Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas, especially medicine , mathematics , astronomy , agriculture as well as physics , economics , engineering and optics .[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5]
Muslim scientists who have contributed significantly to science and civilization in the Islamic Golden Age (i.e. from the 8th century to the 14th century) include:
Astronomers and astrologers [ edit ]
Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation
Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (9th century), pioneer of psychiatry , clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (850–934), pioneer of mental health , medical psychology , cognitive psychology , cognitive therapy , psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
Al-Farabi (872–950) (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013) (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery [ 12]
Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040) (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology , psychophysics , phenomenology and visual perception
Al-Biruni (973–1050), pioneer of reaction time
Avicenna (980–1037) (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry , thought experiment , self-awareness and self-consciousness
Ibn Zuhr (1094–1162) (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology [ 12]
Averroes , pioneer of Parkinson's disease [ 12]
Ibn Tufail (1126–1198), pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture
Chemists and alchemists [ edit ]
Economists and social scientists [ edit ]
Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699–767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
Abu Yusuf (731–798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
Al-Saghani (–990), one of the earliest historians of science
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), Anthropology ", Indology
Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030), economist
Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences such as demography , cultural history , historiography , philosophy of history , sociology and economics
Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
Geographers and earth scientists [ edit ]
Physicists and engineers [ edit ]
Mimar Sinan (1489–1588), also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ
Jafar al-Sadiq , 8th century
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
Al-Saghani (d. 990)
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
Ibn Sahl , 10th century
Ibn Yunus , 10th century
Al-Karaji , 10th century
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, optics , and experimental physics
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī , 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics
Ibn Sīnā/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century
Al-Khazini , 12th century
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
Al-Jazari , 13th century civil engineer
Nasir al-Din Tusi , 13th century
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi , 13th century
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī , 13th century
Ibn al-Shatir , 14th century
^ Saliba, George . 1994. A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . New York: New York University Press . ISBN 0-8147-8023-7 . pp. 245, 250, 256–57.
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^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. "Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century ." Pp. 351–99 in Islam and the Challenge of Modernity , edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
^ "Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise" (PDF) .
^ "The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world" . TheGuardian.com . February 2010.
^ a b c Martin-Araguz et al. 2002 .
^ "Mas'udi, al-" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2006.
^ Gandz 1936 .
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