Most presidents of the United States received a college education, even most of the earliest. Of the first seven presidents, five were college graduates. College degrees have set the presidents apart from the general population, and presidents have held degrees even though it was quite rare and unnecessary for practicing most occupations, including law. Of the 45 individuals to have been the president, 24 graduated from a private undergraduate college, 9 graduated from a public undergraduate college, and 12 held no degree. Every president since 1953 has had a bachelor's degree, reflecting the increasing importance of higher education in the United States.
Some presidents attended more than one institution. George Washington never attended college, though The College of William & Mary did issue him a surveyor's certificate.[7] One president attended a foreign college at the undergraduate level: John Quincy Adams at Leiden University (John F. Kennedy intended to study at the London School of Economics, but failed to attend as he fell ill before classes began.) Bill Clinton won a Rhodes Scholarship, enrolling at the University of Oxford in Fall 1968, where he read for a B.Phil in politics. He left Oxford without earning a degree in order to enroll at Yale Law School.
Three presidents have attended the United States Service academies: Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, while Jimmy Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. No presidents have graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy or the much newer U.S. Air Force Academy. Eisenhower also graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College, Army Industrial College and Army War College. These were not degree-granting institutions when Eisenhower attended, but were part of his professional education as a career soldier.
A total of 20 presidents attended some form of graduate school (including professional schools). Among them, eleven presidents received a graduate degree during their lifetimes; two more received graduate degrees posthumously.
School | Location | President(s) |
---|---|---|
Harvard Business School | Boston, Massachusetts |
School | Location | President(s) |
---|---|---|
Harvard University | Cambridge, Massachusetts | |
Johns Hopkins University | Baltimore, Maryland |
School | Location | President(s) |
---|---|---|
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
|
Several presidents who were lawyers did not attend law school, but became lawyers after independent study under the tutelage of established attorneys.[8] Some had attended college before beginning their legal studies, and several studied law without first having attended college. Presidents who were lawyers but did not attend law school include: John Adams; Thomas Jefferson; James Madison; James Monroe; John Quincy Adams; Andrew Jackson; Martin Van Buren; John Tyler; James K. Polk; Millard Fillmore; James Buchanan; Abraham Lincoln; James A. Garfield; Grover Cleveland; Benjamin Harrison; and Calvin Coolidge.
Presidents who were admitted to the bar after a combination of law school and independent study include; Franklin Pierce; Chester A. Arthur; William McKinley; and Woodrow Wilson.
School | Location | President(s) |
---|---|---|
Johns Hopkins University | Baltimore, Maryland |
School | Location | President(s) |
---|---|---|
Harvard Business School | Boston, Massachusetts |
School | Location | President(s) |
---|---|---|
Harvard University | Cambridge, Massachusetts |
Note: John Adams and John Quincy Adams, along with George W. Bush are the only presidents to date to attain master's degrees.
Note: Hayes, Taft, Nixon and Ford were awarded LL.B. degrees.[10][11][12][13] When most U.S. law schools began to award the J.D. as the professional degree in law during the 1960s, previous graduates had the choice of converting their LL.B. degrees to a J.D.[14][15] Duke University Law School made the change in 1968,[16] and Yale Law School in 1971.[17]
President(s) | School | Position | Years |
---|---|---|---|
Thomas Jefferson | University of Virginia | 1st rector | 1819–1826 |
James Madison | University of Virginia | 2nd rector | 1826–1836 |
Millard Fillmore | University at Buffalo | Chancellor | 1846–1874 |
James A. Garfield | Hiram College | President | 1857–1860 |
Woodrow Wilson | Princeton University | President | 1902–1910 |
Dwight D. Eisenhower | Columbia University | President | 1948–1953 |
President(s) | School | Position | Years |
---|---|---|---|
George Washington | College of William and Mary | Chancellor | 1788–1799 |
Washington College | Allowed use of his name, Benefactor, Board of Governors | 1782–1799 | |
George Washington University | Left shares in his will to establish a university in the District of Columbia | 1799 | |
Washington and Lee University | Benefactor[32] | 1796 | |
Thomas Jefferson | University of Virginia | Board of Visitors | 1819–1826 |
James Madison | University of Virginia | Board of Visitors | 1819–1836 |
Madison College (Pennsylvania) | Allowed use of his name; benefactor: contributed funds ($2,000 in 1827 dollars) towards founding[33] | 1827 | |
James Monroe | George Washington University | Benefactor | 1821 |
University of Virginia | Board of Visitors | 1826–1831 | |
John Quincy Adams | Harvard University | Board of Overseers | 1830–1848 |
George Washington University | Benefactor, Board of Trustees | 1832 | |
Andrew Jackson | University of Nashville | Board of Trustees | 1806–1845[34] |
Martin Van Buren | University of the State of New York | Board of Regents | 1816–1829 |
John Tyler | College of William and Mary | Chancellor | 1859–1862 |
Ulysses S. Grant | George Washington University | Board of Trustees | 1869–1877 |
Millard Fillmore | University at Buffalo | Chancellor | 1846–1874 |
Franklin Pierce | Norwich University | Board of Trustees | 1841–1859 |
James Buchanan | Franklin & Marshall College | President, Board of Trustees | 1853–1865 |
Rutherford B. Hayes | Ohio State University | Board of Trustees | 1881–1893 |
Western Reserve University | Chairman of the Board of Trustees | 1881–1893 | |
Ohio Wesleyan University | Board of Trustees | 1884–1893 | |
James A. Garfield | Hiram College | Board of Trustees | 1866–1881 |
Hampton University | Board of Trustees | 1877–1881 | |
Benjamin Harrison | Purdue University | Board of Trustees | 1895–1901 |
Grover Cleveland | Princeton University | Board of Trustees | 1901–1908 |
William McKinley | American University | Board of Trustees | 1899–1901 |
Theodore Roosevelt | American University | Board of Trustees | 1900–1919 |
Harvard University | Board of Overseers | 1895–1901, 1915–1916 | |
William Howard Taft | Yale University | Member of the Yale Corporation | 1901–1913 |
Hampton University | Board of Trustees | 1909–1930 | |
Warren G. Harding | American University | Board of Trustees | 1921–1923 |
Calvin Coolidge | Amherst College | Board of Trustees (life member) | 1921–1933 |
Herbert Hoover | Stanford University | Board of Trustees | 1923–1960 |
American University | Board of Trustees | 1945–1950 | |
Franklin D. Roosevelt | Harvard University | Board of Overseers | 1917–1923 |
Vassar College | Board of Trustees | 1923–1945 | |
Dwight D. Eisenhower | Eisenhower College | Namesake, fundraiser | 1965–1969 |
John F. Kennedy | Harvard University | Board of Overseers | 1957–1958 |
Jimmy Carter | Mercer University | Board of Trustees | 2012–present |
Ronald Reagan | Eureka College | Board of Trustees | 1947–1953, 1967–1973, 1974–1980 |
Madison College Pennsylvania.