^Hun Sen was titled Second Prime Minister from 1993 to 1998.
^Kim was referred to as supreme leader in 2011, and then appointed as First Chairman of the National Defence Commission in 2012 and Chairman of the State Affairs Commission in 2016 —having been de factoleader of North Korea throughout.
^The Palestinian head of state is the president and prime minister. Despite its existing status internationally as a mostly recognized state, it controls parts of the West Bank, but lacks any authority in the Gaza Strip, which is taken over by Hamas militant group since 2007.
^The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is head of state and government collectively. Within this executive council, the president serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
^Titled President of the Council of State until 10 October 2019.