List of proposed state mergers

This is a list of proposed state mergers, including both current and historical proposals originating from sovereign states or organizations. The entities listed below differ from separatist movements in that they would form as a merger or union of two or more existing states, territories, colonies or other regions, becoming either a federation, confederation or other type of unified sovereign state.

Historical

Early modern period

Proposed state	Components	Time period	Successful?	Notes
Croatia–Hungary Union	Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia	1102–1526 1527–1918	Yes	After a brief separation during Ottoman-Hungarian war, the union was restored on the Lands of the Hungarian Crown inner the Habsburg monarchy.
Swiss Confederation	Uri Schwyz Unterwalden	1307	Yes	Three cantons formed the initial Confederation in the 1307 Rütlischwur, followed by the 1315 Pact of Brunnen; ten more cantons joined over the life of the Confederacy.
Kalmar Union	Danish Realm Kingdom of Norway Kingdom of Sweden	1397–1523	Yes	The Kalmar Union was a personal union between the Kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Established in 1397 under the rule of Queen Margaret I, the union aimed to create a single monarch ruling over these three kingdoms.
Dual monarchy of England and France	Kingdom of England Kingdom of France	1422–1453	Partial	Treaty of Troyes consolidate the English claims to the French throne, but then Treaty of Arras (1435) reject it during Hundred Years' War.
Spanish–HRE Union	Spanish Empire Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Hungary	1519–1556	Partial	Political union of Habsburg domains under Charles V, but failed attempt to perpetually unite Christendom and restore the Roman Empire. Then division of the institutional union into Habsburg Spain and Habsburg Austria instead of Centralisation.
Denmark–Norway	Danish Realm Kingdom of Norway	1524–1814	Yes
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania	1569	Yes	Union of Lublin
Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia	1574–1658	No
Iberian Union	Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon Crown of Portugal	1580–1640	Yes	Portugal became part of the realms of the Spanish Habsburg (Casa de Austria) following the death of Henry I of Portugal but resumed its independence 60 years later.
Polish–Swedish union	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire	1592–1660	Partial	After a brief union during Sigismund III Vasa's reign, the Swedes rebelled against Sigismund and rejected the pretensions of restoring it at the Treaty of Oliva.
Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Cossack Hetmanate	1658–1659	No	Treaty of Hadiach
Swedish–Lithuanian Union	Swedish Empire Grand Duchy of Lithuania		No	Union of Kėdainiai
Kingdom of Great Britain	Kingdom of England Kingdom of Scotland	1707	Yes	Though having been ruled since 1603 in personal union when James VI, already king of Scotland, succeeded to the English crown, both countries remained separate sovereign nation states until 1707 when the Treaty of Union unified them into a single entity.
United States	Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia	1775–1788	Yes	Constitution of the United States is ratified by the Thirteen Colonies, replacing the Articles of Confederation and thereby forming a Federal government.
Dutch Republic	Dutch Republic United Belgian States	1789–1790	No	During the Brabant Revolution, Hendrik van der Noot, Prime Minister of the young Belgian state proposed incorporating the confederation into the Dutch Republic. Later Willem I admitted that his idea to unite the Low Countries under the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was influenced by van der Noot's proposal.^[1]^[2]

19th century

Proposed state	Components	Time period	Successful?	Notes
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Ireland	1800	Yes	Acts of Union 1800. Most of Ireland left the union as the Irish Free State in 1922, while Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom.
Northern Confederacy	Connecticut Massachusetts New York New Hampshire New Jersey Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Also invited: Lower Canada New Brunswick Newfoundland Colony Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Upper Canada	1804	No	The Northern Confederacy was a conspiracy headed by Senator Timothy Pickering to separate the Northeastern United States and The British Colonies in North America into one Confederation.^[3]^[4]
United Kingdom of Peru, Chile and Rio de la Plata	United Provinces of the Río de la Plata Viceroyalty of Peru Upper Peru Old Fatherland (Chile)	1810–1816	No	Manuel Belgrano proposed to the Junta of Buenos Aires the project to establish a monarchical government to maintain the territorial integrity of the ex-Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (modern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia), and also expand that monarchy to modern Chile and Peru (which at the time were in control of Royalists and were considered incapable of independence from Spain by themselves).^[5]^[6]^[7] However, the plan was rejected for chauvinist reasons, as Argentinians did not want to have an Inca, not a Spanish Bourbun, as the proposed King, and also feared being dominated by the Peruvian elites and their reactionary tendencies.^{[citation needed]}
United Kingdom of the Netherlands	Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands Provisional Government of Belgium (1814)	1815	Yes
Union between Sweden and Norway	Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Norway	1814–1905	Yes
Habsburg Italian Confederation	Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia Kingdom of Illyria Papal States Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla Duchy of Modena and Reggio Grand Duchy of Tuscany Kingdom of Sardinia Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Duchy of Lucca Duchy of Massa and Carrara Principality of Monaco Republic of San Marino Republic of Cospaia	1815	No	Klemens von Metternich's proposal for an Italian Confederation at the Congress of Vienna were rejected by Italian nobility and Austrian nobility.^[8]
German Confederation	Austria Prussia Bavaria Hanover Saxony Württemberg Other German States	1816–1866	Yes
Russo-Polish Union	Russian Empire Kingdom of Poland	1815–1830 1914–1918	Partial	Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland as a kingdom in personal union with the Tsar of Russia, until Russian complete annexation in a real union after the November Uprising. Again proposed by Tsar Nicholas II in World War I to gain Polish support for the Russian side at the Eastern Front, and maintained by some White Monarchists to gain Polish and Entente support against the Russian Revolution.^[9]
Gran Colombia	United Provinces of New Granada Second Republic of Venezuela Real Audiencia of Quito	1819–1830	Yes
First Mexican Empire	First Mexican Empire Captaincy General of Guatemala	1822–1823	Yes	Central America was annexed into the First Mexican Empire. After the dissolution of the Empire only Chiapas choose to remain part of Mexico, the rest became the Federal Republic of Central America. Costa Rica in particular was split between inner factions in favor and against the annexation, ending in a Civil War. The pro-Mexican provinces declared membership but were not recognized by the pro-independence provinces.
Gran Colombia-Dominican unification	Gran Colombia Republic of Spanish Haiti	1822	No	Proposal of José Núñez de Cáceres and Antonio María Pineda Ayala who were unable to meet Simón Bolívar before the Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo, and thus, Gran Colombia rejected the offer to avoid a war with Haiti.^[10]
Haitian-Santo Domingo union	Haiti Captaincy General of Santo Domingo	1822	Yes	Haiti annexes the Spanish part of Hispaniola island.
Federal Republic of Central America	El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Guatemala Los Altos Costa Rica	1823–1841	Yes
Costa Rica	Costa Rica Nicoya	1824	Yes	Annexation of Nicoya
Hispano-American Confederation	Formally invited: Gran Colombia Peru Bolivia First Mexican Empire Federal Republic of Central America United Provinces of the Río de la Plata Chile Non invited, but considered: Paraguay Haiti Spanish Empire Invited, but not considered seriously: Empire of Brazil United States British Empire Dutch Empire	1825-1826	No	Proposed at the Congress of Panama by Simón Bolívar, but rejected by fears of Bolivarian authoritarism and centralism from non-Colombian deputies that suspected a "Colombian Empire" in this project (or just due to enmity and distrust against Simon Bolivar from regional Caudillos and leaders). Also due to differences between supporters of how to do that union^{[clarification needed]} (conflicts between federalists, monarchists, liberals, conservatives, etc.).^[11]
Federation of the Andes	Gran Colombia Peru Bolivia	1826	No	Proposed merger of the countries liberated by Simón Bolivar into a single state.
Peru–Bolivian Confederation	Peru Bolivia	1829–1836	Yes
Italian United Provinces	Duchy of Parma Duchy of Modena and Reggio Grand Duchy of Tuscany Romagna (part of State of the Church)	1831	Yes
Rio Uruguay	Juliana Riograndense Uruguay	1836	No	Riograndense forces were financially and (indirectly) militarily supported by the Uruguayan government led by José Fructuoso Rivera.^[12] The Uruguayans had the intention of creating a political union with the Riograndense Republic to create a new stronger state.^[12] Juliana Republic was founded in 1839 and formed a confederation with Riograndense, but Juliana itself collapsed less than four months after its founding.
United States	United States Upper Canada	1837–1838	No	Rebellions of 1837–1838. Republicans in Upper Canada pursued annexation by the United States.^[13]
Papal-Italian Confederation	Papal States Kingdom of Sardinia Duchy of Parma Duchy of Modena and Reggio Grand Duchy of Tuscany Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia	1840s	No	After an initial interest from Pope Pius IX to lead the Italian nobility in a supranational confederation, the proposal from Vincenzo Gioberti was rejected for being Liberal and Nationalist (ideologies condemned by the Catholic social teaching) and specially due to Italian unification movement having a political leadership from Anti-clerical and Freemasonry groups.^[14]^[15]
United Kingdom of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia	Ecuador Peru Bolivia	1846	No	Plan by Juan José Flores to reconquer the former Bourbon Crown territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru.^[16]
Confederated States of Plata	Argentine Confederation Estado Oriental del Uruguay Paraguay	1850	No	The Confederated States of the Río de la Plata were a State proposal devised by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento in the book Argirópolis or the capital of the confederated states of the Río de la Plata, with its capital on Martín García Island, would be founded. This idea did not prosper due to the historical changes produced by the battle of Caseros in 1852.^[17]
Danubian Confederation^[18]	Hungary Romania Vojvodina Croatia Slovakia	1850	No	The Hungarian Statesman Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894) attempted at different stages of his exile following the Hungarian War of Independence in 1849 to organize a Danubian Confederation. He intended to accommodate the forces of nationalism within the Danubian basin while preserving Hungary's territorial integrity and replacing Austria's position in the European balance of power^[18]
Federation of Central America	El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua	1852	Yes	Second attempt at unification that lasted for less than a month.
Liberia	Republic of Liberia Republic of Maryland	1854–1857	Yes	Republic of Maryland was officially named Maryland in Liberia during its independence referendum on 29 May 1854.
United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia	Principality of Moldavia Principality of Wallachia	1859	Yes	Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia; becomes Kingdom of Romania in 1881.
United Provinces of Central Italy	Duchy of Parma Duchy of Modena and Reggio Grand Duchy of Tuscany Romagna	1859	Yes
Kingdom of Sardinia	Kingdom of Sardinia United Provinces of Central Italy	1860	Yes
Belgium–Netherlands Confederation	Belgium Netherlands	1860	No	Belgian Prime Minister Charles Rogier proposed a personal union of Belgium and the Netherlands due to fear of French invasion.^[19]
Confederate States of America	State of South Carolina State of Mississippi State of Florida State of Alabama State of Georgia State of Louisiana State of Texas Commonwealth of Virginia State of Arkansas State of North Carolina State of Tennessee	1861–1865	Yes	American Civil War
Spanish Empire	Spanish Empire First Dominican Republic	1861	Yes	In 1861 general Pedro Santana asked Queen Isabella II of Spain to retake control of the Dominican Republic after a period of only 17 years of independence. Spain accepted his proposal and made the country a colony again.^[20]^[21]
Kingdom of Greece	Kingdom of Greece United States of the Ionian Islands	1864	Yes	Treaty of London (1864)
North German Confederation	Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Saxony Grand Duchy of Hesse Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Grand Duchy of Oldenburg Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Duchy of Anhalt Duchy of Brunswick Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Saxe-Meiningen Various other small principalities and free cities	1866	Yes	Following the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the annexation by Prussia of Austria's northern German ally states Otto von Bismarck proposed to unify Prussia and its own German ally states into a single Federation. Consequently, the North German Constitution was adopted, with the provision that the southern German minor states could enter into the union when politically feasible.
South German Confederation	Bavaria Württemberg Baden Hesse-Darmstadt	1866	No	Proposed union of the southern German states that was discussed in the mid-19th century. The idea of a confederation emerged in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which resulted in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the emergence of the North German Confederation under the leadership of Prussia. The southern German states, including Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, and Hesse-Darmstadt, were concerned about the growing power of Prussia and the dominance of northern German states in the new confederation. They sought to form their own union, which would allow them to retain their autonomy while also providing for mutual defense and economic cooperation.
Austro-Hungarian Empire	Austria Hungary	1867	Yes	Unification of Austro-Hungarian Empire
Liechtenstein	Liechtenstein Russian America	1867	No	According to Prince Hans-Adam II, the Russian Empire proposed the purchase of Alaska to Liechtenstein.^[22]
Dominion of Canada	Province of Canada Province of New Brunswick Province of Nova Scotia	1867	Yes	Canadian Confederation
United States	United States Greenland	1867–2019	No	The idea for the United States to buy Greenland was first proposed during the administration of President Andrew Johnson, when, in 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward unsuccessfully proposed buying Greenland and Iceland from the Danish Kingdom. A post-World War II bid was also declined by Denmark.^[23] In 2018 and 2019, President Donald Trump spoke to aides about acquiring the island; Greenlandic and Danish officials firmly rebuffed the suggestion that the island could be sold.^[24]^[25]
Antillean Confederation	Captaincy General of Cuba Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Second Dominican Republic	1869–1870	No	Proposed by Ramón Emeterio Betances.
Dominion of Canada	Dominion of Canada North-Western Territory Rupert's Land	1870	Yes	Following the British Crown acquiring the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company it was transferred to the Dominion of Canada.
German Empire	Lesser Germany: North German Confederation Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Württemberg Grand Duchy of Baden Grand Duchy of Hesse Alsace-Lorraine Greater Germany also included: Austrian Empire	1871	Yes	The German question regarding the competing ideas of "Greater Germany" and "Lesser Germany" (whether or not a united Germany should include the Austrian Empire) was settled with the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, in which Prussia assumed leadership of the various minor German nation states. The Unification of Germany (excluding Austria) was completed after German victory over the French in the Franco-Prussian War.
Austro-Hungarian-Bohemian Empire	Austro-Hungarian Empire Kingdoms of Bohemia	1871–1918	No	Franz Joseph I of Austria rejected proposals of Austro-Czech Compromise. His successor Karl I of Austria accepted those pretensions of reform in October 1918, shortly before his abdication, but were never implemented due to the Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.^[26]
Dominion of Canada	Dominion of Canada United Colony of British Columbia	1871	Yes	Following a merger of the Colony of British Columbia (1858-1866) and the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1866 the new colony was incorporated into Canadian Confederation in 1871 as the Province of British Columbia.
Dominion of Canada	Dominion of Canada Colony of Prince Edward Island	1873	Yes	Prince Edward Island joined Canadian Confederation partially to gain financial support from the union to avoid bankruptcy.
Bulgaria–Romania	Bulgaria Romania	1878–1879	No	Proposed personal union, German prince Alexander of Battenberg is elected instead.^[27]
Austro-Hungarian-Croatian Empire	Austro-Hungarian Empire Croatia (Triune Kingdom)	1880–1918	Partial	Trialism in Austria-Hungary isn't approved by the Diet of Hungary many times to maintain the Hungarian Crown intact, except on 1918 due to Karl I of Austria pression, but wasn't implemented due to Dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I.^[26]
United States of Peru–Bolivia	Peru Bolivia	1880	No	Proposed state by Nicolás de Piérola and Narciso Campero, also called the Federal Republic of the Incas.^[28]
Dominion of Canada	Dominion of Canada British Arctic Territories	1880	Yes	The British Arctic Territories, made of the Arctic Archipelago were transferred to the Dominion of Canada via the Adjacent Territories Order.
Kingdom of Spain	Kingdom of Spain Captaincy General of the Philippines	1880–1898	No	By the Propaganda Movement led by Filipinos educated in Europe which advocated the Philippine islands be converted from a colony to a province of Spain.^[29]
Estonian–Finnish federation	Estonia Finland	1881–1941	No	The matter was discussed on December 8, 1917, at the Estonian Council of Elders, where Jaan Raamot spoke about the positive attitude of Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Speaker of the Senate of Finland. In his speech to the Council of Elders, Estonian Politician Konstantin Päts supported the Union and welcomed the idea.
Polynesian Confederation	Kingdom of Fiji Kingdom of Hawaii Kingdom of Samoa Kingdom of Tahiti Kingdom of Tonga	1882	No	During the period of European colonization, king Kalākaua of Hawaii proposed a Polynesian Confederation.^[30]^[31]^[32]
Principality of Bulgaria	Bulgaria Autonomous Province of East Rumelia	1885–1886	Yes	After Bulgaria defeated Serbia in the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885, Bulgaria nearly doubled in size when East Rumelia was incorporated within its borders. Bulgaria officially annexed it from the Ottoman Empire in 1885.
Bulgaria–Romania	Bulgaria Romania	1886–1887	No	Proposed personal union, rejected by Carol I of Romania due to Russian pressure.^[27]
Dominion of Canada	Dominion of Canada Jamaica	1890	No	In the late 19th century, there was some discussion of some form of political union between Canada and Jamaica.^[33]
Greater Republic of Central America	El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Considered joining: Costa Rica Guatemala	1895–1898	Yes
Anglo-American union	United Kingdom United States	1860–1914	No	Numerous prominent transatlantic thinkers proposed a union of the United States and the United Kingdom.^[34]

20th century


Proposed state	Components	Time period	Successful?	Notes
Commonwealth of Australia	New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Also invited: Colony of Fiji Colony of New Zealand	1901	Yes	Federation of Australia. New Zealand had many disagreements with the Australian government and decided to not join. Fiji also did not join.
Saudi Arabia	Third Saudi State Jabal Shammar Kingdom of Hejaz Sharifian Caliphate Idrisid Emirate of Asir Sharifate of Mecca Sheikdom of Upper Asir Principality of Najran	1901-1934	Yes
Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia Kingdom of Yemen	1934	No	See also: Saudi–Yemeni war (1934)
Franco-British Union	France United Kingdom	1904–1956	No	A Franco-British Union is a concept for a union between the two independent sovereign states of the United Kingdom and France. Such a union was proposed during certain crises of the 20th century; it has some historical precedents. In April 1904 France and the United Kingdom signed a series of agreements, known as the Entente Cordiale, which marked the end of centuries of intermittent conflict between the two powers, and the start of a period of peaceful co-existence. Nationalist political leaders from both sides were uncomfortable with the idea of such a merging.
Union of South Africa	Cape Colony Colony of Natal Orange River Colony Transvaal Colony	1909	Yes	Union of South Africa
Balkan Federation	Kingdom of Yugoslavia Principality of Albania Kingdom of Bulgaria	1910–1916	No
Imperial Federation	United Kingdom Ireland Dominion of Canada Commonwealth of Australia Dominion of Newfoundland Dominion of New Zealand Union of South Africa India	1911–1937	No	The British Empire was composed of many states with vastly different constitutions and goals to pursue. Groups like the Imperial Federation League advocated for a political union between the territories of the Empire that could establish a "permanent binding force" between them.^[35] Each dominion would be guaranteed representation on equal footing with the United Kingdom in an Imperial Parliament.^[36] Ireland would also have been presented representation as an alternative to home rule, and it was deemed possible that an autonomous India could one day join as well. First discussed by heads of government at the 1911 Imperial Conference, and for a second time at the 1937 Imperial Conference where it was eventually dismissed.
Dominion of Canada	Dominion of Canada The Bahamas	1911	No	In 1911, at the request of the Bahamian House of Assembly, the Canadian and the Bahamian governments began serious negotiations for Bahamian accession to the Canadian confederation.^[37] However, a racial panic ignited by the migration of over one thousand African-Americans fleeing violence in Oklahoma derailed the discussions. Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier turned against the idea, citing incompatible "ethnical origin". After Laurier lost the September 1911 federal election, Bahamian Governor William Grey-Wilson travelled to Canada to reopen accession talks with newly elected PM Robert Borden.^[38] In a meeting between Grey and Borden on 18 October 1911, Borden rejected the possibility of taking the Bahamas into the Canadian confederation. His reasoning was that the events of the past year had proved that Canadian public opinion would not countenance the admission of a majority-black province. The British Colonial Office concurred: "No doubt for the moment the Dominion government would safeguard their interests, but there are signs of the rise of a colour question in Canada and in any case it cannot be long before U.S. opinion gives the tone to Canada in regard the Negro."^[39]
Kingdom of Greece	Cretan State Kingdom of Greece	1913	Yes	Crete rebelled against Ottoman rule during the Cretan Revolt of 1866–69 and used the motto "Crete, Enosis, Freedom or Death". The Cretan State was established after the intervention of the Great Powers, and Cretan union with Greece occurred de facto in 1908 and de jure in 1913 by the Treaty of Bucharest.
Austro-Polish Union	Projected: Austro-Hungarian Empire Kingdom of Poland Considered: Western Ukraine	1914–1918	No	Proposals from Trialists to incorporate Russian Poland in the Habsburg empire, unifying them with Austrian Poland and turn them in a Third Crown like Austria and Hungary.^[40] Approved by Karl I of Austria in October 1918.^[26] Never implemented due to German empire plans over the Kingdom of Poland, and also Central Powers defeat at World War I. Also rejected by Polish nationalist due to some propossals of create an Eastern Galicia Kingdom governed by pro-Habsburg Ukrainian nobility.^[41]
Aistija	Latvia Lithuania	1915-1940	No	During World War I and the Interwar period, many Latvian and Lithuanian scholars, such as Jonas Šliūpas, argued that Latvia and Lithuania should unify as part of the Baltic Entente. This idea was originally proposed by Latvia and supported by Lithuania, especially after losing their capital Vilnius to Poland in the Polish–Soviet War, however it was eventually rejected by Lithuania because they would have to give up their claims on Polish land including Vilnius. The idea was still popular until the Occupation of the Baltic states, when it fell out of favour. [2][3]
Habsburg Danubian Confederation	Proposed states: Crown of Austria Crown of Hungary Crown of Croatia (Triune Kingdom and Bosnia-Herzegovina) Kingdom of Bohemia Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Projected states to incorporate: Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Albania Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Montenegro Kingdom of Romania	1917-1918	Partial	Karl I of Austria proposed reforms to Confederate the Habsburg monarchy (based in traditional kingdoms than nation-states) and also the possible incorporation of some Balkan States and Poland (or give Kingdom of Galicia to German puppet- Poland).^[42] Most of the Diets approved the proposals of Kaiser Karl I between October–November 1918 to avoid punishment from the Allies of World War I.^[26] Never implemented due to Dissolution of Austria-Hungary and also by Josephinists (Austrian Centralists), Pan-Slavist, Serbian irredentist, Czech nationalist, Polish nationalist, Hungarian nobility and Pan-Germanist opposition.
Danish–Icelandic Act of Union	Kingdom of Denmark Kingdom of Iceland	1918–1944	Yes
Hungary–Romania	Kingdom of Romania Republic and Kingdom of Hungary	1917–1920	No	Federation or personal union between the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom/Republic of Hungary under one monarch. Proposals were the most active in 1919 and 1920, but they continued to exist up to the Second World War.^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]
United States of Poland	Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Lithuania Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Belarusian Democratic Republic	1917	Partial
Kingdom of Yugoslavia	Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Montenegro State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs	1918	Yes	Creation of Yugoslavia
Kingdom of Romania	Kingdom of Romania Moldavian Democratic Republic Bukovina Transylvania	1918	Yes	Great Union, Union of Bessarabia with Romania, Union of Bukovina with Romania, Union of Transylvania with Romania
Intermarium	Belarusian People's Republic Czechoslovak Republic Estonia Finland Hungarian People's Republic Latvia Lithuania Polish Republic Kingdom of Romania Ukrainian People's Republic Kingdom of Yugoslavia Kingdom of Bulgaria	November or December 1918	No	Also called "Międzymorze" in Polish. Suggested shortly after World War I to combat the influences of Germany and Russia.
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic	Democratic Republic of Georgia Democratic Republic of Armenia Azerbaijan Democratic Republic	1918	Yes	A short-lived South Caucasian state that extended across what are now the modern-day countries of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan plus parts of Eastern Turkey as well as Russian border areas. The state only lasted for a month before Georgia declared independence, followed shortly by Azerbaijan and Armenia.
Sweden	Sweden Aland	1918	No	See also: 1919 Ålandic status referendum
Weimar Republic	Weimar Republic Republic of German-Austria	1918–1919	No	Following the disintegration of Austria-Hungary in the final days of World War I the German-speaking territories of the former Austria-Hungary attempted to begin a process of integration into Weimar Germany. The Allies did not favor the idea, and forced the Austrian rump state to sign the Treaty of Saint Germain, which prohibited Austria from uniting with Germany.
Ukrainian People's Republic	Ukrainian People's Republic West Ukrainian People's Republic	1919	Yes	Act Zluky
Patria Grande	Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Ecuador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Uruguay Venezuela	1922	No	The concept of a shared homeland or community encompassing all of Spanish America, and sometimes all of Latin America and the Caribbean. The term is associated with political ideas of Ibero-American integration, rejecting the balkanization of the Spanish Empire in the Americas that followed the Spanish American wars of independence. The term may be also used to talk specifically about projects of Hispanic American unity held by Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	Byelorussian SSR Russian SFSR Transcaucasian SFSR Ukrainian SSR	1922	Yes	Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Union of South Africa	Union of South Africa Colony of Southern Rhodesia	1922	No	The 1922 Southern Rhodesian government referendum was held in the colony on 27 October 1922. Voters, almost all of them White, were given the options of establishing responsible government or joining the Union of South Africa.^[47] After 59% voted in favour of responsible government, it was officially granted on 1 October 1923.
Baltoscandia	Denmark Sweden Finland Norway Iceland Estonia Lithuania Latvia	1928–1960	No	The term Baltoscandia was first used by Sten de Geer in an article in "Geografiska Annaler" in 1928 and further developed by Kazys Pakštas.^[48] He envisioned Baltoscandia as an economic, political and military unit.^[49] Kazys Pakštas proposed that one of the ways for the small nations to withstand the influence coming from the large ones is to unite and to cooperate more closely among each other. As he mentions, unification is possible only among nations that are similar by their size, geographical environment, religion and culture.
Greater Indonesia	Dutch East Indies British Malaya Kingdom of Sarawak British North Borneo Protectorate of Brunei British Singapore Portuguese Timor	1928	No	A political concept that sought to bring the so-called Malay race together by uniting the territories of Dutch East Indies (and Portuguese Timor) with the British Malaya and British Borneo. It was espoused by students and graduates of Sultan Idris Training College for Malay Teachers in the late 1920s, and individuals from Sumatra and Java including Mohammad Yamin and Sukarno in the 1950s. Indonesia Raya was later adapted as the name of the Indonesian national anthem in 1924.
German Reich	German Reich Federal State of Austria	1938	Yes	Anschluss
Turkey	Turkey Hatay State	1939	Yes	On 2 September 1938 the Sanjak of Alexandretta declared itself separate from the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon, becoming the Hatay State. On 29 June 1939, the legislature voted to merge with Turkey.
Polish–Czechoslovak confederation	Polish Republic Czechoslovak Republic	1939–1948	No	Proposed by Władysław Sikorski.
Greek–Yugoslav confederation	Strictest definition: Kingdom of Greece Kingdom of Yugoslavia Loosest definition also includes: Albanian Kingdom Kingdom of Bulgaria Kingdom of Romania	1942–1944	No	The Greek-Yugoslav confederation was a political concept during World War II, sponsored by the United Kingdom and involving the Greek government-in-exile and the Yugoslav government-in-exile. The two governments signed an agreement pushing the proposal ahead, but it never got beyond the planning stage because of opposition from within the Greek and the Yugoslav governments, real world events, and the opposition of the Soviet Union. The proposal envisioned the creation of a confederation of Greece and Yugoslavia.
Soviet Union	Soviet Union Tuvan People's Republic	1943–1944	Yes	Tuvan underwent intense Russification of social and economic practices, and virtually all remaining opposition to Stalinist policy was eradicated. The Soviets desired the mineral resources of the republic and a permanent end to Mongolian-Chinese geopolitical intrigues in the region. This process culminated in the absorption of Tuva in 1944, under the rule of General Secretary Salchak Toka and his wife, Head of State Khertek Anchimaa-Toka.^[50]
United Arab Kingdom	Transjordan Palestine	1945–1972	No	King Hussein's federation plan: In the late 1940s and early 1950s, there were discussions of a potential merger between Palestine and Jordan, which was then known as Transjordan. The idea was initially proposed by King Abdullah I of Jordan, who sought to create a larger Arab state in the region that would include both Jordan and Palestine. The proposal was also supported by some Israeli politicians who believed that a union with Jordan would help to resolve the ongoing conflict between Jews and Arabs in the region.
Ewe Land^[51]	French Togoland British Togoland	1945–1956	No	In 1945 various members of Ewe and wider Togolese leadership began the construction of political organizations which sought to decolonize French Togoland. These developed as the Comité de l'Unité Togolaise, led by Sylvanus Olympio, and the Mouvement la Jeunesse Togolaise. Both possessed political platforms that included the reunification of the French Togoland and British Togoland.^[51]
Maghreb Federation	Algeria Libya Mauritania Morocco Spanish Morocco Spanish Sahara Tunisia	1945–1958	No	The first charter to create a Maghreb Federation was signed in Tunisia and Morocco in May 1945, but only became effective in 1958.^[52]
Balkan Federation	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia People's Socialist Republic of Albania People's Republic of Bulgaria	1946–1948	No	Josip Broz Tito came extremely close to persuading Albania to accept integration into Yugoslavia, but relations cooled in 1948 over fears that Yugoslavia only intended to use Albania for raw materials, subsequently resulting in the expulsion of Yugoslav diplomats. Yugoslav/Bulgarian negotiations fell through when Moscow attempted to force both countries into accepting Soviet control over the merge, which caused Yugoslavia to withdraw from negotiations and precipitated the Tito–Stalin split.
India	India Junagadh State Other states	1947–1948	Yes	Political integration of India, Annexation of Junagadh
United States of Indonesia	Bangka Banjar Biliton Central Java East Borneo East Indonesia East Java East Sumatra Great Dayak Indonesia Madura Pasundan South Sumatra Southeast Borneo Riouw West Borneo	1946–1949	Yes	Following discussions between Dutch authorities and Indonesian nationalist leaders, the Linggadjati Agreement was signed on 15 November 1946, in which the unilaterally declared Republic of Indonesia agreed to the principle of a federal Indonesia including the territory controlled by the Republic and other territory in the region which the Dutch controlled at that point. The Dutch then organised the December 1946 Denpasar Conference, which led to the establishment of the State of East Indonesia, followed by a state in West Borneo. Further states were set up in former territory of the Republic after they were conquered by the Dutch in 1947. Further Dutch military action faced increasing resistance from governments of the states they had established, and this combined with international pressure caused the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference to take place in The Hague from August to November 1949. This Conference resulted in the Dutch agreeing to hand over sovereignty to a federal union of these states, which officially became the Republic of the United States of Indonesia. This federation lasted only a year, as its member states agreed to dissolve themselves into a unitary state, the last stage of which took place on 17 August 1950.
India	India Princely states	1947–1950	Yes	Instrument of Accession
Pakistan	Pakistan Princely states	1947–1950	Yes	Instrument of Accession
India	India Hyderabad	1948	Yes	Annexation of Hyderabad
Dominion of Canada	Dominion of Canada Dominion of Newfoundland	1948–1949	Yes	In two rounds of referendums in 1948, the Dominion of Newfoundland had the choice of becoming an independent state, merging with the Dominion of Canada, or remaining as a British dominion. The Newfoundland Act of 1949, an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, confirmed and gave effect to the Terms of Union agreed to between the then-separate Dominions of Canada and Newfoundland on 23 March 1949.
Netherlands–Indonesia Union	Netherlands United States of Indonesia	1949–1956	Partial	After the Netherlands had signed a truce with the United States of Indonesia, a transfer of sovereignty took place on 27 December 1949. As part of the Linggadjati Agreement, the Netherlands–Indonesia Union was founded. The Union was abolished when Indonesia left in 1956.^[53]
State of the Fertile Crescent	Jordan Iraq Syria Lebanon Palestine	1949–1958	No	Fertile Crescent Plan
Dominion of Canada	Dominion of Canada Bermuda	1949	No	In 1949 Henry Vassey, then Chairman of the Bermuda Trade Development Board, urged the House of Assembly of Bermuda to pursue a political union with Canada. Four Methodist church congregations in Bermuda are part of the United Church of Canada, forming Bermuda Presbytery of the United Church's Maritime Conference headquartered in Sackville, New Brunswick. The same Salvation Army Church territory serves both Canada and Bermuda with many of their pastors travelling between countries.^[54] In January 2009, Nova Scotia's Premier, Rodney MacDonald, and the Premier of Bermuda, Ewart Brown, signed a five-year agreement that would strengthen Nova Scotia's ties with Bermuda and enhance service export opportunities, tourism, transportation and health links in both jurisdictions. Bermuda's ties to Canada include the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bermuda being overseen by Canada's Chartered Professional Accounting profession.
Franco-German Federation	West Germany France	1950	No	The idea of a Franco-German federation was a proposed merger between France and Germany after the end of World War II. The idea was promoted by French politician Robert Schuman in his declaration on May 9, 1950, which is now celebrated as Europe Day. The aim of the proposal was to create a lasting peace between the two countries and to promote economic cooperation.[4] The Franco-German federation proposal envisioned a common government, currency, and military. It also sought to establish a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which would integrate the coal and steel industries of France and Germany. The ECSC was created in 1952 and was the first step toward the creation of the European Union.^[55]^[56]
Greece	Greece Cyprus	1950	No	An unofficial referendum on enosis (reunification) with Greece was held in Cyprus between 15 and 22 January 1950, and the proposal was approved by 95.71% of those taking part.
Indonesia	Indonesia Netherlands New Guinea	1950–1969	Yes	Following Dutch recognition of Indonesian Independence, Indonesia continued to claim the remaining Dutch territory in the region, Netherlands New Guinea, as its rightful territory. The dispute escalated into low-level conflict in 1962 following Dutch moves in 1961 to establish a New Guinea Council. Facing diplomatic pressure from the United States, fading domestic support and continual Indonesian threats to invade the territory, the Netherlands decided to relinquish control of the disputed territory in August 1962. Following a short period of UN administration, the territory was transferred to Indonesia on 1 May 1963.
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland	Protectorate of Nyasaland Protectorate of Northern Rhodesia Colony of Southern Rhodesia	1953	Yes
Afghanistan-Pakistan Confederation^[57]	Kingdom of Afghanistan Dominion of Pakistan	1953–1954	No	Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan referred to a plan proposed between the governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan between 1953 and 1954 to merge both countries under a single confederation. These plans were started by Ayub Khan, the president of Pakistan and the monarchy of Afghanistan under King Zahir Shah. President Zia-ul-Haq too was for such confederation. "Charles Wilson recalled a map that Zia had also shown to him in which overlay indicated the goal of a confederation embracing first Pakistan and Afghanistan and eventually Central Asia and Kashmir. Zia further explained about the Pakistan-Afghanistan confederation in which Pakistanis and Afghans could travel freely back and forth without passports."^[58] General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, considered Zia's right-hand man and more importantly the DG-ISI (1979–1987), himself a Pashtun, "also shared Zia's vision of a post-Soviet "Islamic Confederation" composed of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir and even the states of Soviet Central Asia."^[59]
Argentina-Chile Unification	Argentina Chile	1953	No	President of Argentina, Juan Domingo Perón, proposed to Chilean presidente, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, to unify both countries and be the first step for a Hispanoamerican Unification.^[60] It was rejected due to Chilean fears of Argentinian absortion, and the fall of Peronist regime in 1955.
West Germany	West Germany Saar Protectorate	1955–1957	Yes	1955 Saar Statute referendum. Saarland became a state of Germany and exited France's economic union.
United Kingdom	United Kingdom Crown Colony of Malta	1956	No	1956 Maltese United Kingdom integration referendum
Ghana	Gold Coast British Togoland	1956	Yes	In the 1956 British Togoland status plebiscite 58% of voters supported a union with Ghana, whereas 42% voted in favor of remaining a United Nations Trust Territory under British control until neighbouring French Togoland had decided its future.^[61]
North Borneo Federation	Crown Colony of North Borneo Crown Colony of Sarawak Protectorate of Brunei	1956–1960	No	Sarawak and North Borneo merged with the independent Federation of Malaya several years later, forming Malaysia, while Brunei later became an independent state on its own.
United States of Latin Africa	Angola Belgian Congo Ruanda-Urundi French Congo Ubangi-Shari French Chad French Cameroon French Gabon Spanish Guinea São Tomé and Príncipe	1957–1959	No	Proposed union of Romance-language-speaking Central African countries envisioned by Barthélemy Boganda. Boganda first called for it in May 1957.^[62] The idea's implementation was cut short by Boganda's death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959.^[63] Boganda viewed this entity to be a counterweight to the powerful British-influenced southern bloc of South Africa and the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.^[62]
Melanesian Federation	Dutch New Guinea Solomon Islands Protectorate Territory of Papua and New Guinea	1957	No	Australian Governor General John Kerr was a vocal proponent of the idea of a Melanesian Federation as a solution to the West Papua dispute.^[64]^[65]^[66]
Cameroon	Cameroon Spanish Guinea	1958–1963	No	The Equatoguinean independence leader Enrique Nvo and the first formal Equatoguinean political party, IPGE, advocated for independence from Spain and a political union between Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.^[67] The idea of a union was deemed unfeasible after the 1963 Spanish Guinean autonomy referendum.^[67]
Union of African States	Ghana Guinea Mali (joined in 1961)	1958–1963	Yes	The union planned to develop a common currency and unified foreign policy amongst members; however, none of these proposals were implemented by the countries. The union was the first organization in Africa to bring together former colonies of the British and the French. Although the union was open to all independent states in Africa, no other states joined.
West Indies Federation	British Barbados British Jamaica British Leeward Islands (except the Virgin Islands) British Trinidad and Tobago British Windward Islands Also invited: Crown Colony of the Bahama Islands British Guiana British Honduras British Virgin Islands	1958	Yes	The expressed intention of the Federation was to create a political unit that would become independent from Britain as a single state. However, before that could happen, the Federation collapsed due to internal political conflicts.
United Arab Republic	Republic of Egypt Syrian Republic	1958	Yes	A short-lived Pan-Arab state.
United Arab States	United Arab Republic Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen	1958	Yes	Loose confederation between the United Arab Republic and North Yemen.
Arab Federation	Kingdom of Iraq Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan	1958	Yes	An attempt to unify the two Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan. While successful, the short-lived union was disestablished after a military coup deposed Faisal II of Iraq.
Sahel-Benin Union	Republic of Upper Volta Niger Republic of Dahomey Ivory Coast	1958 or 1959 ?–1959	Yes
Mali Federation	Senegal Mali	1959–1960	Yes	Senghor became very wary of unification efforts after the failed experiment and despite attempts to create other federations in West Africa and with Senegal's neighbours, Senghor often restrained these efforts and they only progressed after his rule.^[68] In addition, as the first failed unification experiment in Africa, the Mali Federation served as a lesson in future attempts at unification throughout the continent.^[69] Keïta became more assertive with pushing his ideology after the collapse of the federation and refused diplomatic relations with Senegal for many years.^[70] Nonetheless, Mali under Keïta still pursued the goal of West African unity but did so in a variety of different international connections.^[71]
Somali Republic	Trust Territory of Somalia State of Somaliland	1960	Yes	On 26 June 1960 the former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, with the Trust Territory of Somaliland following suit five days later.^[72]^[73] The following day, on 27 June 1960, the newly convened Somaliland Legislative Assembly approved a bill that would formally allow for the union of the State of Somaliland with the Trust Territory of Somaliland on 1 July 1960.^[74] Following the collapse of Barre's government in early 1991, local authorities, led by the SNM, unilaterally declared independence from Somalia on 18 May of the same year and reinstated the borders of the former short-lived independent State of Somaliland.
Soviet Union	Soviet Union People's Republic of Bulgaria	1960	No	The leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Todor Zhivkov, suggested in the early 1960s that the country should become a union republic, but the offer was rejected.^[75]^[76]^[77]
East African Federation	Kenya Colony Tanganyika Territory Uganda Protectorate Sultanate of Zanzibar	1960–1964	No	Proposed political union between the four territories (one colony, two protectorates and one League of Nations mandated territory) under British rule in East Africa in the 1960s. Tanganyika proposed to delay its imminent independence in 1960 so that the four territories might achieve independence together as one federation. In 1963 the leaders of all of the territories (some now independent) pledged to work towards a federation by 1964, but ultimately disputes over the nature of the federation and concerns about sharing power led to the collapse of effort to federate. Only Tanganyika and Zanzibar eventually united in 1964.
Cameroon	Cameroon British Cameroon	1961	Partially (Southern Cameroons)	In the 1961 British Cameroons referendum, the Christian majority in the south of British Cameroon voted to integrate with Cameroon, whereas the Muslim-majority Northern areas voted to integrate with Nigeria.
Nigeria	Nigeria British Cameroon	1961	Partially (Northern Cameroons)
India	India Portuguese State of India	1961	Yes	Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Annexation of Goa
India	India French Settlements in India	1962	Yes	Coup d'état of Yanaon
Confederation of Himalayan States	Bhutan Nagaland Nepal North-East Frontier Agency Sikkim	1962	No	In 1962, the Chinese Government proposed a Confederation of Himalayan States.^[78]^[79]^[80]
Federation of the Emirates of the South	Fadhli Audhali Beihan Dhala Lower Yafa Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom Alawi Aqrabi Dathina Haushabi Lahej Lower Aulaqi Maflahi Shaib Wahidi	1962	Yes	The Federation of the Emirates of the South (Arabic: اتحاد إمارات الجنوب العربي‎ Ittiḥād ʾImārāt al-Janūb al-ʿArabiyy) was an organization of states within the British Aden Protectorate in what would become South Yemen. The Federation of six states was inaugurated in the British Colony of Aden on 11 February 1959, and the Federation and Britain signed a “Treaty of Friendship and Protection,” which detailed plans for British financial and military assistance. It subsequently added nine states and, on 4 April 1962, became known as the Federation of South Arabia. This was joined by the Aden Colony on 18 January 1963.
Maphilindo	Malaya Indonesia Philippines	1963	No	Proposals to create a union of the people of the Malay race and deal with the continued decolonisation of Southeast Asia led to leaders of the three countries signing the Manila Accord on 5 August 1963. However, cooperation quickly broke down following the formation of Malaysia by Malaya and other former British colonies in the region, which was opposed by Indonesia and the Philippines.^[81]
Malaysia	Federation of Malaya Crown Colony of North Borneo Crown Colony of Sarawak Colony of Singapore Also invited: Brunei	1963	Yes	Singapore was expelled from the federation on 9 August 1965, later forming the Republic of Singapore. Brunei Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III accepted the idea but rejected after the Brunei revolt.
United Republic of Tanzania	Republic of Tanganyika People's Republic of Zanzibar	1964	Yes
Australia	Australia Nauru	1964–1965	No	In 1963 the Australian Government proposed that the citizens of Nauru, a United Nations trust territory under Australian administration, would move to Curtis Island and become Australian citizens.^[82]^[83] By that time, Nauru had been extensively mined for phosphate by companies from Australia, Britain and New Zealand damaging the landscape so much that it was thought the island would be uninhabitable by the 1990s. The cost of resettling the Nauruans on Curtis Island was estimated to be £10 million, which included housing and infrastructure and the establishment of pastoral, agricultural, and fishing industries.^[84] However, the Nauruan people did not wish to become Australian citizens and wanted to be given sovereignty over Curtis Island to establish themselves as an independent nation, which Australia would not agree to.^[85] Nauru rejected the proposal to move to Curtis Island, instead choosing to become an independent nation operating their mines in Nauru.^[86] Nauru became self-governing in January 1966, and following a two-year constitutional convention, it became independent in 1968 under founding president Hammer DeRoburt.^[87]
Territory of the Marianas	Territory of Guam Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands	1969	No	1958 Saipan integration referendum, 1961 Northern Mariana Islands status referendum, 1963 Northern Mariana Islands integration referendum, 1969 Guamanian unification with the Northern Mariana Islands referendum, 1969 Northern Mariana Islands status referendum
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi Dubai Sharjah Ajman Umm Al Quwain Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah Also invited: Bahrain Qatar	1971–1972	Yes	Six independent emirates formed the United Arab Emirates on 2 December 1971. Ras Al Khaimah later joined the federation.
Federation of Arab Republics	Libya Egypt Syria Also invited: Iraq Sudan	1972–1977	Yes	An attempt by Muammar Gaddafi to build a Pan-Arab state.
Arab Islamic Republic	Libya Tunisia	1974	No	Proposed by Muammar Gaddafi.
Indochinese Federation^[88]	North Vietnam South Vietnam Democratic Kampuchea Laos	1975	No	Despite Kampuchea's cooperation with the Vietnamese, the Khmer Rouge leadership feared that the Vietnamese communists were planning to form an Indochinese federation, which would be dominated by Vietnam. In order to pre-empt any attempt by the Vietnamese to dominate them, the Khmer Rouge leadership began, as the Lon Nol government capitulated in 1975, to purge Vietnamese-trained personnel within their own ranks. Then, in May 1975, the newly formed Democratic Kampuchea began attacking Vietnam, beginning with an attack on the Vietnamese island of Phú Quốc.^[89]^[90]^[91]
India	India Sikkim	1975	Yes	After independence in 1947, joining the new Indian Union was rejected by popular vote. Sikkim grew closer to India over time, becoming a protectorate and later a suzerainty^{[citation needed]} of India. With Indian pressure and support, Sikkim voted to join India in 1975.^[92]^[93]
Republic of Guinea-Cape Verde^[94]^[95]	Guinea-Bissau Cape Verde	1975	No	The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) advocated for the independence of the colonies of Portuguese Guinea and Portuguese Cape Verde, and governed both countries immediately after independence (1974 for Guinea-Bissau, and 1975 for Cape Verde) with the goal of unifying the two. However, following a 1980 coup in Guinea-Bissau, the Cape Verde branch of the party separated to form the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), ending plans for a union.^[96]
Indonesia	Indonesia East Timor	1975–1976	Yes	Indonesian invasion of East Timor
Vietnam	North Vietnam South Vietnam	1976	Yes	Fall of Saigon, Reunification Day
Solomon Islands	British Solomon Islands Republic of the North Solomons	1976	No	The Interim Provincial Government announced that they would declare independence on 1 September, ahead of Papua New Guinea's own planned independence day of 16 September. On 1 September, they issued the 'Unilateral Declaration of Independence of the Republic of the North Solomons'. They sought international recognition through the United Nations, but were unsuccessful. They also failed in an attempt to unite with the Solomon Islands.
Socialist Union of the Horn of Africa^[97]	Ethiopia Somalia South Yemen	1977	No	In early 1977, Castro brought together the leaders of Somalia, Ethiopia and South Yemen to create a socialist federal state in the region. General Mohamed Nur Galal was the former deputy defense minister of Somalia and the vocal point of Somalia's military contacts with Cuba at that time. He was present at the meeting in Aden in March 1977.^[98]^[99]
Libyan-Syrian Union	Libya Syria	1980	No
Swaziland	Swaziland KaNgwane Also invited: KwaZulu	1982–1989	No	An attempt to transfer the bantustan, along with parts of the Zulu homeland KwaZulu, to the neighbouring country of Swaziland in 1982 was never realized.^[100]^[101] This would have given land-locked Swaziland access to the sea. The deal was negotiated by the governments, but was met by popular opposition in the territory meant to be transferred.^[102] The homeland's territory had been claimed by King Sobhuza of Swaziland as part of the Swazi monarchs' traditional realm, and the South African government hoped to use the homeland as a buffer zone against guerrilla infiltration from Mozambique. South Africa responded to the failure of the transfer by temporarily suspending the autonomy of KaNgwane, then restoring it in December 1982 and granting it nominal self-rule in 1984.^[103]^[104]
Senegambia Confederation	Senegal The Gambia	1982–1989	Yes	A loose confederation was formed, but ended due to the Gambia's lack of interest in integration.
Burkina Faso-Ghana Union	Burkina Faso Ghana	1983–1987	No	With the coming to power of Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso in 1983, relations between Ghana and Burkina became both warm and close. Indeed, Jerry Rawlings and Sankara began discussions about uniting Ghana and Burkina in the manner of the defunct Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union, which Nkrumah had sought unsuccessfully to promote as a foundation for his dream of a unified continental government.^[105]
Yemen	North Yemen South Yemen	1990	Yes	Yemeni unification
Germany	West Germany East Germany	1990	Yes	German reunification
Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics	Russian SFSR Byelorussian SSR Ukrainian SSR Azerbaijan SSR Kazakh SSR Kirghiz SSR Tajik SSR Turkmen SSR Uzbek SSR	1990–1991	No	1991 Soviet Union referendum
Windward Union	Dominica Grenada Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	1991	No	On January 14, 1991, the four Caribbean island nations of Dominica, Grenada, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines began an initiative to create a political union encompassing themselves.^[106]
FR Yugoslavia	SR Serbia Montenegro Bosnia and Herzegovina	1991	No	Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement
FR Yugoslavia	SR Serbia Montenegro	1992	Yes
Balkania	SR Serbia Montenegro Kosova	1993–2006	No	Suggested by the Kosovo Albanian politician Adem Demaçi
South Africa	South Africa Bophuthatswana Ciskei Transkei Venda	1994	Yes	During apartheid the South African Government granted nominal independence to four autonomous bantustans within it. While no external country recognized these states, South Africa strongly promoted their independence and the four mutually recognized each other. As South Africa moved to end apartheid, the African National Congress (ANC) party advocated reintegration of all bantustans, including the nominally independent ones, into a unitary South African state. Resistance to integration by leaders of some bantustans led to violence, such as in the Bisho massacre and the Bophuthatswana crisis. Nonetheless, inhabitants of all four independent bantustans participated in the 1994 South African general election, during which a new constitution came into effect which reintegrated all bantustans into South Africa.

21st century


Proposed state	Components	Time period	Successful?	Notes
Asymmetric Federal Moldavian State	Moldova Transnistria	2003–2005	No	The Kozak memorandum, officially Russian Draft Memorandum on the Basic Principles of the State Structure of a United State in Moldova, was a 2003 proposal aimed at a final settlement of relations between Moldova and Transnistria and a solving of the Transnistria conflict. It was seen as an extension of the 1997 Moscow memorandum but was ultimately rejected by Moldovan president Vladimir Voronin. The plan, presented in mid-November 2003 by Russia, was a detailed proposal for a united asymmetric federal Moldavian state. First published in Russian on the website of Transnistria's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the text was promoted by a Russian politician Dmitry Kozak, a close ally of President Vladimir Putin and one of the key figures in his presidential team. For Transnistria, the memorandum presented an end to the previous Moscow policy, which assumed that the region would have equal status in federation with the rest of the country. According to the memorandum, Russian troops (no more than 2000 strong, without heavy armaments) would remain in Transnistria for the transitional period but not later than 2020.
United Republic of Cyprus	Cyprus Northern Cyprus	2004	No	A referendum was held in Cyprus on 24 April 2004.^[107] The two communities were asked whether they approved of the fifth revision of the United Nations proposal for reuniting the island, which had been divided since 1974. While it was approved by 65% of Turkish Cypriots, it was rejected by 76% of Greek Cypriots.
Russian Federation	Russian Federation Transnistria	2006	No	Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
Gran Colombia	Colombia Ecuador Panama Venezuela	2008	No	Reunification of Gran Colombia, In 2008, Hugo Chávez, president of Venezuela, announced the proposal of the political restoration of the Gran Colombia, under the Bolivarian revolution.^[108]
Lucayan Federation	Bahamas Turks and Caicos Islands	2010	No	The Lucayan Archipelago (named for the original native Lucayan people), also known as the Bahama Archipelago, is an island group comprising the Commonwealth of The Bahamas and the British Overseas Territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands. The archipelago is in the western North Atlantic Ocean, north of Cuba along with the other Antilles, and east and southeast of Florida. In 2010 the leaders of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands discussed the possibility of forming a federation.^[109]
Peru–Bolivian Confederation	Bolivia Peru	2011	No	President Ollanta Humala of Peru proposed Bolivian president Evo Morales to reunite the countries in a confederation.^[110]^[111] The Cabinets of the two countries have held joint meetings.^[112]
Gulf Union	Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates	2011–2012	No	In 2011, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia proposed a Gulf Union.^[113]
Russian Federation	Russian Federation Crimea	2014	Yes	Crimea seceded from Ukraine and later conducted a referendum to join the Russian Federation and was later annexed by Russia. The referendum was extremely controversial and most countries continue to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine.
Novorossiya	Donetsk People's Republic Luhansk People's Republic	2014	No	Novorossiya (Full name: Federal State of Novorossiya) was a proposed confederation between the two self-declared nations of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic. The Confederation was declared on 22 May 2014. On 20 May 2015 the constituent members announced the freezing of the Novorossiya project.
Russian Federation	Russian Federation South Ossetia	2022	No	On 30 March 2022, President Anatoly Bibilov suggested a referendum on joining Russia,^[114] which was to be held on 17 July 2022; the referendum was cancelled on 30 May 2022.^[115]
Russian Federation	Russian Federation Donetsk People's Republic Luhansk People's Republic Kherson Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast	2022	Partial	In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in some parts of Ukraine^[116] organized referendum on annexation of occupied territories of Ukraine.^[117]^[118]^[119] On 27 September, Russian officials of the Central Election Commission in Zaporizhzhia claimed that the referendum passed, with 93.11% of voters in favour of joining the Russian Federation.^[120] According to the data provided by the commission, the support for the annexation was 90.01% in the Melitopol Raion, while in its administrative center, Melitopol, it was 96.78%.^[121] On 29 September, Russia announced that it would formally annex the four regions Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson the next day, on 30 September.^[122] The referendums were illegal under international law^[123] and most countries continue to recognize as part of Ukraine.^[124]
Alliance of Sahel States	Burkina Faso Mali Niger Also invited: Guinea	2023–2024	Yes	In early 2023, Burkina Faso's prime minister after his visit in Mali suggested that the two countries should form a federation to boost their economic clout and fight against the jihadists in the region.^[125]^[126] Later in December of the same year, the foreign ministers of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger recommended the establishment of a confederation that includes every member of the Alliance of Sahel States.^[127] The confederation was established on 6 July 2024.^[128]

Current proposals


Proposed state	Component states	Continent	First proposed	Notes
United States	United States Greenland	North America	1867	The idea for the United States to buy Greenland was first proposed during the administration of President Andrew Johnson, when, in 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward unsuccessfully proposed buying Greenland and Iceland from the Danish Kingdom. A post-World War II bid was also declined by Denmark.^[23] In 2018 and 2019, President Donald Trump spoke to aides about acquiring the island; Greenlandic and Danish officials firmly rebuffed the suggestion that the island could be sold.^[24]^[25]Trump ally Georgia congressman Mike Collins has suggested that the President-elect should repursue the purchase of the island, though it will unclear whether it is a top priority of the second Trump administration^[129]
Samoa	American Samoa Samoa	Oceania	1894	Proposed unification of the two Samoas
Canada	Canada Turks and Caicos Islands	North America	1917	The proposed Canadian annexation of the Turks and Caicos Islands has been an ongoing political discussion between the two nations since Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden first supported the idea in 1917.^[130]
China	People's Republic of China Republic of China	Asia	1949	Unification of the territories of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China is the nominal goal of both governments, which both operate under the One-China policy.^[131]^[132]^[133] However, within the free area of the Republic of China, there is a sizeable movement to formally declare a Taiwanese state, led by the Democratic Progressive Party,^[134] which is currently in government.
Korea	Democratic People's Republic of Korea Republic of Korea	Asia	1953	Korean reunification has been a goal for both Koreas since the 1953 armistice agreement. However, proposed strategies vary between the two Koreas, with both proposing unification under one sociopolitical system while abandoning the other, similar to German reunification.^[135] In January 2024, the supreme leader of the DPRK, Kim Jong Un called for amending the constitution to remove references to cooperation and unification, as well as defining the territorial boundaries of the DPRK and adding an article designating the Republic of Korea as the most hostile state.^[136]
Isratin	Israel Palestine (West Bank & Gaza Strip)	Asia	1967	Also known as the one-state solution, it is a proposed approach to create a bi-national state to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
United India	India Pakistan Bangladesh	Asia	1972	The concept of an Indo-Pakistani Confederation advocates for a political confederation consisting of the sovereign states of India and Pakistan as a means of ending bilateral conflicts and promoting common interests in defence, foreign affairs, and cultural and economic development. While this idea does not propose to end the sovereign existence of either nation through reunification, it is aimed to resolve the conflicts afflicting the subcontinent since the partition of India in 1947.
Saint Martin	Saint Martin Sint Maarten	North America	1990	Proposed unification of the island.^[137]
Romania	Moldova Romania	Europe	1991	Due to the Russian Revolution, the Bessarabia Governorate declared secession in 1917 as the Moldavian Democratic Republic and united unconditionally with the Kingdom of Romania in 1918, before the Soviet occupation in 1940. After Moldova gained independence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, unification of Moldova and Romania has been proposed which is supported by the Moldovan minorities according to polls and the Romanian Government.
Union State	Belarus Russia	Europe and Asia	1999	Russia and Belarus signed an agreement to form the Union State in 1999 aiming to continue deeper integration, possibly until unification.^[138]^[139] Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko has refuted this idea, declaring that any attempt to annex Belarus would result in war.^[140]
East African Federation	Burundi DR Congo Kenya Rwanda Somalia South Sudan Tanzania Uganda	Africa	2004	Proposed political union between the eight member states of the East African Community.^[141] Federation was proposed in 2004, but in 2016 it was decided that confederation would be the short-term goal. South Sudan, the DR Congo and Somalia are not as integrated as the other five members, as South Sudan only gained independence from Sudan in 2011, the DR Congo joined the Community in 2022, and Somalia joined the Community in 2023.^[142]
Greater Albania	Albania Kosovo	Europe	2008	Since Kosovo's Independence from Serbia, talks have been made for Albania and Kosovo to unite into a Greater Albania due to Kosovo's majority ethnic Albanian population.^[143]^[144]^[145]
South Africa	South Africa Lesotho	Africa	2010	Proposed integration of Lesotho with South Africa.^[146]^[147]^[148]
United States of Europe	European Union	Europe	1831	Currently advocated for by Volt Europa, Democrats 66, NEOS (Austria), Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 and other Eurofederalist parties.

References

^ History of the Low Countries. J. C. H. Blom, Emiel Lamberts (New ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. 2006. ISBN 1-84545-272-0. OCLC 70857697.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Gouda, Frances; Smits, A. (October 1985). "1830: Scheuring in de Nederlanden". The American Historical Review. 90 (4): 952. doi:10.2307/1858919. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1858919.
^ Deutsch, Eberhard P. (1969). "The Real Origin of the Secession Movement". American Bar Association Journal. 55 (12): 1134–1140. ISSN 0002-7596. JSTOR 25724980.
^ Gannon, Kevin M. (2001). "Escaping "Mr. Jefferson's Plan of Destruction": New England Federalists and the Idea of a Northern Confederacy, 1803–1804". Journal of the Early Republic. 21 (3): 413–443. doi:10.2307/3125268. ISSN 0275-1275. JSTOR 3125268.
^ https://repositorio.unne.edu.ar/handle/123456789/50796
^ https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/enviado_a_europa-_la_monarquia_borbonica_en_el_rio_de_la_plata.pdf
^ "A Realm That Never Was". Andrew Cusack. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
^ Zeilner, Franz (2008). Verfassung, Verfassungsrecht und Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts in Österreich bis 1848: eine Darstellung der materiellen und formellen Verfassungssituation und der Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts : die Vorgängerfächer des Verfassungsrechts, die bedeutendsten Universitätslehrer und die wesentliche Literatur im öffentlichen Recht (in German). Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-57765-3.
^ "Das zaristische Russland und der Erste Weltkrieg. Diplomatie und Kriegsziele 1914-1917 / UW27QNXW / 9562 / book". 1914-1918-Online (WW1) Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
^ Reza, De La; A, Germán (December 2015). "El intento de integración de Santo Domingo a la Gran Colombia (1821-1822)". Secuencia (93): 65–82. doi:10.18234/secuencia.v0i93.1271.
^ Vilaboy, Sergio Guerra (2019). "Recuento histórico de los intentos de unión latinoamericana". Controversias y Concurrencias Latinoamericanas (in Spanish). 11 (19): 25–42.
^ ^a ^b Bak, Joan (2008). Encyclopedia of Latin American Studies and Culture. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 186.
^ Buckner, Phillip (30 November 2020). "The Canadian Civil Wars of 1837–1838". London Journal of Canadian Studies. 35 (1): 96–118. doi:10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2020v35.005. ISSN 2397-0928.
^ Romani, Roberto (October 2014). "Liberal Theocracy in the Italian Risorgimento". European History Quarterly. 44 (4): 620–650. doi:10.1177/0265691414546601. ISSN 0265-6914.
^ E.E. Y. Hales (1954). Pio Nono. Universal Digital Library. P.J. Kenedy & Sons.
^ Van Aken, Mark J. (1989). King of the Night: Juan José Flores and Ecuador, 1824–1864 (in Spanish). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520062771. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
^ Argirópolis o la capital de los estados confederados del Río de la Plata / Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Cervantes virtual
^ ^a ^b "Danubian Confederation". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
^ Jeroen, Janssens (2001). De Belgische natie viert. De Belgische nationale feesten 1830–1914. Leuven University Press. pp. 72–75. ISBN 9058671755.
^ "Dominican Republic – Annexation by Spain, 1861–65". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
^ "Santo Domingo, after seventeen years of independence, reverts to Spanish colonial rule | House Divided". hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
^ ""Es ist sicher kein Gerücht"". Vaterland online. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b Paul Musgrave (16 August 2019). "American Imperialists Have Always Dreamed of Greenland". Foreign Policy.
^ ^a ^b Peter Baker & Maggie Haberman (21 August 2019). "Trump's Interest in Buying Greenland Seemed Like a Joke. Then It Got Ugly". New York Times.
^ ^a ^b Katie Rogers (16 August 2019). "Eyeing Greenland, Trump Again Mixes Real Estate With Diplomacy". New York Times.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Glant, Tibor (1996). Through the prism of the Habsburg monarchy : Hungary in American diplomacy and public opinion during the First World War (phd thesis). University of Warwick.
^ ^a ^b Nyagulov, Blagovest (2012). "Ideas of federation and personal union with regard to Bulgaria and Romania". Bulgarian Historical Review (3–4): 36–61. ISSN 0204-8906.
^ Novak, Fabián; Namihas, Sandra (2013). Las Relaciones entre el Perú y Bolivia (1826–2013). Konrad Adenauer Foundation. p. 46. ISBN 978-9972-671-18-0.
^ Palafox, Quennie Ann (4 September 2012). "The Role Of Student Activism In The Philippine Independence". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
^ Fry, Greg (2019). Framing the islands: power and diplomatic agency in Pacific regionalism. ANU Press Pacific Series. Australian National University Press. Acton, A.C.T: ANU Press. ISBN 978-1-76046-315-1.
^ "Polynesian Confederacy". Images of Old Hawaiʻi. 28 June 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ "World History Connected | Vol. 8 No. 3 | Kealani Cook: Kalakaua's Polynesian Confederacy: Teaching World History in Hawai'i and Hawai'i in World History". worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Dilke, Charles Wentworth (1890). Problems of Greater Britain. Harvard University. London, New York, Macmillan and Co.
^ Bell, Duncan (2020). Dreamworlds of Race: Empire and the Utopian Destiny of Anglo-America. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv12sdwnm. ISBN 978-0-691-19401-1. JSTOR j.ctv12sdwnm. S2CID 240763301.
^ Bernard Porter, The Lion's Share: A Short History of British Imperialism 1850–1970 (1975) p 133
^ Bell, Duncan (2007). The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860–1900. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15116-8. JSTOR j.ctt7sz6b.
^ Winks, Robin W. (13 February 1997). The Blacks in Canada : a history. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 307–308. ISBN 9780773566682.
^ "Fear of a black Canada". The Power and the Money. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ Smith, Andrew (2009). "Smith, Andrew (30 March 2009). "Thomas Bassett Macaulay and the Bahamas: Racism, Business and Canadian Sub-imperialism" (PDF). 37: 29–50". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 37 (1). doi:10.1080/03086530902757696. S2CID 159688525. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
^ Liggio, Leonard Paul (1 January 1959). "The Austro-Polish Solution to the Polish Problem During the First World War". ETD Collection for Fordham University: 1–135.
^ Heinz Lemke: Die Regierung Stürgkh und die Pläne zur Teilung Galiziens. In: Österreich-Ungarn in der Weltpolitik 1900 bis 1918. Berlin/DDR 1965, S. 267–283, hier: 273f.; und Heinz Lemke: Die Politik der Mittelmächte in Polen von der Novemberproklamation 1916 bis zum Zusammentritt des Provisorischen Staatsrats. In: Jahrbuch für Geschichte der UdSSR und der volksdemokratischen Länder Europas 6 (1962), S. 69–138, hier S. 74.
^ "Protokolle des Gemeinsamen Ministerrates der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (1914–1918) (Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai, II. Forráskiadványok 10. Budapest, 1966) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana". library.hungaricana.hu. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
^ Romsics, Ignác (1995). "István Bethlen: a great conservative statesman of Hungary, 1874–1946". Social Science Monographs: 111.
^ Király, Béla K.; Rothenberg, Gunther Erich. "War and Society in East Central Europe: Trianon and East Central Europe antecedents and repercussions". Slavic Review: 114.
^ Leuștean, Lucian (2003). România și Ungaria în cadrul "Noii Europe": 1920–1923 (in Romanian). Polirom. pp. 1–268. ISBN 9789736814228.
^ Szegő, Iván Miklós (25 October 2017). "Mementó 1917: Így nem lett perszonálunió Romániával". hvg.hu. HVG Kiadó Zrt.
^ "south africa".
^ "What is Baltoscandia?". Misija Lietuva 100. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
^ "The Concept of Baltoscandia according to Kazys Pakstas before the war and now (in Lithuanian)".
^ Sanders, Alan (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 719. ISBN 978-0-8108-6191-6.
^ ^a ^b "Ewe and Togoland unification problem".
^ Bretuo, A. (2011). "Confronting the Challenges and Prospects in the Creation of a Union of African States in the 21st Century". African and Asian Studies. 10 (1): 73–77. doi:10.1163/156921011x558646. ISSN 1569-2094.
^ Vandenbosch, Amry (1950). "The Netherlands-Indonesian Union". Far Eastern Survey. 19 (1): 1–7. doi:10.2307/3024693. ISSN 0362-8949. JSTOR 3024693.
^ Scotia, Communications Nova (11 May 2018). "Nova Scotia Signs Agreement with Bermuda". News Releases. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ "Adenauer's plan for a Franco-German union – Subject files – CVCE Website". www.cvce.eu. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
^ "The birth of the community of Europe – The 'Franco-German duo' and Europe as seen in cartoons (1945–2013) – CVCE Website". www.cvce.eu. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
^ Sirrs, Owen L. (1 July 2016). Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315559711. ISBN 9781315559711.
^ A.Z. Hilali, US-Pakistan Relationship: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, Taylor & Francis (2017), p. 100
^ Owen L. Sirrs, Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations, Routledge (2016), p. 119
^ "El día en que un presidente transandino llamó a unificar a Chile y Argentina para crear los Estados Unidos Hispanoamericanos". Publimetro Chile (in Spanish). 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
^ Skinner, Kate (2020), "A Different Kind of Union: An Assassination, Diplomatic Recognition, and Competing Visions of African Unity in Ghana-Togo Relations, 1956–1963", Visions of African Unity, African Histories and Modernities, Springer, pp. 23–47, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52911-6_2, hdl:1983/17a6b25d-864b-44f6-a10d-c35472accc83, ISBN 978-3-030-52910-9, S2CID 235009277
^ ^a ^b Gérard Prunier, Africa's World War, Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-537420-9, pp. 102–103
^ "Death of a Strongman". TIME. 13 April 1959. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
^ "ParlInfo – Is West Papua another Timor?". parlinfo.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
^ "Favours Federation Of Melanesia As New Guinea's Future". Canberra Times. 27 January 1958. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
^ WEBB-GANNON, CAMELLIA (30 June 2021). Morning Star Rising. University of Hawaii Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv17kw97w. ISBN 978-0-8248-8889-3.
^ ^a ^b Okenve, Enrique N. (2014). "They Never Finished Their Journey: The Territorial Limits of Fang Ethnicity in Equatorial Guinea, 1930–1963". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 47 (2): 259–285. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 24393407.
^ Welch 1966, p. 265.
^ Kurtz 1970, p. 406.
^ Foltz 1965, p. 183.
^ Hodgkin & Morgenthau 1964, p. 245.
^ "Somalia". www.worldstatesmen.org.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835
^ "Somali Independence Week". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
^ Elster, Jon (1996). The roundtable talks and the breakdown of communism. University of Chicago Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-226-20628-9.
^ Held, Joseph (1994). Dictionary of East European history since 1945. Greenwood Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-313-26519-4.
^ Gökay, Bülent (2001). Eastern Europe since 1970. Longman. p. 19. ISBN 0-582-32858-6.
^ Patterson, George N. (1962). "Recent Chinese Policies in Tibet and towards the Himalayan Border States". The China Quarterly. 12 (12): 191–202. doi:10.1017/S030574100002083X. ISSN 0305-7410. JSTOR 651824.
^ KAVIC, LORNE J. (28 July 2023). India's Quest for Security. University of California Press. doi:10.2307/jj.5232953. ISBN 978-0-520-33160-0.
^ "The Himalayan Kingdoms: Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal". International Affairs. 40 (2): 354. April 1964. doi:10.1093/ia/40.2.354. ISSN 1468-2346.
^ Weatherbee, Donald E; Emmers, Ralf; Pangestu, Mari; Sebastian, Leonard C (2005). International relations in Southeast Asia. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 68–69. ISBN 0-7425-2842-1. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
^ "Island Purchase For Nauruans". The Canberra Times. Vol. 38, no. 10, 840. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 6 May 1964. p. 5. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Nauruans Likely To Settle Curtis Island". The Canberra Times. Vol. 37, no. 10, 549. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 30 May 1963. p. 9. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^ McAdam, Jane (15 August 2016). "How the entire nation of Nauru almost moved to Queensland". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^ "Lack of Sovereignty 'Disappoints' Nauruans". The Canberra Times. Vol. 37, no. 10, 554. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 June 1963. p. 45. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Nauru not to take Curtis Is". The Canberra Times. Vol. 38, no. 10, 930. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 21 August 1964. p. 3. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Davidson, JW (January 1968). "The Republic of Nauru". The Journal of Pacific History. 3 (1): 145–150. doi:10.1080/00223346808572131.
^ "Indochinese Communist Party | political party, Vietnam". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ Weisband, Edward (2018). The Macabresque: Human Violation and Hate in Genocide, Mass Atrocity and Enemy-making. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-067788-6.
^ Sustainable Development Goals in Southeast Asia and ASEAN: National and Regional Approaches. BRILL. 14 January 2019. ISBN 978-90-04-39194-9.
^ "Kiên Giang soldiers recount a decade in Cambodia". vietnamnews.vn. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ "The Forgotten Kingdom". FP. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
^ "25 years after SIKKIM". Nepali Times. 23 March 2001. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
^ https://www.marxists.org/portugues/tematica/livros/paigc/42.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
^ "Comunicado de 25 de Abril de 1974".
^ MacQueen, Norrie (1 February 2006). "Widening trajectories: Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde since independence". Relações Internacionais. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ "Ethiopia and its neighbors in the Horn of Africa". JSTOR 43660335.
^ "Fidel Castro Left Mark on Somalia, Horn of Africa". VOA. 26 November 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
^ "digitalarchive.wilsoncenter" (PDF).
^ Senftleben, Wolfgang (1984). "Swaziland's Proposed Land Deal with South AfricaThe Case of Ingwavuma and Kangwane". Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 17 (4): 493–501. JSTOR 43109383.
^ Griffiths, Ieuan Ll; Funnell, D. C. (1991). "The Abortive Swazi Land Deal". African Affairs. 90 (358): 51–64. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098406. JSTOR 722639.
^ https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/blacksash/pdfs/cnf19830311.026.001.000b.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
^ Dennis Austin. South Africa, 1984. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1985. p. 54.
^ Leroy Vail. The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. California: University of California Press. 1989. pp. 310–316.
^ Owusu, Maxwell. "Burkina". A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[1]
^ "Windward Islands Political Union - Budgetary Aspects Of The Unification Process". Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
^ "Election profile". IFES Election Guide.
^ "proposal of the political restoration of the Gran Colombia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015.
^ Misick, A. (1 September 1997). "Use of Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) Trust for North American Investors". Trusts & Trustees. 3 (9): 6–9. doi:10.1093/tandt/3.9.6. ISSN 1363-1780.
^ "Humala Invites Morales to Consider the Re-Unification of Peru and Bolivia". MercoPress. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
^ "Humala Says Dreams of Peru-Bolivia Reunification". Buenos Aires Herald. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
^ "Peru and Bolivia reach gas deal at 'bi-national cabinet'". perureports.com. 24 June 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ "GCC Members Consider Future of Union – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". 19 January 2013. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
^ Bloomberg staff (30 March 2022). "Breakaway Georgian Region Seeks to Be Putin's Next Annexation". Bloomberg.
^ "Georgian breakaway territory suspends announced referendum on joining Russia – decree". Reuters. 30 May 2022.
^ Trevelyan, Mark (27 September 2022). "Moscow's proxies in occupied Ukraine regions report big votes to join Russia". Reuters. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^ "Russia moves to formally annex swathes of Ukraine". Reuters. 20 September 2022.
^ "Война в Украине: ЛНР и ДНР объявили о "референдумах" о присоединении к России 23–27 сентября – Новости на русском языке". BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). Retrieved 20 September 2022.
^ "На оккупированных территориях Украины 23–27 сентября проведут "референдумы о присоединении к России". Главное Тем временем в России вводят понятие "мобилизация" в Уголовный кодекс". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 20 September 2022.
^ "Pro-Moscow officials say 1 occupied area of Ukraine has voted to join Russia". PBS NewsHour. 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^ "Based on 100% of protocols 93.11% of residents back Zaporozhye Region's joining Russia". TASS. 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^ "Russia to formally annex four more areas of Ukraine". Reuters. 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^ "United Nations Charter, Chapter I: Purposes and Principles". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
^ Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022). "Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^ "Burkina urges 'federation' with Mali for joint clout". France 24. 2 February 2023.
^ "Burkina, Guinea, Mali: A new axis on the continent?". 9 February 2023.
^ "Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger muse forming federation". 1 December 2023.
^ "Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso military leaders sign new pact, rebuff ECOWAS". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
^ https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-ally-suggests-trying-purchase-greenland-again-1982720
^ "The 11th province?". Retrieved 4 April 2020.
^ Sarmento, Clara (2009). Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?. Cambridge Scholars. p. 127. ISBN 9781443808682.
^ Hudson, Christopher (2014). The China Handbook. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 9781134269662.
^ Rigger, Shelley (2002). Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 9781134692972.
^ Schubert, Gunter (2016). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Taiwan. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 9781317669708.
^ Babones, Salvatore (17 October 2014). "2015: The Year of Korean Reunification?". The National Interest. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
^ Zwirko, Colin; Kim, Jeongmin (16 January 2024). "North Korea to redefine border, purge unification language from constitution". NK News. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
^ Badejo, Fabian Adekunle (25 December 2004). "The reunification of St. Martin: A pipe dream or an inevitable choice?". House of Nehesi Publishers.
^ Brennan, David (16 February 2019). "Russia May Absorb Belarus: 'We're Ready to Unite,' President Says". Newsweek. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ Snegovaya, Maria (4 April 2019). "Russia Is Eyeing Belarus—and It Might Spark a Conflict With the West Far Sooner Than Ukraine". Newsweek. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ Lukashenko warns annexation of Belarus would mean war
^ LAMU (3 September 2009). "An East African Federation: Big ambitions, big question-marks". The Economist. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
^ "East African Nations agree to disagree". All Africa. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
^ Tristan James Mabry; John McGarry (2013). Divided Nations and European Integration. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 175.
^ Lenard J. Cohen; Jasna Dragović-Soso (2008). State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Purdue University Press. p. 194.
^ Langley, Winston (2013). "Unknown title". Encyclopedia of Human Rights Issues Since 1945. Routledge.
^ "Lesotho's people plead with South Africa to annex their troubled country". The Guardian. 5 June 2010.
^ "This House believes Lesotho should be annexed by South Africa". idebate. 25 January 2022.
^ "Basotho movement calls for incorporation of Lesotho into SA". SABC News. 7 June 2021.

Sources

Foltz, William J. (1965). From French West Africa to the Mali Federation. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Hodgkin, Thomas; Morgenthau, Ruth Schacter (1964). "Mali". In James Scott Coleman (ed.). Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 216–258.
Kurtz, Donn M. (1970). "Political Integration in Africa: The Mali Federation". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 8 (3): 405–424. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00019923. S2CID 154671339.
Welch, Claude E. Jr. (1966). Dream of Unity, Pan-Africanism and Political Unification in West Africa. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[1] History of the Low Countries. J. C. H. Blom, Emiel Lamberts (New ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. 2006. ISBN 1-84545-272-0. OCLC 70857697.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[2] Gouda, Frances; Smits, A. (October 1985). "1830: Scheuring in de Nederlanden". The American Historical Review. 90 (4): 952. doi:10.2307/1858919. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1858919.

[3] Deutsch, Eberhard P. (1969). "The Real Origin of the Secession Movement". American Bar Association Journal. 55 (12): 1134–1140. ISSN 0002-7596. JSTOR 25724980.

[4] Gannon, Kevin M. (2001). "Escaping "Mr. Jefferson's Plan of Destruction": New England Federalists and the Idea of a Northern Confederacy, 1803–1804". Journal of the Early Republic. 21 (3): 413–443. doi:10.2307/3125268. ISSN 0275-1275. JSTOR 3125268.

[5] ttps://repositorio.unne.edu.ar/handle/123456789/50796

[6] ttps://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/enviado_a_europa-_la_monarquia_borbonica_en_el_rio_de_la_plata.pdf

[7] "A Realm That Never Was". Andrew Cusack. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

[8] Zeilner, Franz (2008). Verfassung, Verfassungsrecht und Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts in Österreich bis 1848: eine Darstellung der materiellen und formellen Verfassungssituation und der Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts : die Vorgängerfächer des Verfassungsrechts, die bedeutendsten Universitätslehrer und die wesentliche Literatur im öffentlichen Recht (in German). Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-57765-3.

[9] "Das zaristische Russland und der Erste Weltkrieg. Diplomatie und Kriegsziele 1914-1917 / UW27QNXW / 9562 / book". 1914-1918-Online (WW1) Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

[10] Reza, De La; A, Germán (December 2015). "El intento de integración de Santo Domingo a la Gran Colombia (1821-1822)". Secuencia (93): 65–82. doi:10.18234/secuencia.v0i93.1271.

[11] Vilaboy, Sergio Guerra (2019). "Recuento histórico de los intentos de unión latinoamericana". Controversias y Concurrencias Latinoamericanas (in Spanish). 11 (19): 25–42.

[Bak-12] Bak, Joan (2008). Encyclopedia of Latin American Studies and Culture. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 186.

[13] Buckner, Phillip (30 November 2020). "The Canadian Civil Wars of 1837–1838". London Journal of Canadian Studies. 35 (1): 96–118. doi:10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2020v35.005. ISSN 2397-0928.

[14] Romani, Roberto (October 2014). "Liberal Theocracy in the Italian Risorgimento". European History Quarterly. 44 (4): 620–650. doi:10.1177/0265691414546601. ISSN 0265-6914.

[15] E.E. Y. Hales (1954). Pio Nono. Universal Digital Library. P.J. Kenedy & Sons.

[uno-16] Van Aken, Mark J. (1989). King of the Night: Juan José Flores and Ecuador, 1824–1864 (in Spanish). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520062771. Retrieved 7 September 2021.

[17] Argirópolis o la capital de los estados confederados del Río de la Plata / Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Cervantes virtual

[:2-18] "Danubian Confederation". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved 8 October 2022.

[19] Jeroen, Janssens (2001). De Belgische natie viert. De Belgische nationale feesten 1830–1914. Leuven University Press. pp. 72–75. ISBN 9058671755.

[20] "Dominican Republic – Annexation by Spain, 1861–65". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 16 May 2021.

[21] "Santo Domingo, after seventeen years of independence, reverts to Spanish colonial rule | House Divided". hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu. Retrieved 23 May 2021.

[22] ""Es ist sicher kein Gerücht"". Vaterland online. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

[Paul_Musgrave-23] Paul Musgrave (16 August 2019). "American Imperialists Have Always Dreamed of Greenland". Foreign Policy.

[Peter_Baker_&_Maggie_Haberman-24] Peter Baker & Maggie Haberman (21 August 2019). "Trump's Interest in Buying Greenland Seemed Like a Joke. Then It Got Ugly". New York Times.

[Katie_Rogers-25] Katie Rogers (16 August 2019). "Eyeing Greenland, Trump Again Mixes Real Estate With Diplomacy". New York Times.

[:3-26] Glant, Tibor (1996). Through the prism of the Habsburg monarchy : Hungary in American diplomacy and public opinion during the First World War (phd thesis). University of Warwick.

[union-27] Nyagulov, Blagovest (2012). "Ideas of federation and personal union with regard to Bulgaria and Romania". Bulgarian Historical Review (3–4): 36–61. ISSN 0204-8906.

[28] Novak, Fabián; Namihas, Sandra (2013). Las Relaciones entre el Perú y Bolivia (1826–2013). Konrad Adenauer Foundation. p. 46. ISBN 978-9972-671-18-0.

[29] Palafox, Quennie Ann (4 September 2012). "The Role Of Student Activism In The Philippine Independence". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved 14 June 2021.

[30] Fry, Greg (2019). Framing the islands: power and diplomatic agency in Pacific regionalism. ANU Press Pacific Series. Australian National University Press. Acton, A.C.T: ANU Press. ISBN 978-1-76046-315-1.

[31] "Polynesian Confederacy". Images of Old Hawaiʻi. 28 June 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2023.

[32] "World History Connected | Vol. 8 No. 3 | Kealani Cook: Kalakaua's Polynesian Confederacy: Teaching World History in Hawai'i and Hawai'i in World History". worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu. Retrieved 9 December 2023.

[33] Dilke, Charles Wentworth (1890). Problems of Greater Britain. Harvard University. London, New York, Macmillan and Co.

[34] Bell, Duncan (2020). Dreamworlds of Race: Empire and the Utopian Destiny of Anglo-America. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv12sdwnm. ISBN 978-0-691-19401-1. JSTOR j.ctv12sdwnm. S2CID 240763301.

[35] Bernard Porter, The Lion's Share: A Short History of British Imperialism 1850–1970 (1975) p 133

[36] Bell, Duncan (2007). The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860–1900. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15116-8. JSTOR j.ctt7sz6b.

[37] Winks, Robin W. (13 February 1997). The Blacks in Canada : a history. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 307–308. ISBN 9780773566682.

[38] "Fear of a black Canada". The Power and the Money. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

[39] Smith, Andrew (2009). "Smith, Andrew (30 March 2009). "Thomas Bassett Macaulay and the Bahamas: Racism, Business and Canadian Sub-imperialism" (PDF). 37: 29–50". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 37 (1). doi:10.1080/03086530902757696. S2CID 159688525. Retrieved 18 June 2016.

[40] Liggio, Leonard Paul (1 January 1959). "The Austro-Polish Solution to the Polish Problem During the First World War". ETD Collection for Fordham University: 1–135.

[41] Heinz Lemke: Die Regierung Stürgkh und die Pläne zur Teilung Galiziens. In: Österreich-Ungarn in der Weltpolitik 1900 bis 1918. Berlin/DDR 1965, S. 267–283, hier: 273f.; und Heinz Lemke: Die Politik der Mittelmächte in Polen von der Novemberproklamation 1916 bis zum Zusammentritt des Provisorischen Staatsrats. In: Jahrbuch für Geschichte der UdSSR und der volksdemokratischen Länder Europas 6 (1962), S. 69–138, hier S. 74.

[42] "Protokolle des Gemeinsamen Ministerrates der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (1914–1918) (Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai, II. Forráskiadványok 10. Budapest, 1966) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana". library.hungaricana.hu. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

[43] Romsics, Ignác (1995). "István Bethlen: a great conservative statesman of Hungary, 1874–1946". Social Science Monographs: 111.

[44] Király, Béla K.; Rothenberg, Gunther Erich. "War and Society in East Central Europe: Trianon and East Central Europe antecedents and repercussions". Slavic Review: 114.

[45] Leuștean, Lucian (2003). România și Ungaria în cadrul "Noii Europe": 1920–1923 (in Romanian). Polirom. pp. 1–268. ISBN 9789736814228.

[46] Szegő, Iván Miklós (25 October 2017). "Mementó 1917: Így nem lett perszonálunió Romániával". hvg.hu. HVG Kiadó Zrt.

[47] "south africa".

[48] "What is Baltoscandia?". Misija Lietuva 100. Retrieved 16 August 2021.

[49] "The Concept of Baltoscandia according to Kazys Pakstas before the war and now (in Lithuanian)".

[Sanders-50] Sanders, Alan (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 719. ISBN 978-0-8108-6191-6.

[:1-51] "Ewe and Togoland unification problem".

[52] Bretuo, A. (2011). "Confronting the Challenges and Prospects in the Creation of a Union of African States in the 21st Century". African and Asian Studies. 10 (1): 73–77. doi:10.1163/156921011x558646. ISSN 1569-2094.

[53] Vandenbosch, Amry (1950). "The Netherlands-Indonesian Union". Far Eastern Survey. 19 (1): 1–7. doi:10.2307/3024693. ISSN 0362-8949. JSTOR 3024693.

[54] Scotia, Communications Nova (11 May 2018). "Nova Scotia Signs Agreement with Bermuda". News Releases. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

[55] "Adenauer's plan for a Franco-German union – Subject files – CVCE Website". www.cvce.eu. Retrieved 20 May 2023.

[56] "The birth of the community of Europe – The 'Franco-German duo' and Europe as seen in cartoons (1945–2013) – CVCE Website". www.cvce.eu. Retrieved 20 May 2023.

[57] Sirrs, Owen L. (1 July 2016). Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315559711. ISBN 9781315559711.

[58] A.Z. Hilali, US-Pakistan Relationship: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, Taylor & Francis (2017), p. 100

[59] Owen L. Sirrs, Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations, Routledge (2016), p. 119

[60] "El día en que un presidente transandino llamó a unificar a Chile y Argentina para crear los Estados Unidos Hispanoamericanos". Publimetro Chile (in Spanish). 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

[61] Skinner, Kate (2020), "A Different Kind of Union: An Assassination, Diplomatic Recognition, and Competing Visions of African Unity in Ghana-Togo Relations, 1956–1963", Visions of African Unity, African Histories and Modernities, Springer, pp. 23–47, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52911-6_2, hdl:1983/17a6b25d-864b-44f6-a10d-c35472accc83, ISBN 978-3-030-52910-9, S2CID 235009277

[Prunier102-103-62] Gérard Prunier, Africa's World War, Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-537420-9, pp. 102–103

[63] "Death of a Strongman". TIME. 13 April 1959. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.

[64] "ParlInfo – Is West Papua another Timor?". parlinfo.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 29 December 2023.

[65] "Favours Federation Of Melanesia As New Guinea's Future". Canberra Times. 27 January 1958. Retrieved 29 December 2023.

[66] WEBB-GANNON, CAMELLIA (30 June 2021). Morning Star Rising. University of Hawaii Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv17kw97w. ISBN 978-0-8248-8889-3.

[:0-67] Okenve, Enrique N. (2014). "They Never Finished Their Journey: The Territorial Limits of Fang Ethnicity in Equatorial Guinea, 1930–1963". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 47 (2): 259–285. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 24393407.

[FOOTNOTEWelch1966265-68] Welch 1966, p. 265.

[FOOTNOTEKurtz1970406-69] Kurtz 1970, p. 406.

[FOOTNOTEFoltz1965183-70] Foltz 1965, p. 183.

[FOOTNOTEHodgkinMorgenthau1964245-71] Hodgkin & Morgenthau 1964, p. 245.

[Wssom1-72] "Somalia". www.worldstatesmen.org.

[Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835-73] Encyclopædia Britannica, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835

[wardheernews.com-74] "Somali Independence Week". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.

[75] Elster, Jon (1996). The roundtable talks and the breakdown of communism. University of Chicago Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-226-20628-9.

[76] Held, Joseph (1994). Dictionary of East European history since 1945. Greenwood Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-313-26519-4.

[77] Gökay, Bülent (2001). Eastern Europe since 1970. Longman. p. 19. ISBN 0-582-32858-6.

[78] Patterson, George N. (1962). "Recent Chinese Policies in Tibet and towards the Himalayan Border States". The China Quarterly. 12 (12): 191–202. doi:10.1017/S030574100002083X. ISSN 0305-7410. JSTOR 651824.

[79] KAVIC, LORNE J. (28 July 2023). India's Quest for Security. University of California Press. doi:10.2307/jj.5232953. ISBN 978-0-520-33160-0.

[80] "The Himalayan Kingdoms: Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal". International Affairs. 40 (2): 354. April 1964. doi:10.1093/ia/40.2.354. ISSN 1468-2346.

[81] Weatherbee, Donald E; Emmers, Ralf; Pangestu, Mari; Sebastian, Leonard C (2005). International relations in Southeast Asia. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 68–69. ISBN 0-7425-2842-1. Retrieved 4 June 2020.

[82] "Island Purchase For Nauruans". The Canberra Times. Vol. 38, no. 10, 840. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 6 May 1964. p. 5. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.

[83] "Nauruans Likely To Settle Curtis Island". The Canberra Times. Vol. 37, no. 10, 549. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 30 May 1963. p. 9. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.

[84] McAdam, Jane (15 August 2016). "How the entire nation of Nauru almost moved to Queensland". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

[85] "Lack of Sovereignty 'Disappoints' Nauruans". The Canberra Times. Vol. 37, no. 10, 554. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 June 1963. p. 45. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.

[86] "Nauru not to take Curtis Is". The Canberra Times. Vol. 38, no. 10, 930. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 21 August 1964. p. 3. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.

[davidson-87] Davidson, JW (January 1968). "The Republic of Nauru". The Journal of Pacific History. 3 (1): 145–150. doi:10.1080/00223346808572131.

[88] "Indochinese Communist Party | political party, Vietnam". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 April 2021.

[89] Weisband, Edward (2018). The Macabresque: Human Violation and Hate in Genocide, Mass Atrocity and Enemy-making. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-067788-6.

[90] Sustainable Development Goals in Southeast Asia and ASEAN: National and Regional Approaches. BRILL. 14 January 2019. ISBN 978-90-04-39194-9.

[91] "Kiên Giang soldiers recount a decade in Cambodia". vietnamnews.vn. Retrieved 17 April 2021.

[92] "The Forgotten Kingdom". FP. Retrieved 27 August 2016.

[93] "25 years after SIKKIM". Nepali Times. 23 March 2001. Retrieved 27 August 2016.

[94] ttps://www.marxists.org/portugues/tematica/livros/paigc/42.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

[95] "Comunicado de 25 de Abril de 1974".

[96] MacQueen, Norrie (1 February 2006). "Widening trajectories: Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde since independence". Relações Internacionais. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2020.

[97] "Ethiopia and its neighbors in the Horn of Africa". JSTOR 43660335.

[98] "Fidel Castro Left Mark on Somalia, Horn of Africa". VOA. 26 November 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2022.

[99] "digitalarchive.wilsoncenter" (PDF).

[100] Senftleben, Wolfgang (1984). "Swaziland's Proposed Land Deal with South AfricaThe Case of Ingwavuma and Kangwane". Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 17 (4): 493–501. JSTOR 43109383.

[101] Griffiths, Ieuan Ll; Funnell, D. C. (1991). "The Abortive Swazi Land Deal". African Affairs. 90 (358): 51–64. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098406. JSTOR 722639.

[102] ttps://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/blacksash/pdfs/cnf19830311.026.001.000b.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

[103] Dennis Austin. South Africa, 1984. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1985. p. 54.

[104] Leroy Vail. The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. California: University of California Press. 1989. pp. 310–316.

[cs-105] Owusu, Maxwell. "Burkina". A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[1]

[106] "Windward Islands Political Union - Budgetary Aspects Of The Unification Process". Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 26 July 2024.

[107] "Election profile". IFES Election Guide.

[108] "proposal of the political restoration of the Gran Colombia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015.

[109] Misick, A. (1 September 1997). "Use of Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) Trust for North American Investors". Trusts & Trustees. 3 (9): 6–9. doi:10.1093/tandt/3.9.6. ISSN 1363-1780.

[110] "Humala Invites Morales to Consider the Re-Unification of Peru and Bolivia". MercoPress. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2016.

[111] "Humala Says Dreams of Peru-Bolivia Reunification". Buenos Aires Herald. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2016.

[112] "Peru and Bolivia reach gas deal at 'bi-national cabinet'". perureports.com. 24 June 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2016.

[113] "GCC Members Consider Future of Union – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". 19 January 2013. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2024.

[114] Bloomberg staff (30 March 2022). "Breakaway Georgian Region Seeks to Be Putin's Next Annexation". Bloomberg.

[115] "Georgian breakaway territory suspends announced referendum on joining Russia – decree". Reuters. 30 May 2022.

[:7-116] Trevelyan, Mark (27 September 2022). "Moscow's proxies in occupied Ukraine regions report big votes to join Russia". Reuters. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

[moscow-backed-separatists-117] "Russia moves to formally annex swathes of Ukraine". Reuters. 20 September 2022.

[118] "Война в Украине: ЛНР и ДНР объявили о "референдумах" о присоединении к России 23–27 сентября – Новости на русском языке". BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). Retrieved 20 September 2022.

[119] "На оккупированных территориях Украины 23–27 сентября проведут "референдумы о присоединении к России". Главное Тем временем в России вводят понятие "мобилизация" в Уголовный кодекс". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 20 September 2022.

[120] "Pro-Moscow officials say 1 occupied area of Ukraine has voted to join Russia". PBS NewsHour. 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

[121] "Based on 100% of protocols 93.11% of residents back Zaporozhye Region's joining Russia". TASS. 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

[122] "Russia to formally annex four more areas of Ukraine". Reuters. 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.

[123] "United Nations Charter, Chapter I: Purposes and Principles". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.

[124] Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022). "Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.

[125] "Burkina urges 'federation' with Mali for joint clout". France 24. 2 February 2023.

[126] "Burkina, Guinea, Mali: A new axis on the continent?". 9 February 2023.

[127] "Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger muse forming federation". 1 December 2023.

[aljazeera-128] "Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso military leaders sign new pact, rebuff ECOWAS". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 July 2024.

[129] ttps://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-ally-suggests-trying-purchase-greenland-again-1982720

[130] "The 11th province?". Retrieved 4 April 2020.

[China1-131] Sarmento, Clara (2009). Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?. Cambridge Scholars. p. 127. ISBN 9781443808682.

[China2-132] Hudson, Christopher (2014). The China Handbook. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 9781134269662.

[China3-133] Rigger, Shelley (2002). Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 9781134692972.

[China4-134] Schubert, Gunter (2016). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Taiwan. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 9781317669708.

[135] Babones, Salvatore (17 October 2014). "2015: The Year of Korean Reunification?". The National Interest. Retrieved 2 August 2015.

[redefine-borders-136] Zwirko, Colin; Kim, Jeongmin (16 January 2024). "North Korea to redefine border, purge unification language from constitution". NK News. Retrieved 16 January 2024.

[137] Badejo, Fabian Adekunle (25 December 2004). "The reunification of St. Martin: A pipe dream or an inevitable choice?". House of Nehesi Publishers.

[138] Brennan, David (16 February 2019). "Russia May Absorb Belarus: 'We're Ready to Unite,' President Says". Newsweek. Retrieved 10 April 2019.

[139] Snegovaya, Maria (4 April 2019). "Russia Is Eyeing Belarus—and It Might Spark a Conflict With the West Far Sooner Than Ukraine". Newsweek. Retrieved 10 April 2019.

[140] Lukashenko warns annexation of Belarus would mean war

[141] LAMU (3 September 2009). "An East African Federation: Big ambitions, big question-marks". The Economist. Retrieved 2 August 2015.

[142] "East African Nations agree to disagree". All Africa. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

[143] Tristan James Mabry; John McGarry (2013). Divided Nations and European Integration. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 175.

[144] Lenard J. Cohen; Jasna Dragović-Soso (2008). State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Purdue University Press. p. 194.

[145] Langley, Winston (2013). "Unknown title". Encyclopedia of Human Rights Issues Since 1945. Routledge.

[146] "Lesotho's people plead with South Africa to annex their troubled country". The Guardian. 5 June 2010.

[147] "This House believes Lesotho should be annexed by South Africa". idebate. 25 January 2022.

[148] "Basotho movement calls for incorporation of Lesotho into SA". SABC News. 7 June 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]