List of sovereign states in the 1860s

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This is a list of sovereign states in the 1860s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1860 and 31 December 1869. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Name and capital city	Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
A [edit]
Abuja – Abuja Emirate Capital: Abuja	Widely recognized state.
Afghanistan – Emirate of Afghanistan Capital: Kabul	Widely recognized independent state.
Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr[1] Capital: Agadez	Widely recognized state.
→ Andorra – Principality of Andorra[2] Capital: Andorra la Vella	Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
Anhalt – Duchy of Anhalt (from 1863 to 1 July 1867) Capital: Dessau	Widely recognized independent state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Anhalt-Bernburg – Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg (to 1863) Capital: Bernburg	Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863.
Anhalt-Dessau – Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau (to 1863) Capital: Dessau	Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863.
Angoche – Angoche Sultanate[3] Capital: Angoche	Widely recognized independent state.
Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole[4] Capital: Mbarara	Widely recognized state.
Annam – Empire of Annam Capital: Phú Xuân	Widely recognized state. Internal imperial system within Chinese tributary.
Anziku – Anziku Kingdom Capital: Monsol	Widely recognized state.
→  Argentina[5] Capital: Paraná (to 12 December 1861), Buenos Aires (from 12 December 1861) Argentine Confederation (to 12 December 1861) Argentine Republic (from 12 December 1861)	Widely recognized state.
Aro – Aro Confederacy Capital: Arochukwu	Widely recognized state.
Ashanti – Asante Union[6] Capital: Kumasi	Widely recognized state.
Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa[7] Capital: Aussa	Widely recognized state.
→ Austria (to 29 May 1867), Austria-Hungary (from 29 May 1867) Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania) Austrian Empire (to 29 May 1867) Austro-Hungarian Empire (29 May 1867)	Widely recognized state.

•  Baden – Grand Duchy of Baden
•  Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi
•  Bamana – Bamana Empire (to 1861)
•  Baol – Kingdom of Baol
•  Basutoland – Kingdom of Basutoland (to 1868)
•  Bavaria – Kingdom of Bavaria
•  Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium
•  Benin – Benin Empire
•  Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
• Bolivia – Bolivian Republic
• Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora
•  Bornu – Bornu Empire
• Brazil – Empire of Brazil
•  Bremen – Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (to July 1, 1867)
• Brunei – Sultanate of Brunei
•  Brunswick – Duchy of Brunswick (to July 1, 1867)
• Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda
• Bukhara – Emirate of Bukhara
• Bunyoro – Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara
• Burma – Kingdom of Burma
•  Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi

• Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia (to 1863)
• → Canada – Dominion of Canada (from July 1, 1867)
•  Cayor – Kingdom of Cayor
• Central Italy – United Provinces of Central Italy (to March 22, 1860)
• Chile
  • Republic of Chile (to 18 September 1861)
  • Republic of Chile (from 18 September 1861)
•  China – Great Qing
• Colombia – United States of Colombia (from September 20, 1861)
• Confederate States of America → Confederate States
• Cook Islands → Rarotonga
• Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica

•  Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey
•  Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti
• Denmark
  • Danish Unitary State (to 1864)
  • Kingdom of Denmark (from 1864)
• → Dominican Republic – Dominican Republic (from August 16, 1865)

• → Ecuador
  • Republic of Ecuador (to 24 September 1860)
  • Republic of Ecuador (from 24 September 1860)
• → → El Salvador – El Salvador
•  Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire

•  Fante – Fante Confederacy (from 1868)
•  Fiji – Tui Viti
• France – Empire of the French
• Frankfurt – Free City of Frankfurt (to October 8, 1866)
•  Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon
•  Futa Toro – Imamate of Futa Toro

•  Garo – Kingdom of Garo
•  Gera – Kingdom of Gera
•  Gomma – Kingdom of Gomma
• Granadine Confederation – Granadine Confederation (renamed New Granada on July 18, 1861)
• Greece – Kingdom of Greece
• Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
•  Gumma – Kingdom of Gumma

• Ha'il – Emirate of Ha'il
• Haiti – Republic of Haiti
•  Hamburg – Free City of Hamburg (to 1867)
•  Hanover – Kingdom of Hanover (to September 20, 1866)
•  Hawaii – Kingdom of Hawaii
• Hesse-Darmstadt – Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
• Hesse-Homburg – Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg (to 1866)
• Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) – Electorate of Hesse (to 1866)
• Holstein – Duchy of Holstein (to 1866)
• →  Honduras – Republic of Honduras
• Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine

• Italy – Kingdom of Italy (from March 17, 1861)

• Japan
  • Tokugawa shogunate (to January 3, 1868)
  • Empire of Japan (from January 3, 1868)^[8]
•  Jimma – Kingdom of Jimma
•  Jolof – Jolof Kingdom

•  Kaabu – Kingdom of Kaabu (to 1867)
•  Kaarta – Kingdom of Kaarta
•  Kabulistan – Kingdom of Kabul
•  Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa
• Kashgaria – Kingdom of Kashgaria (from 1862)
•  Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom
•  Khasso – Kingdom of Khasso
• Khiva – Khanate

of Khiva

• Kokand – Khanate of Kokand
•  Kong – Kong Empire
• Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
• Korea – Kingdom of Great Joseon
•  Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya

•  Liberia – Republic of Liberia
•  Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
• Limburg – Duchy of Limburg (to 1866)
•  Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea
• Lippe – Principality of Lippe (to July 1, 1867)
•  Loango – Kingdom of Loango
•  Luba – Luba Empire
• Lübeck – Free City of Lübeck (Lubeck) (to 1867)
•  Lunda – Lunda Empire
•  Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

• Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao
• Maldives – Sultanate of Maldives
•  Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur
•  Massina – Massina Empire (to 1868)
•  Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom
• Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (to July 1, 1867)
• Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (to July 1, 1867)
• → →  Mexico
  • Republic of Mexico (to April 10, 1864)
  • Mexican Empire (from April 10, 1864 to May 15, 1867)
  • United Mexican States (from May 1867)
•  Mindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao
• Monaco - Principality of Monaco
• Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
• Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
• Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman

• Nassau – Duchy of Nassau (to 1866)
• Negeri Sembilan – Negeri Sembilan
• Nepal - Kingdom of Nepal
•  Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands
• New Granada – United States of New Granada (July 18 to September 20, 1861)
• Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
• North German Confederation – North German Confederation (from July 1, 1867)

• Oldenburg – Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (to July 1, 1867)
•  Orange Free State – Republic of Orange Free State^{[9][10][11][12][13]}
•  Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
•  Ouaddai – Ouaddai Empire
•  Oyo – Oyo Empire

• Pahang – Sultanate of Pahang
•  Papal States – States of the Church
•  Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
• Perak – Sultanate of Perak
• Persia – Persian Empire
•  Peru
  • Peruvian Republic (to 14 January 1866)
  • Peruvian Republic (from 14 January 1866)
• Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
•  Prussia – Kingdom of Prussia (to July 1, 1867)

• Raiatea – Kingdom of Raiatea
•  Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui
• Rarotonga – Kingdom of Rarotonga
• Reuss Elder Line – Principality of Reuss Elder Line (to July 1, 1867)
• Reuss Junior Line – Principality of Reuss Junior Line (to July 1, 1867)
• → Romania - United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
•  Russia – Russian Empire
•  Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda
•  Ryukyu – Kingdom of Ryūkyū

•  Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa
• →  San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
•  Sarawak – Kingdom of Sarawak
•  Sardinia – Kingdom of Sardinia (to March 17, 1861)
• Saxe-Altenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (to July 1, 1867)
• Saxe-Coburg-Gotha – Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (to July 1, 1867)
• Saxe-Lauenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg, also Duchy of Lauenburg
• Saxe-Meiningen – Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
• Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (to July 1, 1867)
• Saxony – Kingdom of Saxony (to July 1, 1867)
• Schaumburg-Lippe – Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe (to July 1, 1867)
• Schleswig – Duchy of Schleswig (to 1866)
• Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (to July 1, 1867)
• Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (to July 1, 1867)
• Selangor – Sultanate of Selangor
• Serbia – Principality of Serbia
• Siam – Kingdom of Siam
•  Sikkim – Chogyalate of Sikkim
• Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate
• Spain – Kingdom of Spain
• Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
•  Sweden and Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
• Switzerland – Swiss Confederation

• Tahiti – Kingdom of Tahiti
• Tonga
  • Tu'i Tonga (to 1865)
  • Kingdom of Tonga (from 1865)
• Toro – Toro Kingdom
•  Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire
•  Transvaal – South African Republic
• →  Two Sicilies – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (to February 12, 1861)

•  United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
• → → → →  United States – United States of America
•  Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay

• →  Venezuela
  • Republic of Venezuela (to 1864)
  • United States of Venezuela (from 1864)

• Waldeck-Pyrmont – Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (to July 1, 1867)
•  Welayta – Kingdom of Welayta
•  Württemberg – Kingdom of Württemberg

•  Yeke – Yeke Kingdom
•  Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma

•  Zanzibar – Sultanate of Zanzibar (from April 6, 1861)
•  Zululand – Kingdom of the Zulus

•  Cape Colony – Cape of Good Hope

• Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
• Alabama – Republic of Alabama (from January 11 to February 4, 1861)^{[14][15][16][17]}
• Araucanía and Patagonia – Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (from November 17, 1860 to January 5, 1862)
•  Arkansas – Republic of Arkansas (from May 6 to May 18, 1861)
• Buenos Aires – State of Buenos Aires
• → → → → →  Confederate States – Confederate States of America (from February 4, 1861 to May 5, 1865)
• Couto Misto (to June 23, 1868)
• Cuba – Republic of Cuba (from October 10, 1868)
•  Ezo – Republic of Ezo (from December 15, 1868 to June 27, 1869)
• Florida – Republic of Florida (from January 10 to February 4, 1861)
•  Goust – Republic of Goust
• Ionian Islands – United States of the Ionian Islands
• Louisiana – Republic of Louisiana (from January 26 to February 4, 1861)^{[18][19][20][21]}
•  Manitobah – Republic of Manitobah (from June 1867 to 1868)
•  Mississippi – Republic of Mississippi (from January 9 to February 1, 1861)
• North Carolina – Republic of North Carolina (from May 20 to May 21, 1861)
• Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (from January 22, 1863 to June 18, 1864)
• → South Carolina – Republic of South Carolina (from December 20, 1860 to February 8, 1861)^{[22][23][24][25][26]}
•  Taiping Heavenly Kingdom - Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (to July 1864)
• Tennessee - Republic of Tennessee (from June 8 to July 2, 1861)
• Tavolara – Kingdom of Tavolara
• Texas – Republic of Texas (from February 1 to March 2, 1861)
• Virginia – Republic of Virginia (from April 17 to May 7, 1861)