide Edib (1928). The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib. Century Company, University of Virginia. p. 363.
  53. ^ Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.
  54. ^ a b c U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
  55. ^ The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132. Atlantic Monthly Co. 1923. p. 829. Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek
  56. ^ U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34

    Consul Park concluded:
    "1. The destruction of the interior cities visited by our party was carried out by Greeks."
    "2. The percentages of buildings destroyed in each of the last four cities referred to were: Manisa 90 percent, Cassaba (Turgutlu) 90 percent, Alaşehir 70 percent, Salihli 65 percent."
    "3. The burning of these cities was not desultory, nor intermittent, nor accidental, but well planned and thoroughly organized."
    "4. There were many instances of physical violence, most of which was deliberate and wanton. Without complete figures, which were impossible to obtain, it may safely be surmised that 'atrocities' committed by retiring Greeks numbered well into thousands in the four cities under consideration. These consisted of all three of the usual type of such atrocities, namely murder, torture and rape."
    "Cassaba (present day Turgutlu) was a town of 40,000 souls, 3,000 of whom were non-Muslims. Of these 37,000 Turks only 6,000 could be accounted for among the living, while 1,000 Turks were known to have been shot or burned to death."
  57. ^ Tayla, Mustafa (2001). Batı Anadolu'da Yunan mezalimi: Bursa vilayetinde yaşanan acıların dokümanter incelemesi (in Turkish). Stratejik Araştırma ve Etüdler Milli Komitesi (SAEMK).
  58. ^ a b c Türksoylu, Ercan (2020). Yücel Teşkilatı [Yücel Organization]. Astana Yayınları. ISBN 9786055010515.
  59. ^ a b Stephen, Michael (1997). The Cyprus Question. British-Northern Cyprus Parliamentary Group.
  60. ^ "REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS" (PDF). United Nations. 10 September 1964. Retrieved 17 December 2018. The trade of the Turkish community had considerably declined during the period, due to the existing situation, and unemployment reached a very high level as approximately 25,000 Turkish Cypriots had become refugees.
  61. ^ Bryant, Rebecca (2012). Displacement in Cyprus Consequences of Civil and Military Strife Report 2 Life Stories: Turkish Cypriot Community (PDF). Oslo: PRIO Cyprus Centre. pp. 5–15.
  62. ^ Oberling, Pierre (1982). The road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot exodus to northern Cyprus. Social Science Monographs. p. 120. ISBN 978-0880330008.
  63. ^ a b c "Katliam emrini Rum Genelkurmay'ı vermiş". CNN Türk (in Turkish). 9 August 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  64. ^ a b sabah, daily (8 August 2018). "'Kill 10 Turks for each slain Greek,' Greek Cypriot forces told amid pre-division violence". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  65. ^ Country Studies: Cyprus - Intercommunal Violence Archived 8 November 2004 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ Documents Officiels, United Nations Security Council, p. 82: "Alaminos village has already been in the news because a massacre of 13 Turkish Cypriots was discovered there"
  67. ^ Impact: International Fortnightly, Volumes 4-6: Fourteen Turkish Cypriots were murdered at the village of Alaminos on 20 July.
  68. ^ Massacre of Turks alleged (St. Petersburg Times, 29 July 1974)
  69. ^ List of Turkish Cypriot missing persons Archived 2011-09-15 at the Wayback Machine (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus) Retrieved on 18 July 2011.
  70. ^ "Muratağa and Sandallar problem is being taken to the European Court of Human Rights" (in Turkish). BRT - Kıbrıs Postası. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
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  72. ^ Laber, Jeri (1987). Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Turks of Bulgaria. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-0-938579-66-3.
  73. ^ "Yavi katliamının acısı 28 yıldır dinmiyor". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 4 March 2022.

Bibliography

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