This is a list of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000) AD, such as the heads of state , heads of government , and the general secretaries of single-party states .
These polities are generally sovereign states , including states with limited recognition (when recognised by at least one UN member state), but excludes minor dependent territories , whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 20th century . For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates , or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.
Angola
Colony, 1575–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Cameroon
Annexed from German Kamerun, 1914–1919; League of Nations mandate, 1919–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Annexed from German Kamerun, 1914–1919; League of Nations mandate, 1919–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
East Cameroon
West Cameroon
United Cameroon
Central African Republic
French colony, 1903–1958
For details see France under western Europe
David Dacko , Prime minister (1959–1960)
Elisabeth Domitien , Prime minister (1975–1976)
Ange-Félix Patassé , Prime minister of the Central African Empire (1976–1978)
Henri Maïdou , Prime minister of the Central African Empire (1978–1979)
Bernard Ayandho , Prime minister (1979–1980)
Jean-Pierre Lebouder , Prime minister (1980–1981)
Simon Narcisse Bozanga , Prime minister (1981)
Édouard Frank , Prime minister (1991–1992)
Timothée Malendoma , Prime minister (1992–1993)
Enoch Derant Lakoué , Prime minister (1993)
Jean-Luc Mandaba , Prime minister (1993–1995)
Gabriel Koyambounou , Prime minister (1995–1996)
Jean-Paul Ngoupandé , Prime minister (1996–1997)
Michel Gbezera-Bria , Prime minister (1997–1999)
Anicet-Georges Dologuélé , Prime minister (1999–2001)
Chad
Colony, 1900–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Colony, 1908–1960
For details see the Belgium under Western Europe
Patrice Lumumba , Prime minister (1960)
Joseph Iléo , Prime minister (1960)
Justin Marie Bomboko , Prime minister (1960–1961)
Joseph Iléo , Prime minister (1961)
Antoine Gizenga , Rebel , Prime minister (1960–1961)
Cyrille Adoula , Prime minister (1961–1964)
Moise Tshombe , Prime minister (1964–1965)
Évariste Kimba , Prime minister (1965)
Léonard Mulamba , Prime minister (1965–1966)
Mpinga Kasenda , Prime minister (1977–1979)
Bo-Boliko Lokonga , Prime minister (1979–1980)
Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond , First state commissioner (1980–1981)
N'Singa Udjuu , First state commissioner (1981–1982)
Léon Kengo , First state commissioner (1982–1986)
Mabi Mulumba , First state commissioner (1987–1988)
Jules Fontaine Sambwa , First state commissioner (1988)
Léon Kengo , First state commissioner (1988–1990)
Lunda Bululu , Prime minister (1990–1991)
Mulumba Lukoji , Prime minister (1991)
Étienne Tshisekedi , Prime minister (1991)
Bernardin Mungul Diaka , Prime minister (1991)
Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond , Prime minister (1991–1992)
Étienne Tshisekedi , Prime minister (1992–1993)
Faustin Birindwa , Prime minister (1993–1994)
Léon Kengo , First state commissioner (1994–1997)
Étienne Tshisekedi , Prime minister (1997)
Likulia Bolongo , Prime minister (1997)
Congo: Republic of the
Federation of colonies, 1910–1934; Colony, 1934–1958
For details see France under western Europe
Equatorial Guinea
Colony, 1778–1968
For details see Spain in southwest Europe
Gabon
São Tomé and Príncipe
Colony, 1470–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Burundi
Belgian military occupation, 1916–1922; League of Nations mandate, 1922–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962
For details see Belgium under western Europe
Comoros
French overseas territory, 1946–1961; French autonomous territory, 1961–1975
For details see France under western Europe
Haribon Chebani , Provisional President (1989)
Said Mohamed Djohar , Acting President (1989–1990), President (1990–1995)
Combo Ayouba , Coordinator of the Transitional Military Committee (1995)
Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim , Acting President (1995)
Caabi El-Yachroutu Mohamed , President (1995–1996)
Said Mohamed Djohar , President (1996)
Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim , Acting President (1996–1998)
Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde , President (1998–1999)
Azali Assoumani , President (1999–2001)
Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim , Prime minister (1992)
Ibrahim Halidi , Prime minister (1993)
Said Ali Mohamed , Prime minister (1993)
Ahmed Ben Cheikh Attoumane , Prime minister (1993–1994)
Mohamed Abdou Madi , Prime minister (1994)
Halifa Houmadi , Prime minister (1994–1995)
Caabi El-Yachroutu Mohamed , Prime minister (1995–1996)
Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde , Prime minister (1996)
Ahmed Abdou , Prime minister (1996–1997)
Nourdine Bourhane , Prime minister (1997–1998)
Abbas Djoussouf , Prime minister (1998–1999)
Bianrifi Tarmidi , Prime minister (1999–2000)
Hamada Madi , Prime minister (2000–2002)
Djibouti
Overseas territory, 1946–1967
Overseas territory, 1967–1977
For details see France under western Europe
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Kenya
British colony and protectorate, 1920–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Madagascar
Colony, 1897–1958
For details see France under western Europe
Mauritius
Colony, 1810–1968
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Rwanda
Seychelles
British colony, 1903–1976
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Somalia
Protectorate, 1884–1940, 1941–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
United Nations trust territory of Italy, 1950–1960
For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
Tanzania
League of Nations mandate/ United Nations trust territory, 1922–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Uganda
British protectorate, 1894–1962
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Mutesa II , President (1963–1966)
Milton Obote , President (1966–1971)
Idi Amin , President (1971–1979)
Yusuf Lule , Interim President (1979)
Godfrey Binaisa , President (1979–1980)
Paulo Muwanga , President (1980)
Presidential Commission of Uganda (1980)
Milton Obote , President (1980–1985)
Bazilio Olara-Okello , de facto Head of state (1985)
Tito Okello , President (1985–1986)
Yoweri Museveni , President (1986–present)
Africa: Northcentral [ edit ]
Libya
Allied military administration, 1942–1951
Idris , Emir (1949–1951), King (1951–1969)
Idris , Emir (1949–1951), King (1951–1969)
Mahmud al-Muntasir , Prime minister (1951–1954)
Muhammad Sakizli , Prime minister (1954)
Mustafa Ben Halim , Prime minister (1954–1957)
Abdul Majid Kubar , Prime minister (1957–1960)
Muhammad Osman Said , Prime minister (1960–1963)
Mohieddin Fikini , Prime minister (1963–1964)
Mahmud al-Muntasir , Prime minister (1964–1965)
Hussein Maziq , Prime minister (1965–1967)
Abdul Qadir al-Badri , Prime minister (1967)
Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush , Prime minister (1967–1968)
Wanis al-Qaddafi , Prime minister (1968–1969)
Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi , Prime minister (1969–1970)
Muammar Gaddafi , Prime minister (1970–1972)
Abdessalam Jalloud , Prime minister (1972–1977)
Abdul Ati al-Obeidi , Prime minister (1977–1979)
Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi , Prime minister (1979–1984)
Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab , Prime minister (1984–1986)
Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi , Prime minister (1986–1987)
Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir , Prime minister (1987–1990)
Abuzed Omar Dorda , Prime minister (1990–1994)
Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud , Prime minister (1994–1997)
Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush , Prime minister (1997–2000)
Imbarek Shamekh , Prime minister (2000–2003)
Tunisia
Protectorate, 1881–1956
For details see France under western Europe
Egypt
Gamal Abdel Nasser , Prime minister, government in rebellion (1954–1962)
Ali Sabri , Prime minister (1962–1965)
Zakaria Mohieddin , Prime minister (1965–1966)
Mohamed Sedki Sulayman , Prime minister (1966–1967)
Gamal Abdel Nasser , Prime minister (1967–1970)
Mahmoud Fawzi , Prime minister (1970–1972)
Aziz Sedky , Prime minister (1972–1973)
Anwar Sadat , Prime minister (1973–1974)
Abd El Aziz Mohamed Hegazi , Prime minister (1974–1975)
Mamdouh Salem , Prime minister (1975–1978)
Mustafa Khalil , Prime minister (1978–1980)
Anwar Sadat , Prime minister (1980–1981)
Hosni Mubarak , Prime minister (1981–1982)
Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin , Prime minister (1982–1984)
Kamal Hassan Ali , Prime minister (1984–1985)
Aly Lotfy Mahmoud , Prime minister (1985–1986)
Atef Sedky , Prime minister (1986–1996)
Kamal Ganzouri , Prime minister (1996–1999)
Atef Ebeid , Prime minister (1999–2004)
Sudan
Condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt, 1899–1956
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Algeria
French Départements, 1830–1962
For details see France under western Europe
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1965–1976)
President (1976–1978)
Ahmed Ben Bella , Prime minister (1962–1963)
Mohamed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani , Prime minister (1979–1984)
Abdelhamid Brahimi , Prime minister (1984–1988)
Kasdi Merbah , Prime minister (1988–1989)
Mouloud Hamrouche , Prime minister (1989–1991)
Sid Ahmed Ghozali , Prime minister (1991–1992)
Belaid Abdessalam , Prime minister (1992–1993)
Redha Malek , Prime minister (1993–1994)
Mokdad Sifi , Prime minister (1994–1995)
Ahmed Ouyahia , Prime minister (1995–1998)
Smail Hamdani , Prime minister (1998–1999)
Ahmed Benbitour , Prime minister (1999–2000)
Ali Benflis , Prime minister (2000–2003)
Morocco
French protectorate , 1912–1956; Spanish protectorate , 1912–1956; Tangier International Zone , 1924–1956
Mbarek Bekkay , Prime minister (1955–1958)
Ahmed Balafrej , Prime minister (1958)
Abdallah Ibrahim , Prime minister (1958–1960)
Ahmed Bahnini , Prime minister (1963–1965)
Mohamed Benhima , Prime minister (1967–1969)
Ahmed Laraki , Prime minister (1969–1971)
Mohammed Karim Lamrani , Prime minister (1971–1972)
Ahmed Osman , Prime minister (1972–1979)
Maati Bouabid , Prime minister (1979–1983)
Mohammed Karim Lamrani , Prime minister (1983–1986)
Azzeddine Laraki , Prime minister (1986–1992)
Mohammed Karim Lamrani , Prime minister (1992–1994)
Abdellatif Filali , Prime minister (1994–1998)
Abderrahmane Youssoufi , Prime minister (1998–2002)
Overseas territory, 1884–1958; Overseas province, 1958–1975
For details see Spain in southwest Europe
Botswana
British protectorate, 1885–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Eswatini/ Swaziland
Sobhuza II , Paramount Chief under British rule (1921–1968), King (1968–1982)
Makhosini Dlamini , Prime minister (1967–1976)
Maphevu Dlamini , Prime minister (1976–1979)
Ben Nsibandze , Acting Prime minister (1979)
Mabandla Dlamini , Prime minister (1979–1983)
Bhekimpi Dlamini , Prime minister (1983–1986)
Sotsha Dlamini , Prime minister (1986–1989)
Obed Dlamini , Prime minister (1989–1993)
Andreas Fakudze , Acting Prime minister (1993)
Jameson Mbilini Dlamini , Prime minister (1993–1996)
Sishayi Nxumalo , Acting Prime minister (1996)
Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini , Prime minister (1996–2003)
Lesotho
British colony, 1884–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Malawi
British protectorate, 1907–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Mozambique
Colony, 1498–1972; Territory, 1972–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Namibia
United Nations trust territory, 1946–1990
For details see the South African Republic under southern Africa
South Africa
Charles Robberts Swart , State President (1961–1967)
Jozua François Naudé , Acting State President (1967–1968)
Jacobus Johannes Fouché , State President (1968–1975)
Johannes de Klerk , Acting State President (1975)
Nico Diederichs , State President (1975–1978)
Marais Viljoen , Acting State President (1978)
Balthazar Johannes Vorster , State President (1978–1979)
Marais Viljoen , State President (1979–1984)
P. W. Botha , State President (1984–1989)
F. W. de Klerk , State President (1989–1994)
Zambia
British protectorate, 1924–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Self-governing British colony, 1953–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Zimbabwe
British protectorate, 1923–1965, 1979–1980
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Benin
Colony, 1904–1958
For details see France under western Europe
Hubert Maga , President (1960–1963)
Christophe Soglo , Head of the Provisional Government (1963–1964)
Sourou-Migan Apithy , President (1964–1965)
Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin , Acting President (1965)
Tahirou Congacou , Acting President (1965)
Christophe Soglo , President (1965–1967)
Jean-Baptiste Hachème , Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee (1967)
Maurice Kouandété , Head of State (1967)
Alphonse Alley , Head of State (1967–1968)
Émile Derlin Zinsou , President (1968–1969)
Maurice Kouandété , Chief of Staff of the Army (1969)
Paul-Émile de Souza , Chairman of the Directory (1969–1970)
Hubert Maga , Chairman of the Presidential Council (1970–1972)
Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin , Chairman of the Presidential Council (1972)
Mathieu Kérékou , President (1972–1975)
Burkina Faso
Yempaabu, King (1941–1986)[ 1] [ 2]
Yencabri, ruler (1942–1969)
Abdullahi Sandu bi Faruku, Almami (1932–1956)
Usman bi Amiru, Almami (1956–1959)
Yendieri, Boopo (1945–1976)
Huntani, Jafuali (1938–1952)
Yempaabu, Jafuali (1952–?)
Yamba Sorgo, Naaba (1933–1957)
Naaba Saaga II, Moogo-naaba (1942–1957)
Naaba Kugri, Moogo-naaba (1957–1982)
Naaba Tigre, Yatenga naaba (1914–1954)
Naaba Sigiri, Yatenga naaba (1954–1960)
Colony, 1919–1932, 1947–1958
For details see France under western Europe
Cape Verde
Colony, 1462–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Gambia
British colony and protectorate, 1821–1965
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Dawda Jawara , President (1970–1994)
Yahya Jammeh , Chairman of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (1994–1996), President (1996–2017)
Ghana
British colony, 1821–1957
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Kwame Nkrumah , President of the First Republic (1960–1966)
Joseph Arthur Ankrah , Military Head of State (1966–1969)
Akwasi Afrifa , Military Head of State (1969)
Akwasi Afrifa , President of the Second Republic (1969–1970)
Nii Amaa Ollennu , Acting President of the Second Republic (1970)
Edward Akufo-Addo , President of the Second Republic (1970–1972)
Ignatius Kutu Acheampong , Military Head of State (1972–1978)
Fred Akuffo , Military Head of State (1978–1979)
Jerry Rawlings , Military Head of State (1979)
Hilla Limann , President of the Third Republic (1979–1981)
Jerry Rawlings , Military Head of State (1981–1993), President of the Fourth Republic (1993–2001)
Guinea
French colony, 1894–1958
For details see France under western Europe
Guinea-Bissau
Colony, 1474–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1974
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Ivory Coast
Colony, 1893–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Liberia
Mali
Colony, 1880–1958
French territory, united together with Senegal 1959–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Modibo Keïta , Head of State (1960–1965), President (1965–1968)
Moussa Traoré , Chairman of the Military Committee for National Liberation (1968–1969), Head of State (1969–1979), President (1979–1991)
Amadou Toumani Touré , Chairman of the National Reconciliation Council (1991), Chairman of the Transitional Committee (1991–1992)
Alpha Oumar Konaré , President (1992–2002)
Mauritania
French colony, 1903–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Moktar Ould Daddah , Prime minister (1960–1961)
Ahmed Ould Bouceif , Prime minister (1979)
Ahmed Salim Ould Sidi , Acting Prime minister (1979)
Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla , Prime minister (1979–1980)
Sid Ahmed Ould Bneijara , Prime minister (1980–1981)
Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya , Prime minister (1981–1984)
Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla , Prime minister (1984)
Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya , Prime minister (1984–1992)
Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar , Prime minister (1992–1996)
Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna , Prime minister (1996–1997)
Mohamed Lemine Ould Guig , Prime minister (1997–1998)
Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna , Prime minister (1998–2003)
Niger
Zarmakoy Moumouni, King (1938–1953)
Zarmakoy Hamani, King (1953–1962)
French colony, 1921–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Hamani Diori , Prime minister (1958–1960)
Mamane Oumarou , Prime minister (1983)
Hamid Algabid , Prime minister (1983–1988)
Mamane Oumarou , Prime minister (1988–1989)
Aliou Mahamidou , Prime minister (1990–1991)
Amadou Cheiffou , Prime minister (1991–1993)
Mahamadou Issoufou , Prime minister (1993–1994)
Souley Abdoulaye , Prime minister (1994–1995)
Amadou Cissé , Prime minister (1995)
Hama Amadou , Prime minister (1995–1996)
Boukary Adji , Prime minister (1996)
Amadou Cissé , Prime minister (1996–1997)
Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki , Prime minister (1997–2000)
Hama Amadou , Prime minister (2000–2007)
Nigeria
British colony, 1862–1906, British colony and protectorate, 1890s–1906
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
British colony, 1914–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Elizabeth II , Queen (1960–1963)
Nnamdi Azikiwe , President of the First Republic (1963–1966)
Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi , Military Head of State (1966)
Yakubu Gowon , Military Head of State (1966–1975)
Murtala Mohammed , Military Head of State (1975–1976)
Olusegun Obasanjo , Military Head of State (1976–1979)
Shehu Shagari , President of the Second Republic (1979–1983)
Muhammadu Buhari , Military Head of State (1983–1985)
Ibrahim Babangida , Military Head of State (1985–1993)
Ernest Shonekan , Transition Head of State Third Republic (1993)
Sani Abacha , Military Head of State (1993–1998)
Abdulsalami Abubakar , Military Head of State (1998–1999)
Olusegun Obasanjo , President of the Fourth Republic (1999–2007)
Senegal
Fode N'Gouye Joof, Maad Saloum (1935–c.1960)[ 4] [ 3]
Federation of colonies, 1895–1958
For details see France under western Europe
French colony, 1659–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Sierra Leone
British colony and protectorate, 1808–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
First Republic
Military regime
Second Republic
Togo
United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1956
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
League of Nations mandate, 1916–1946; United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Americas: Caribbean and Lucayan [ edit ]
Antigua and Barbuda
British territory, 1632–1671, 1958–1962
British colony, 1962–1967
State in free association with the United Kingdom, 1967–1981
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
The Bahamas
British colony, 1648–1973
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Barbados
British colony, 1627–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Cuba
Fidel Castro , Prime minister (1959–1976), President of the Council of Ministers (1976–2008)
Dominica
British Colony, 1763–1978
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Dominican Republic
José Rafael Molina Ureña , Provisional President (1965)
Pedro Bartolomé Benoit , Provisional President (1965)
Antonio Imbert Barrera , President (1965)
Héctor García-Godoy , Provisional President (1965–1966)
Joaquín Balaguer , President (1966–1978)
Antonio Guzmán Fernández , President (1978–1982)
Jacobo Majluta Azar , President (1982)
Salvador Jorge Blanco , President (1982–1986)
Joaquín Balaguer , President (1986–1996)
Leonel Fernández , President (1996–2000)
Hipólito Mejía , President (2000–2004)
Grenada
Eric Gairy , Prime minister (1974–1979)
Maurice Bishop , de facto Prime minister (1979–1983)
Bernard Coard , de facto Prime minister (1983)
Hudson Austin , de facto Prime minister (1983)
Nicholas Brathwaite , de facto Prime minister (1983–1984)
Herbert Blaize , Prime minister (1984–1989)
Ben Jones (Grenada) , Prime minister (1989–1990)
Nicholas Brathwaite , Prime minister (1990–1995)
George Brizan , Prime minister (1995)
Keith Mitchell , Prime minister (1995–2008)
Haiti
Henri Namphy , President of the National Council of Government (1986–1988)
Leslie Manigat , President (1988)
Henri Namphy , President (1988)
Prosper Avril , President (1988–1990)
Hérard Abraham , Acting President (1990)
Ertha Pascal-Trouillot , Provisional President (1990–1991)
Jean-Bertrand Aristide , President (1991)
Raoul Cédras , Acting President (1991)
Joseph Nérette , Provisional President (1991–1992)
Marc Bazin , Acting President (1992–1993)
Jean-Bertrand Aristide , President (1993–1994)
Émile Jonassaint , Provisional President (1994)
Jean-Bertrand Aristide , President (1994–1996)
René Préval , President (1996–2001)
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Dutch colony 1634–1828, 1845–1954
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Constituent country 1954–2010
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Saint Kitts and Nevis
British colony, 1882–1983
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
British colony, 1882–1983
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Saint Lucia
British colony, 1802–1979
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
British colony, 1763–1979
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Trinidad and Tobago
British colony, 1797–1962
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Belize
British colony, 1862–1981
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Costa Rica
Otilio Ulate Blanco , President (1949–1953)
José Figueres Ferrer , President (1953–1958)
Mario Echandi Jiménez , President (1958–1962)
Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich , President (1962–1966)
José Trejos Fernández , President (1966–1970)
José Figueres Ferrer , President (1970–1974)
Daniel Oduber Quirós , President (1974–1978)
Rodrigo Carazo Odio , President (1978–1982)
Luis Monge Álvarez , President (1982–1986)
Óscar Arias , President (1986–1990)
Rafael Calderón Fournier , President (1990–1994)
José Figueres Olsen , President (1994–1998)
Miguel Rodríguez Echeverría , President (1998–2002)
El Salvador
First Junta: Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez , Mario Antonio Andino , Román Mayorga Quirós , Guillermo Ungo , Adolfo Arnoldo Majano (1979–1980)
Second Junta: Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez , José Ramón Ávalos Navarrete , Adolfo Arnoldo Majano , Héctor Dada Hirezi , José Antonio Morales Ehrlich (1980)
Third Junta: José Ramón Ávalos Navarrete , Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez , José Napoleón Duarte , José Antonio Morales Ehrlich (1980–1982)
Guatemala
Juan José Arévalo , President (1945–1951)
Jacobo Árbenz , President (1951–1954)
Carlos Enrique Díaz de León , Provisional President (1954)
Elfego Hernán Monzón Aguirre , Chairman of Military Junta (1954)
Carlos Castillo Armas , President (1954–1957)
Luis Arturo González López , Acting President (1957)
Óscar Mendoza Azurdia , Chairman of Military Junta (1957)
Guillermo Flores Avendaño , Acting President (1957–1958)
Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes , President (1958–1963)
Enrique Peralta Azurdia , President (1963–1966)
Julio César Méndez Montenegro , President (1966–1970)
Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio , President (1970–1974)
Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García , President (1974–1978)
Fernando Romeo Lucas García , President (1978–1982)
Efraín Ríos Montt , President (1982–1983)
Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores , President (1983–1986)
Vinicio Cerezo , President (1986–1991)
Jorge Serrano Elías , President (1991–1993)
Gustavo Adolfo Espina Salguero , President (1993)
Ramiro de León Carpio , President (1993–1996)
Álvaro Arzú , President (1996–2000)
Alfonso Portillo , President (2000–2004)
Honduras
Juan Manuel Gálvez , President (1949–1954)
Julio Lozano Díaz , President (1954–1956)
Military Government Council , President (1956–1957)
Ramón Villeda Morales , President (1957–1963)
Oswaldo López Arellano , President (1963–1971)
Ramón Ernesto Cruz Uclés , President (1971–1972)
Oswaldo López Arellano , President (1972–1975)
Juan Alberto Melgar Castro , President (1975–1978)
Policarpo Paz García , Provisional President (1978–1982)
Roberto Suazo Córdova , President (1982–1986)
José Azcona del Hoyo , President (1986–1990)
Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero , President (1990–1994)
Carlos Roberto Reina , President (1994–1998)
Carlos Roberto Flores , President (1998–2002)
Nicaragua
Anastasio Somoza García , President (1950–1956)
Luis Somoza Debayle , President (1956–1963)
René Schick , President (1963–1966)
Orlando Montenegro Medrano , Acting President (1966)
Lorenzo Guerrero , President (1966–1967)
Anastasio Somoza Debayle , President (1967–1972)
Liberal-Conservative Junta , President (1972–1974)
Anastasio Somoza Debayle , President (1974–1979)
Francisco Urcuyo , Acting President (1979)
Junta of National Reconstruction : Daniel Ortega , Coordinator (1979–1985)
Daniel Ortega , President (1985–1990)
Violeta Chamorro , President (1990–1997)
Arnoldo Alemán , President (1997–2002)
Panama
Arnulfo Arias , President (1949–1951)
Alcibíades Arosemena , President (1951–1952)
José Antonio Remón Cantera , President (1952–1955)
José Ramón Guizado , President (1955)
Ricardo Arias , President (1955–1956)
Ernesto de la Guardia , President (1956–1960)
Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón , President (1960–1964)
Marco Aurelio Robles , President (1964–1968)
Arnulfo Arias , President (1968)
José María Pinilla Fábrega , Bolívar Urrutia Parrilla , Military junta/ Presidents (1968–1969)
Demetrio B. Lakas , President (1969–1978)
Aristides Royo , President (1978–1982)
Ricardo de la Espriella , President (1982–1984)
Jorge Illueca , President (1984)
Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino , President (1984–1985)
Eric Arturo Delvalle , Acting President (1985–1988)
Manuel Solís Palma , Acting President (1988–1989)
Francisco Rodríguez , Provisional President (1989)
Guillermo Endara , President (1989–1994)
Ernesto Pérez Balladares , President (1994–1999)
Mireya Moscoso , President (1999–2004)
Military leaders: de facto Heads of state (1968–1989 )
Canada
Louis St. Laurent , Prime minister (1948–1957)
John Diefenbaker , Prime minister (1957–1963)
Lester B. Pearson , Prime minister (1963–1968)
Pierre Trudeau , Prime minister (1968–1979)
Joe Clark , Prime minister (1979–1980)
Pierre Trudeau , Prime minister (1980–1984)
John Turner , Prime minister (1984)
Brian Mulroney , Prime minister (1984–1993)
Kim Campbell , Prime minister (1993)
Jean Chrétien , Prime minister (1993–2003)
Mexico
Miguel Alemán Valdés , President (1946–1952)
Adolfo Ruiz Cortines , President (1952–1958)
Adolfo López Mateos , President (1958–1964)
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz , President (1964–1970)
Luis Echeverría , President (1970–1976)
José López Portillo , President (1976–1982)
Miguel de la Madrid , President (1982–1988)
Carlos Salinas de Gortari , President (1988–1994)
Ernesto Zedillo , President (1994–2000)
Vicente Fox , President (2000–2006)
United States
Harry S. Truman , President (1945–1953)
Dwight D. Eisenhower , President (1953–1961)
John F. Kennedy , President (1961–1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson , President (1963–1969)
Richard Nixon , President (1969–1974)
Gerald Ford , President (1974–1977)
Jimmy Carter , President (1977–1981)
Ronald Reagan , President (1981–1989)
George H. W. Bush , President (1989–1993)
Bill Clinton , President (1993–2001)
Argentina
Juan Perón , President (1946–1955)
Eduardo Lonardi , de facto President (1955)
Pedro Eugenio Aramburu , de facto President (1955–1958)
Arturo Frondizi , President (1958–1962)
José María Guido , Interim President (1962–1963)
Arturo Umberto Illia , President (1963–1966)
Military Junta, (1966)
Juan Carlos Onganía , de facto President (1966–1970)
Military Junta, (1970)
Roberto M. Levingston , de facto President (1970–1971)
Alejandro A. Lanusse , de facto President (1971–1973)
Héctor José Cámpora , President (1973)
Raúl Alberto Lastiri , Interim President (1973)
Juan Perón , President (1973–1974)
Isabel Perón , President (1974–1976)
Jorge Rafael Videla , President of the Military Junta (1976–1981)
Roberto Eduardo Viola , President of the Military Junta (1981)
Horacio Tomás Liendo , de facto Acting President (1981)
Carlos Alberto Lacoste , de facto Interim President (1981)
Leopoldo Galtieri , de facto President of the Military Junta (1981–1982)
Alfredo Oscar Saint-Jean , de facto Interim President (1982)
Reynaldo Bignone , de facto President (1982–1983)
Raúl Alfonsín , President (1983–1989)
Carlos Menem , President (1989–1999)
Fernando de la Rúa , President (1999–2001)
Bolivia
Mamerto Urriolagoitía , President (1949–1951)
Hugo Ballivián , Chairman of the Military Junta (1951–1952)
Hernán Siles Zuazo , Provisional President (1952)
Víctor Paz Estenssoro , President (1952–1956)
Hernán Siles Zuazo , President (1956–1960)
Víctor Paz Estenssoro , President (1960–1964)
René Barrientos , Chairman of the Military Junta (1964–1965)
René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando Candía , Co-Chairmen of the Military Junta (1965–1966)
Alfredo Ovando Candía , Chairman of the Military Junta (1966)
René Barrientos , President (1966–1969)
Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas , President (1969)
Alfredo Ovando Candía , President (1969–1970)
Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1970 , Members: Efraín Guachalla Ibáñez , Fernando Sattori Ribera , Alberto Albarracín Crespo (1970)
Juan José Torres , President (1970–1971)
Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1971 , Members: Andrés Selich Chop (Chairmen), Hugo Banzer , Jaime Florentino Mendieta (1971)
Hugo Banzer , President (1971–1978)
Víctor González Fuentes , Chairman of the Military Junta (1978)
Juan Pereda , President (1978)
David Padilla , Chairman of the Military Junta (1978–1979)
Wálter Guevara , Acting President (1979)
Alberto Natusch , President (1979)
Lidia Gueiler Tejada , Acting President (1979–1980)
Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1980 , Members: Luis García Meza Tejada , Waldo Bernal Pereira , Ramiro Terrazas Rodríguez (1980)
Luis García Meza Tejada , President (1980–1981)
Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1981 , Members: Waldo Bernal Pereira , Celso Torrelio , Óscar Jaime Pammo (1981)
Celso Torrelio , President (1981–1982)
Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1982 , Members: Natalio Morales Mosquera , Óscar Jaime Pammo , Ángel Mariscal Gómez (1982)
Guido Vildoso , President (1982)
Hernán Siles Zuazo , President (1982–1985)
Víctor Paz Estenssoro , President (1985–1989)
Jaime Paz Zamora , President (1989–1993)
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada , President (1993–1997)
Hugo Banzer , President (1997–2001)
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Laureano Gómez Castro , President (1950–1953)
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla , President (1953–1957)
Military Junta (1957–1958)
Alberto Lleras Camargo , President (1958–1962)
Guillermo León Valencia , President (1962–1966)
Carlos Lleras Restrepo , President (1966–1970)
Misael Pastrana Borrero , President (1970–1974)
Alfonso López Michelsen , President (1974–1978)
Julio César Turbay Ayala , President (1978–1982)
Belisario Betancur Cuartas , President (1982–1986)
Virgilio Barco Vargas , President (1986–1990)
César Gaviria Trujillo , President (1990–1994)
Ernesto Samper Pizano , President (1994–1998)
Andrés Pastrana Arango , President (1998–2002)
Ecuador
Galo Plaza , President (1948–1952)
José María Velasco Ibarra , President (1952–1956)
Camilo Ponce Enríquez , President (1956–1960)
José María Velasco Ibarra , President (1960–1961)
C.J. Arosemena Monroy , President (1961–1963)
Military Junta, Members: Ramón Castro Jijón , Luis Cabrera Sevilla, Guillermo Freile Posso, Marcos Gándara (1963–1966)
Clemente Yerovi , Acting President (1966)
Otto Arosemena , Interim President (1966–1967), Constitutional President (1967–1968)
José María Velasco Ibarra , President (1968–1970), Jéfe Supremo (1970–1972)
Guillermo Rodríguez Lara , de facto President (1972–1976)
Supreme Government Council, Alfredo Poveda , Guillermo Durán , Luis Leoro Franco (1976–1979)
Jaime Roldós Aguilera , President (1979–1981)
Osvaldo Hurtado , President (1981–1984)
León Febres Cordero , President (1984–1988)
Rodrigo Borja Cevallos , President (1988–1992)
Sixto Durán Ballén , President (1992–1996)
Abdalá Bucaram , President (1996–1997)
Fabián Alarcón , Interim President (1997)
Rosalía Arteaga , Acting President (1997)
Fabián Alarcón , Interim President (1997–1998)
Jamil Mahuad , President (1998–2000)
Gustavo Noboa , President (2000–2003)
Guyana
British colony, 1814–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Co-operative Republic of Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Zenón Noriega Agüero , Prime Minister (1950–1954)
Roque Augusto Saldías Maninat , Prime Minister (1954–1956)
Manuel Cisneros Sánchez , Prime Minister (1956–1958)
Luis Gallo Porras , Prime Minister (1958–1959)
Pedro Beltrán Espantoso , Prime Minister (1959–1961)
Carlos Moreyra y Paz Soldán , Prime Minister (1961–1962)
Nicolás Lindley López , Prime Minister (1962–1963)
Julio Óscar Trelles Montes , Prime Minister (1963)
Fernando Schwalb López Aldana , Prime Minister (1963–1965)
Daniel Becerra de la Flor , Prime Minister (1965–1967)
Edgardo Seoane Corrales , Prime Minister (1967)
Raúl Ferrero Rebagliati , Prime Minister (1967–1968)
Oswaldo Hercelles García , Prime Minister (1968)
Miguel Mujica Gallo , Prime Minister (1968)
Ernesto Montagne Sánchez , Prime Minister (1968–1973)
Luis Edgardo Mercado Jarrín , Prime Minister (1973–1975)
Francisco Morales-Bermúdez , Prime Minister (1975)
Óscar Vargas Prieto , Prime Minister (1975–1976)
Jorge Fernández Maldonado Solari , Prime Minister (1976)
Guillermo Arbulú Galliani , Prime Minister (1976–1978)
Óscar Molina Pallochia , Prime Minister (1978–1979)
Pedro Richter Prada , Prime Minister (1979–1980)
Manuel Ulloa Elías , Prime Minister (1980–1983)
Fernando Schwalb López Aldana , Prime Minister (1983–1984)
Sandro Mariátegui Chiappe , Prime Minister (1984)
Luis Pércovich Roca , Prime Minister (1984–1985)
Luis Alva Castro , Prime Minister (1985–1987)
Guillermo Larco Cox , Prime Minister (1987–1988)
Armando Villanueva del Campo , Prime Minister (1988–1989)
Luis Alberto Sánchez , Prime Minister (1989)
Guillermo Larco Cox , Prime Minister (1989–1990)
Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller , Prime Minister (1990–1991)
Carlos Torres y Torres Lara , Prime Minister (1991)
Alfonso de Los Heros , Prime Minister (1991–1992)
Oscar De La Puente , Prime Minister (1992–1993)
Alfonso Bustamante , Prime Minister (1993–1994)
Efrain Goldenberg , Prime Minister (1994–1995)
Dante Cordova , Prime Minister (1995–1996)
Alberto Pandolfi , Prime Minister (1996–1998)
Javier Valle Riestra , Prime Minister (1998)
Alberto Pandolfi , Prime Minister (1998–1999)
Víctor Joy Way , Prime Minister (1999)
Alberto Bustamante Belaúnde , Prime Minister (1999–2000)
Federico Salas , Prime Minister (2000)
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , Prime Minister (2000–2001)
Suriname
Dutch colony 1667–1954
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Constituent country 1954–1975
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Uruguay
Luis Batlle Berres , President (1947–1951)
Andrés Martínez Trueba , President (1951–1955)
Luis Batlle Berres , President (National Council of Government) (1955–1956)
Alberto Fermín Zubiría , President (National Council of Government) (1956–1957)
Arturo Lezama , President (National Council of Government) (1957–1958)
Carlos Fischer , President (National Council of Government) (1958–1959)
Martín Echegoyen , President (National Council of Government) (1959–1960)
Benito Nardone , President (National Council of Government) (1960–1961)
Eduardo Víctor Haedo , President (National Council of Government) (1961–1962)
Faustino Harrison , President (National Council of Government) (1962–1963)
Daniel Fernández Crespo , President (National Council of Government) (1963–1964)
Luis Giannattasio , President (National Council of Government) (1964–1965)
Washington Beltrán , President (National Council of Government) (1965–1966)
Alberto Héber Usher , President (National Council of Government) (1966–1967)
Óscar Diego Gestido , President (1967)
Jorge Pacheco Areco , President (1967–1972)
Juan María Bordaberry , President (1972–1976)
Venezuela
Marcos Pérez Jiménez , Provisional President (1952–1953), President (1953–1958)
Wolfgang Larrazábal , President (1958)
Edgar Sanabria , Interim President (1958–1959)
Rómulo Betancourt , President (1959–1964)
Raúl Leoni , President (1964–1969)
Rafael Caldera , President (1969–1974)
Carlos Andrés Pérez , President (1974–1979)
Luis Herrera Campins , President (1979–1984)
Jaime Lusinchi , President (1984–1989)
Carlos Andrés Pérez , President (1989–1993)
Octavio Lepage , Acting President (1993)
Ramón José Velásquez , Interim President (1993–1994)
Rafael Caldera , President (1994–1999)
Nasirdin Isanov , Prime minister (1991)
Andrei Iordan , Acting Prime minister (1991–1992)
Tursunbek Chyngyshev , Prime minister (1992–1993)
Almanbet Matubraimov , Acting Prime minister (1993)
Apas Jumagulov , Prime minister (1993–1998)
Kubanychbek Jumaliyev , Acting Prime minister (1998)
Boris Silayev , Acting Prime minister (1998)
Jumabek Ibraimov , Prime minister (1998–1999)
Boris Silayev , Acting Prime minister (1999)
Amangeldy Muraliyev , Prime minister (1999–2000)
Kurmanbek Bakiyev , Prime minister (2000–2002)
Chen Cheng , Premier (1950–1954)
Yu Hung-Chun , Premier (1954–1958)
Chen Cheng , Premier (1958–1963)
Wang Yun-wu , Acting Premier (1963)
Chen Cheng , Premier (1963)
Yen Chia-kan , Premier (1963–1972)
Chiang Ching-kuo , Premier (1972–1978)
Hsu Ching-chung , Acting Premier (1978)
Sun Yun-suan , Premier (1978–1984)
Yu Kuo-hwa , Premier (1984–1989)
Lee Huan , Premier (1989–1990)
Hau Pei-tsun , Premier (1990–1993)
Lien Chan , Premier (1993–1997)
Vincent Siew , Premier (1997–2000)
Tang Fei , Premier (2000)
Chang Chun-hsiung , Premier (2000–2002)
People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong , Chairman (1945–1976), Paramount Leader (1949–1976)
Hua Guofeng , Chairman (1976–1981), Paramount Leader (1976–1978)
Deng Xiaoping , Paramount Leader (1978–1989)
Hu Yaobang , Chairman (1981–1982), General Secretary (1982–1987)
Zhao Ziyang , General Secretary (1987–1989)
Jiang Zemin , General Secretary (1989–2002), Paramount Leader (1989–2002)
Mao Zedong , Chairman (1949–1959)
Liu Shaoqi , President (1959–1968)
Soong Ching-ling , Acting President (1968–1972)
Dong Biwu , Acting President (1968–1975)
Zhu De , NPC Standing Committee Chairman (1975–1976)
Soong Ching-ling , Acting NPC Standing Committee Chairwoman (1976–1978)
Ye Jianying , NPC Standing Committee Chairman (1978–1983)
Li Xiannian , President (1983–1988)
Yang Shangkun , President (1988–1993)
Jiang Zemin , President (1993–2003)
Ichirō Hatoyama , Prime minister (1954–1955)
Tanzan Ishibashi , Prime minister (1956–1957)
Nobusuke Kishi , Prime minister (1957–1958)
Hayato Ikeda , Prime minister (1960)
Eisaku Satō , Prime minister (1964–1967)
Kakuei Tanaka , Prime minister (1972)
Takeo Miki , Prime minister (1974–1976)
Takeo Fukuda , Prime minister (1976–1978)
Masayoshi Ōhira , Prime minister (1978–1979)
Masayoshi Ito , Acting Prime minister (1979)
Zenko Suzuki , Prime minister (1980–1982)
Yasuhiro Nakasone , Prime minister (1982–1983)
Noboru Takeshita , Prime minister (1987–1989)
Sōsuke Uno , Prime minister (1989)
Toshiki Kaifu , Prime minister (1989–1990)
Kiichi Miyazawa , Prime minister (1991–1993)
Morihiro Hosokawa , Prime minister (1993–1994)
Tsutomu Hata , Prime minister (1994)
Tomiichi Murayama , Prime minister (1994–1996)
Ryutaro Hashimoto , Prime minister (1996)
Keizō Obuchi , Prime minister (1998–2000)
Mikio Aoki , Acting Prime minister (2000)
Yoshirō Mori , Prime minister (2000–2001)
Chang Myon , Prime minister (1950–1952)
Heo Jeong , Acting Prime minister (1952)
Yi Yun-yong , Acting Prime minister (1952)
Chang Taek-sang , Prime minister (1952)
Paik Too-chin , Acting Prime minister (1952–1953), Prime minister (1953–1954)
Pyon Yong-tae , Prime minister (1954)
Paek Han-song , Acting Prime minister (1954)
Ho Chong , Prime minister (1960)
Chang Myon , Prime minister (1960–1961)
Jang Do-young , Prime minister (1961)
Song Yo-chan , Prime minister (1961–1962)
Park Chung-hee , Prime minister (1962)
Kim Hyun-chul , Prime minister (1962–1963)
Choi Tu-son , Prime minister (1963–1964)
Chung Il-kwon , Prime minister (1964–1970)
Paik Too-chin , Prime minister (1970–1971)
Kim Jong-pil , Prime minister (1971–1975)
Choi Kyu-hah , Acting Prime minister (1975–1976), Prime minister (1976–1979)
Shin Hyun-hwak , Prime minister (1979–1980)
Pak Choong-hoon , Acting Prime minister (1980)
Nam Duck-woo , Prime minister (1980–1982)
Yoo Chang-soon , Prime minister (1982)
Kim Sang-hyup , Prime minister (1982–1983)
Chin Iee-chong , Prime minister (1983–1984)
Shin Byung-hyun , Acting Prime minister (1984–1985)
Lho Shin-yong , Prime minister (1985–1987)
Lee Han-key , Acting Prime minister (1987)
Kim Chung-yul , Prime minister (1987–1988)
Lee Hyun-jae , Prime minister (1988)
Kang Young-hoon , Prime minister (1988–1990)
Ro Jai-bong , Acting Prime minister (1990–1991), Prime minister (1991)
Chung Won-shik , Prime minister (1991–1992)
Hyun Soong-jong , Prime minister (1992–1993)
Hwang In-sung , Prime minister (1993)
Lee Hoi-chang , Prime minister (1993–1994)
Lee Yung-dug , Prime minister (1994)
Lee Hong-koo , Prime minister (1994–1995)
Lee Soo-sung , Prime minister (1995–1997)
Goh Kun , Prime minister (1997–1998)
Kim Jong-pil , Prime minister (1998–2000)
Park Tae-joon , Prime minister (2000)
Lee Han-dong , Prime minister (2000–2002)
Gonchigiin Bumtsend , Chairman (1940–1953)
Sükhbaataryn Yanjmaa , Acting Chairwoman (1953–1954)
Jamsrangiin Sambuu , Chairman (1954–1972)
Tsagaanlamyn Dügersüren , Acting Chairman (1972)
Sonomyn Luvsan , Acting Chairman (1972–1974)
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal , Chairman (1974–1984)
Nyamyn Jagvaral , Acting Chairman (1984)
Jambyn Batmönkh , Chairman (1984–1990)
Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat , Chairman (1990–1992), President (1990–1992)
Brunei
British protectorate, 1888–1984
Cambodia
Penn Nouth , Prime minister (1953)
Chan Nak , Prime minister (1953–1954)
Penn Nouth , Prime minister (1954–1955)
Leng Ngeth , Prime minister (1955)
Oum Chheang Sun , Prime minister (1956)
Khim Tit , Prime minister (1956)
Sam Yun , Prime minister (1956–1957)
Sim Var , Prime minister (1957–1958)
Ek Yi Oun , Prime minister (1958)
Pho Proeung , Prime minister (1960–1961)
Penn Nouth , Prime minister (1961)
Nhiek Tioulong , Prime minister (1962)
Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum , Prime minister (1962)
Norodom Kantol , Prime minister (1962–1966)
Lon Nol , Prime minister (1966–1967)
Son Sann , Prime minister (1967–1968)
Penn Nouth , Prime minister (1968–1969)
Lon Nol , Prime minister (1969–1970)
Pol Pot , General Secretary (1963–1981)
Heng Samrin , Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1979–1981), Chairman of the State Council (1981–1992)
United Nations protectorate , 1992–1993
East Timor
United Nations protectorate , 1999–2002
Indonesia
Suharto , Acting President (1967–1968), President (1968–1998)
United Nations protectorate , 1962–1963
Laos
Phoui Sananikone , Prime minister (1950–1951)
Savang Vatthana , Prime minister (1951)
Souvanna Phouma , Prime minister (1951–1954)
Katay Don Sasorith , Prime minister (1954–1956)
Souvanna Phouma , Prime minister (1956–1958)
Phoui Sananikone , Prime minister (1958–1959)
Sounthone Pathammavong , Prime minister (1959–1960)
Kou Abhay , Prime minister (1960)
Somsanith Vongkotrattana , Prime minister (1960)
Souvanna Phouma , Prime minister (1960)
Boun Oum , Prime minister (1960–1962)
Souvanna Phouma , Prime minister (1962–1975)
Malaysia
Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan , Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1957–1960)
Hisamuddin of Selangor , Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1960)
Putra of Perlis , Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1960–1965)
Ismail Nasiruddin of Terengganu , Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1965–1970)
Abdul Halim of Kedah , Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1970–1975)
Yahya Petra of Kelantan , Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1975–1979)
Ahmad Shah of Pahang , Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1979–1984)
Iskandar of Johor , Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1984–1989)
Azlan Shah of Perak , Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1989–1994)
Jaafar of Negeri Sembilan , Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1994–1999)
Salahuddin of Selangor , Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1999–2001)
Myanmar / Burma
U Nu , Prime minister (1948–1956)
Ba Swe , Prime minister (1956–1957)
U Nu , Prime minister (1957–1958)
Ne Win , Prime minister (1958–1960)
U Nu , Prime minister (1960–1962)
Ne Win , Prime minister (1962–1974)
Philippines
Third Philippine Republic
Fourth Philippine Republic
Fifth Philippine Republic
Fourth Philippine Republic
Singapore
Thailand
Plaek Phibunsongkhram , Prime minister (1948–1957)
Pote Sarasin , Prime minister (1957–1958)
Thanom Kittikachorn , Prime minister (1958)
Sarit Thanarat , Prime minister (1957, 1958–1963)
Thanom Kittikachorn , Prime minister (1963–1973)
Sanya Dharmasakti , Prime minister (1973–1975)
Seni Pramoj , Prime minister (1975)
Kukrit Pramoj , Prime minister (1975–1976)
Seni Pramoj , Prime minister (1976)
Thanin Kraivichien , Prime minister (1976–1977)
Kriangsak Chamanan , Prime minister (1977–1980)
Prem Tinsulanonda , Prime minister (1980–1988)
Chatichai Choonhavan , Prime minister (1988–1991)
Anand Panyarachun , Prime minister (1991–1992)
Suchinda Kraprayoon , Prime minister (1992)
Meechai Ruchuphan , Acting Prime minister (1992)
Anand Panyarachun , Prime minister (1992)
Chuan Leekpai , Prime minister (1992–1995)
Banharn Silpa-archa , Prime minister (1995–1996)
Chavalit Yongchaiyudh , Prime minister (1996–1997)
Chuan Leekpai , Prime minister (1997–2001)
Vietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem , President (1955–1963)
Dương Văn Minh , President (1963–1964)
Nguyễn Khánh , President (1964)
Dương Văn Minh , President (1964)
Nguyễn Khánh , President (1964)
Dương Văn Minh , President (1964)
Phan Khắc Sửu , President (1964–1965)
Nguyễn Văn Thiệu , President (1965–1975)
Trần Văn Hương , Acting President (1975)
Dương Văn Minh , Acting President (1975)
Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ , Prime minister (1963–1964)
Nguyễn Khánh , Prime minister (1964)
Nguyễn Xuân Oánh , Acting Prime minister (1964)
Nguyễn Khánh , Prime minister (1964)
Trần Văn Hương , Prime minister (1964–1965)
Nguyễn Xuân Oánh , Acting Prime minister (1965)
Phan Huy Quát , Prime minister (1965)
Nguyễn Cao Kỳ , Prime minister (1965–1967)
Nguyễn Văn Lộc , Prime minister (1967–1968)
Trần Văn Hương , Prime minister (1968–1969)
Trần Thiện Khiêm , Prime minister (1969–1975)
Nguyễn Bá Cẩn , Prime minister (1975)
Vũ Văn Mẫu , Prime minister (1975)
Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976–present)
Phạm Văn Đồng , Prime minister (1976–1981), Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1981–1987)
Phạm Hùng , Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1987–1988)
Võ Văn Kiệt , Acting Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1988)
Đỗ Mười , Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1988–1991)
Võ Văn Kiệt , Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1991–1992), Prime minister (1992–1997)
Phan Văn Khải , Prime minister (1997–2006)
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , President (1971–1972)
Syed Nazrul Islam , Acting President (1971–1972)
Abu Sayeed Chowdhury , President (1972–1973)
Mohammad Mohammadullah , Acting President (1973–1974), President (1974–1975)
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , President (1975)
Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad , President (1975)
Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem , President (1975–1977)
Ziaur Rahman , President (1977–1981)
Abdus Sattar , President (1981–1982)
Hussain Muhammad Ershad , President (1982)
A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury , President (1982–1983)
Hussain Muhammad Ershad , President (1983–1990)
Shahabuddin Ahmed , Interim President (1990–1991)
Abdur Rahman Biswas , President (1991–1996)
Shahabuddin Ahmed , President (1996–2001)
Tajuddin Ahmad , Prime minister (1971–1972)
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Prime minister (1972–1975)
Muhammad Mansur Ali , Prime minister (1975)
Mashiur Rahman , Prime minister (1978–1979)
Shah Azizur Rahman , Prime minister (1979–1982)
Ataur Rahman Khan , Prime minister (1984–1986)
Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury , Prime minister (1986–1988)
Moudud Ahmed , Prime minister (1988–1989)
Kazi Zafar Ahmed , Prime minister (1989–1990)
Khaleda Zia , Prime minister (1991–1996)
Muhammad Habibur Rahman , Prime minister (1996)
Sheikh Hasina , Prime minister (1996–2001)
Bhutan
India
Rajendra Prasad , President (1950–1962)
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , President (1962–1967)
Zakir Husain , President (1967–1969)
V. V. Giri , Acting President (1969)
Mohammad Hidayatullah , Acting President (1969)
V. V. Giri , President (1969–1974)
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , President (1974–1977)
B. D. Jatti , Acting President (1977)
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , President (1977–1982)
Zail Singh , President (1982–1987)
R. Venkataraman , President (1987–1992)
Shankar Dayal Sharma , President (1992–1997)
K. R. Narayanan , President (1997–2002)
Jawaharlal Nehru , Prime minister (1947–1964)
Gulzarilal Nanda , Acting Prime minister (1964)
Lal Bahadur Shastri , Prime minister (1964–1966)
Gulzarilal Nanda , Acting Prime minister (1966)
Indira Gandhi , Prime minister (1966–1977)
Morarji Desai , Prime minister (1977–1979)
Charan Singh , Prime minister (1979–1980)
Indira Gandhi , Prime minister (1980–1984)
Rajiv Gandhi , Prime minister (1984–1989)
V. P. Singh , Prime minister (1989–1990)
Chandra Shekhar , Prime minister (1990–1991)
P. V. Narasimha Rao , Prime minister (1991–1996)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee , Prime minister (1996)
H. D. Deve Gowda , Prime minister (1996–1997)
I. K. Gujral , Prime minister (1997–1998)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee , Prime minister (1998–2004)
Maldives
Nepal
Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana , Prime minister (1948–1951)
Matrika Prasad Koirala , Prime minister (1951–1952)
Matrika Prasad Koirala , Prime minister (1953–1955)
Tanka Prasad Acharya , Prime minister (1956–1957)
Kunwar Inderjit Singh , Prime minister (1957–1958)
Subarna Shamsher Rana , Prime minister (1958–1959)
Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala , Prime minister (1959–1960)
Tulsi Giri , Prime minister (1960–1963)
Surya Bahadur Thapa , Prime minister (1963–1964)
Tulsi Giri , Prime minister (1964–1965)
Surya Bahadur Thapa , Prime minister (1965–1969)
Kirti Nidhi Bista , Prime minister (1969–1970)
Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari , Acting Prime minister (1970–1971)
Kirti Nidhi Bista , Prime minister (1971–1973)
Nagendra Prasad Rijal , Prime minister (1973–1975)
Tulsi Giri , Prime minister (1975–1977)
Kirti Nidhi Bista , Prime minister (1977–1979)
Surya Bahadur Thapa , Prime minister (1979–1983)
Lokendra Bahadur Chand , Prime minister (1983–1986)
Nagendra Prasad Rijal , Prime minister (1986)
Marich Man Singh Shrestha , Prime minister (1986–1990)
Lokendra Bahadur Chand , Prime minister (1990)
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai , Prime minister (1990–1991)
Girija Prasad Koirala , Prime minister (1991–1994)
Man Mohan Adhikari , Prime minister (1994–1995)
Sher Bahadur Deuba , Prime minister (1995–1997)
Lokendra Bahadur Chand , Prime minister (1997)
Surya Bahadur Thapa , Prime minister (1997–1998)
Girija Prasad Koirala , Prime minister (1998–1999)
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai , Prime minister (1999–2000)
Girija Prasad Koirala , Prime minister (2000–2001)
Pakistan
Iskander Mirza , President (1956–1958)
Ayub Khan , President (1958–1969)
Yahya Khan , President (1969–1971)
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , President (1971–1973)
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry , President (1973–1978)
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq , President (1978–1988)
Ghulam Ishaq Khan , President (1988–1993)
Wasim Sajjad , Acting President (1993)
Farooq Leghari , President (1993–1997)
Wasim Sajjad , Acting President (1997)
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar , President (1997–2001)
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy , Prime minister (1956–1957)
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar , Prime minister (1957)
Feroz Khan Noon , Prime minister (1957–1958)
Nurul Amin , Prime minister (1971)
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , Prime minister (1973–1977)
Muhammad Khan Junejo , Prime minister (1985–1988)
Benazir Bhutto , Prime minister (1988–1990)
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi , Acting Prime minister (1990)
Nawaz Sharif , Prime minister (1990–1993)
Balakh Sher Mazari , Acting Prime minister (1993)
Nawaz Sharif , Prime minister (1993)
Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi , Acting Prime minister (1993)
Benazir Bhutto , Prime minister (1993–1996)
Malik Meraj Khalid , Acting Prime minister (1996–1997)
Nawaz Sharif , Prime minister (1997–1999)
Sri Lanka
Bahrain
Protectorate of the United Kingdom, 1861–1971
Cyprus
Colony, 1878–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Iran
Iraq
Nuri al-Said , Prime minister (1930–1932, 1938–1940, 1941–1944, 1946–1947, 1949, 1950–1952, 1954–1957, 1958)
Mustafa Mahmud al-Umari , Prime minister (1952–1953)
Nureddin Mahmud , Prime minister (1952–1953)
Jameel Al-Madfaai , Prime minister (1933–1934, 1935, 1937–1938, 1941, 1953)
Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali , Prime minister (1953–1954)
Arshad al-Umari , Prime minister (1946, 1954)
Ali Jawdat Al-Ayyubi , Prime minister (1934–1935, 1949–1950, 1957)
Abdul-Wahab Mirjan , Prime minister (1957–1958)
Ahmad Mukhtar Baban , Prime minister (1958)
Israel
David Ben-Gurion , Prime minister (1948–1953)
Moshe Sharett , Prime minister (1953–1955)
David Ben-Gurion , Prime minister (1955–1963)
Levi Eshkol , Prime minister (1963–1969)
Yigal Allon , Acting Prime minister (1969)
Golda Meir , Prime minister (1969–1974)
Yitzhak Rabin , Prime minister (1974–1977)
Menachem Begin , Prime minister (1977–1983)
Yitzhak Shamir , Prime minister (1983–1984)
Shimon Peres , Prime minister (1984–1986)
Yitzhak Shamir , Prime minister (1986–1992)
Yitzhak Rabin , Prime minister (1992–1995)
Shimon Peres , Prime minister (1995–1996)
Benjamin Netanyahu , Prime minister (1996–1999)
Ehud Barak , Prime minister (1999–2001)
Jordan
Samir al-Rifai , Prime minister (1950–1951)
Tawfik Abu al-Huda , Prime minister (1951–1953)
Fawzi al-Mulki , Prime minister (1953–1954)
Tawfik Abu al-Huda , Prime minister (1954–1955)
Sa`id al-Mufti , Prime minister (1955)
Hazza' al-Majali , Prime minister (1955)
Ibrahim Hashem , Acting Prime minister (1955–1956)
Samir al-Rifai , Prime minister (1956)
Sa`id al-Mufti , Prime minister (1956)
Ibrahim Hashem , Prime minister (1956)
Sulayman al-Nabulsi , Prime minister (1956–1957)
Husayin al-Khalidi , Prime minister (1957)
Ibrahim Hashem , Prime minister (1957–1958)
Samir al-Rifai , Prime minister (1958–1959)
Hazza' al-Majali , Prime minister (1959–1960)
Bahjat Talhouni , Prime minister (1960–1962)
Wasfi al-Tal , Prime minister (1962–1963)
Samir al-Rifai , Prime minister (1963)
Hussein ibn Nasser , Prime minister (1963–1964)
Bahjat Talhouni , Prime minister (1964–1965)
Wasfi al-Tal , Prime minister (1965–1967)
Hussein ibn Nasser , Prime minister (1967)
Saad Jumaa , Prime minister (1967)
Bahjat Talhouni , Prime minister (1967–1969)
Abdelmunim al-Rifai , Prime minister (1969)
Bahjat Talhouni , Prime minister (1969–1970)
Abdelmunim al-Rifai , Prime minister (1970)
Mohammad Daoud Al-Abbasi , Prime minister (1970)
Ahmad Toukan , Prime minister (1970)
Wasfi al-Tal , Prime minister (1970–1971)
Ahmad Lozi , Prime minister (1971–1973)
Zaid al-Rifai , Prime minister (1973–1976)
Mudar Badran , Prime minister (1976–1979)
Abdelhamid Sharaf , Prime minister (1979–1980)
Kassim al-Rimawi , Prime minister (1980)
Mudar Badran , Prime minister (1980–1984)
Ahmad Obeidat , Prime minister (1984–1985)
Zaid al-Rifai , Prime minister (1985–1989)
Zaid ibn Shaker , Prime minister (1989)
Mudar Badran , Prime minister (1989–1991)
Taher al-Masri , Prime minister (1991)
Zaid ibn Shaker , Prime minister (1991–1993)
Abdelsalam al-Majali , Prime minister (1993–1995)
Zaid ibn Shaker , Prime minister (1995–1996)
Abdul Karim al-Kabariti , Prime minister (1996–1997)
Abdelsalam al-Majali , Prime minister (1997–1998)
Fayez al-Tarawneh , Prime minister (1998–1999)
Abdelraouf al-Rawabdeh , Prime minister (1999–2000)
Ali Abu al-Ragheb , Prime minister (2000–2003)
Kuwait
Lebanon
Bechara El Khoury , President (1943–1952)
Fuad Chehab , Acting President (1952)
Camille Chamoun , President (1952–1958)
Fuad Chehab , President (1958–1964)
Charles Helou , President (1964–1970)
Suleiman Frangieh , President (1970–1976)
Elias Sarkis , President (1976–1982)
Amine Gemayel , President (1982–1988)
Selim Hoss , Acting President, Disputed (1988–1989)
Michel Aoun , Acting President, Disputed (1988–1990)
René Moawad , President, Disputed (1989)
Selim Hoss , Acting President (1989)
Elias Hrawi , President (1989–1998)
Émile Lahoud , President (1998–2007)
Riad Al Solh , Prime minister (1946–1951)
Hussein Al Oweini , Prime minister (1951)
Abdallah El-Yafi , Prime minister (1951–1952)
Sami as-Solh , Prime minister (1952)
Nazem Akkari , Prime minister (1952)
Saeb Salam , Prime minister (1952)
Abdallah El-Yafi , Prime minister (1952)
Khaled Chehab , Prime minister (1952–1953)
Saeb Salam , Prime minister (1953)
Abdallah El-Yafi , Prime minister (1953–1954)
Sami as-Solh , Prime minister (1954–1955)
Rashid Karami , Prime minister (1955–1956)
Abdallah El-Yafi , Prime minister (1956)
Sami as-Solh , Prime minister (1956–1958)
Khalil al-Hibri , Prime minister (1958)
Rashid Karami , Prime minister (1958–1960)
Ahmad Daouk , Prime minister (1960)
Saeb Salam , Prime minister (1960–1961)
Rashid Karami , Prime minister (1961–1964)
Hussein Al Oweini , Prime minister (1964–1965)
Rashid Karami , Prime minister (1965–1966)
Abdallah El-Yafi , Prime minister (1966)
Rashid Karami , Prime minister (1966–1968)
Abdallah El-Yafi , Prime minister (1968–1969)
Rashid Karami , Prime minister (1969–1970)
Saeb Salam , Prime minister (1970–1973)
Amin al-Hafez , Prime minister (1973)
Takieddin el-Solh , Prime minister (1973–1974)
Rachid Solh , Prime minister (1974–1975)
Nureddine Rifai , Prime minister (1975)
Rashid Karami , Prime minister (1975–1976)
Selim Hoss , Prime minister (1976–1980)
Takieddin el-Solh , Prime minister (1980)
Shafik Wazzan , Prime minister (1980–1984)
Rashid Karami , Prime minister (1984–1987)
Selim Hoss , Prime minister (1987–1990)
Michel Aoun , Disputed Prime minister (1988–1990)
Omar Karami , Prime minister (1990–1992)
Rachid Solh , Prime minister (1992)
Rafic Hariri , Prime minister (1992–1998)
Selim Hoss , Prime minister (1998–2000)
Rafic Hariri , Prime minister (2000–2004)
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Ibn Saud , Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1932), King (1932–1953)
Saud , King (1953–1964)
Faisal , King (1964–1975)
Khalid , King (1975–1982)
Fahd , King (1982–2005)
Syria
Nazim al-Kudsi , Prime minister (1950–1951)
Khalid al-Azm , Prime minister (1951)
Hassan al-Hakim , Prime minister (1951)
Zaki al-Khatib , Prime minister (1951)
Maarouf al-Dawalibi , Prime minister (1951)
Fawzi Selu , Prime minister (1951–1953)
Adib Shishakli , Prime minister (1953–1954)
Sabri al-Asali , Prime minister (1954)
Said al-Ghazzi , Prime minister (1954)
Fares al-Khoury , Prime minister (1954–1955)
Sabri al-Asali , Prime minister (1955)
Said al-Ghazzi , Prime minister (1955–1956)
Sabri al-Asali , Prime minister (1956–1958)
Maamun al-Kuzbari , Acting President (1961)
Izzat al-Nuss , Acting President (1961)
Nazim al-Kudsi , President (1961–1963)
Lu'ay al-Atassi , President (1963)
Amin al-Hafiz , President (1963–1966)
Nureddin al-Atassi , President (1966–1970)
Ahmad al-Khatib , Acting President (1970–1971)
Hafez al-Assad , President (1971–2000)
Abdul Halim Khaddam , Acting President (2000)
Bashar al-Assad , President (2000–present)
Maamun al-Kuzbari , Prime minister (1961)
Izzat al-Nuss , Prime minister (1961)
Maarouf al-Dawalibi , Prime minister (1961–1962)
Bashir al-Azma , Prime minister (1962)
Khalid al-Azm , Prime minister (1962–1963)
Salah al-Din al-Bitar , Prime minister (1963)
Amin al-Hafiz , Prime minister (1963–1964)
Salah al-Din al-Bitar , Prime minister (1964)
Amin al-Hafiz , Prime minister (1964–1965)
Yusuf Zuayyin , Prime minister (1965)
Salah al-Din al-Bitar , Prime minister (1966)
Yusuf Zuaiyin , Prime minister (1966–1968)
Nureddin al-Atassi , Prime minister (1968–1970)
Hafez al-Assad , Prime minister (1970–1971)
Abdul Rahman Khleifawi , Prime minister (1971–1972)
Mahmoud al-Ayyubi , Prime minister (1972–1976)
Abdul Rahman Khleifawi , Prime minister (1976–1978)
Muhammad Ali al-Halabi , Prime minister (1978–1980)
Abdul Rauf al-Kasm , Prime minister (1980–1987)
Mahmoud Zuabi , Prime minister (1987–2000)
Muhammad Mustafa Mero , Prime minister (2000–2003)
Turkey
Celâl Bayar , President (1950–1960)
Cemal Gürsel , Chairman (1960–1961), President (1961–1966)
Cevdet Sunay , President (1966–1973)
Fahri Korutürk , President (1973–1980)
Kenan Evren , Chairman (1980–1982), President (1982–1989)
Turgut Özal , President (1989–1993)
Süleyman Demirel , President (1993–2000)
Ahmet Necdet Sezer , President (2000–2007)
Adnan Menderes , Prime minister (1950–1960)
Cemal Gürsel , Prime minister (1960–1961)
Fahri Özdilek , Acting Prime minister (1961)
İsmet İnönü , Prime minister (1961–1965)
Suat Hayri Ürgüplü , Prime minister (1965)
Süleyman Demirel , Prime minister (1965–1971)
Nihat Erim , Prime minister (1971–1972)
Ferit Melen , Prime minister (1972–1973)
Naim Talu , Prime minister (1973–1974)
Bülent Ecevit , Prime minister (1974)
Sadi Irmak , Prime minister (1974–1975)
Süleyman Demirel , Prime minister (1975–1977)
Bülent Ecevit , Prime minister (1977)
Süleyman Demirel , Prime minister (1977–1978)
Bülent Ecevit , Prime minister (1978–1979)
Süleyman Demirel , Prime minister (1979–1980)
Bülent Ulusu , Prime minister (1980–1983)
Turgut Özal , Prime minister (1983–1989)
Ali Bozer , Acting Prime minister (1989)
Yıldırım Akbulut , Prime minister (1989–1991)
Mesut Yılmaz , Prime minister (1991)
Süleyman Demirel , Prime minister (1991–1993)
Erdal İnönü , Acting Prime minister (1993)
Tansu Çiller , Prime minister (1993–1996)
Mesut Yılmaz , Prime minister (1996)
Necmettin Erbakan , Prime minister (1996–1997)
Mesut Yılmaz , Prime minister (1997–1999)
Bülent Ecevit , Prime minister (1999–2002)
United Arab Emirates
Yemen: North
Abdullah al-Sallal , Prime minister (1962–1963)
Abdul Latif Dayfallah , Prime minister (1963)
Abdul Rahman al-Iryani , Prime minister (1963–1964)
Hassan al-Amri , Prime minister (1964)
Hamoud al-Gayifi , Prime minister (1964–1965)
Hassan al-Amri , Prime minister (1965)
Ahmad Muhammad Numan , Prime minister (1965)
Abdullah al-Sallal , Prime minister (1965)
Hassan al-Amri , Prime minister (1965–1966)
Abdullah al-Sallal , Prime minister (1966–1967)
Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini , Prime minister (1967)
Hassan al-Amri , Prime minister (1967–1969)
Abdul Salam Sabrah , Acting Prime minister (1969)
Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini , Prime minister (1969)
Abdullah Kurshumi , Prime minister (1969–1970)
Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini , Prime minister (1970–1971)
Abdul Salam Sabrah , Acting Prime minister (1971)
Ahmad Muhammad Numan , Prime minister (1971)
Hassan al-Amri , Prime minister (1971)
Abdul Salam Sabrah , Acting Prime minister (1971)
Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini , Prime minister (1971–1972)
Kadhi Abdullah al-Hagri , Prime minister (1972–1974)
Hassan Muhammad Makki , Prime minister (1974)
Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini , Prime minister (1974–1975)
Abdul Latif Dayfallah , Acting Prime minister (1975)
Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani , Prime minister (1975–1980)
Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani , Prime minister (1980–1983)
Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani , Prime minister (1983–1990)
Yemen: South
Muhsin ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-'Awlaqi, Amir (1902–1959)
'Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al-Yaslami al-'Awlaqi, Amir (1959–1967)
Nasir ibn 'Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1948–1967)
'Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Sa`id al-Wahidi, Regent (1967)
'Awad ibn Salih al-'Awlaqi, Sultan (1935–1967)
'Ali ibn 'Ali al-'Amiri, Emir (1947–1954)
Shafa`ul ibn 'Ali al-'Amiri, Emir (1954–1967)
al-Husayn ibn 'Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1962), Subordinate ruler (1962–1967)
al-Husain ibn 'Ali al-Kathir, Sultan (1949–1967)
Aydarus ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1925–1958)
Mahmud ibn Aydarus al-Afifi, ruler (1958–1967)
Muhammad ibn Salih ibn 'Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1948–1967)
al-Fadl V ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1947–1952)
'Ali III ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1952–1958)
al-Fadl VI ibn 'Ali al-'Abdali, Sultan (1958–1967)
Ahmad ibn 'Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-20th century–1952)
'Isa ibn 'Ali ibn Salim Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1952–1967)
British Colony, 1937–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Yemen: United
Ali Abdullah Saleh , Chairman of the Presidential Council (1990–1994), president (1994–2012)
Albania
Bulgaria
Greece
Sofoklis Venizelos , Prime minister (1950–1951)
Nikolaos Plastiras , Prime minister (1951–1952)
Dimitrios Kiousopoulos , caretaker Prime minister (1952)
Alexander Papagos , Prime minister (1952–1955)
Konstantinos Karamanlis , Prime minister (1955–1958)
Konstantinos Georgakopoulos , caretaker Prime minister (1958)
Konstantinos Karamanlis , Prime minister (1958–1961)
Konstantinos Dovas , Prime minister (1961)
Konstantinos Karamanlis , Prime minister (1961–1963)
Panagiotis Pipinelis , Prime minister (1963)
Stylianos Mavromichalis , caretaker Prime minister (1963)
Georgios Papandreou , prime minister (1963)
Ioannis Paraskevopoulos , caretaker Prime minister (1963–1964)
Georgios Papandreou , Prime minister (1964–1965)
Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas , Prime minister (1965)
Ilias Tsirimokos , Prime minister (1965)
Stefanos Stefanopoulos , Prime minister (1965–1966)
Ioannis Paraskevopoulos , Interim Prime minister (1966–1967)
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos , caretaker Prime minister (1967)
Kosovo
Yugoslavia: Serbia & Yugoslavia
Josip Broz Tito , General Secretary (1945–1964), President of the Presidium (1964–1980)
Stevan Doronjski , President of the Presidium (1980)
Lazar Mojsov , President of the Presidium (1980–1981)
Dušan Dragosavac , President of the Presidium (1981–1982)
Mitja Ribičić , President of the Presidium (1982–1983)
Dragoslav Marković , President of the Presidium (1983–1984)
Ali Shukrija , President of the Presidium (1984–1985)
Vidoje Žarković , President of the Presidium (1985–1986)
Milanko Renovica , President of the Presidium (1986–1987)
Boško Krunić , President of the Presidium (1987–1988)
Stipe Šuvar , President of the Presidium (1988–1989)
Milan Pančevski , President of the Presidium (1989–1990)
Ivan Ribar , President of the Presidency (1945–1953)
Josip Broz Tito , President (1953–1980)
Lazar Koliševski , President of the Presidency (1980)
Cvijetin Mijatović , President of the Presidency (1980–1981)
Sergej Kraigher , President of the Presidency (1981–1982)
Petar Stambolić , President of the Presidency (1982–1983)
Mika Špiljak , President of the Presidency (1983–1984)
Veselin Đuranović , President of the Presidency (1984–1985)
Radovan Vlajković , President of the Presidency (1985–1986)
Sinan Hasani , President of the Presidency (1986–1987)
Lazar Mojsov , President of the Presidency (1987–1988)
Raif Dizdarević , President of the Presidency (1988–1989)
Janez Drnovšek , President of the Presidency (1989–1990)
Borisav Jović , President of the Presidency (1990–1991)
Sejdo Bajramović , Acting President of the Presidency (1991)
Stjepan Mesić , President of the Presidency (1991)
Branko Kostić , Acting President of the Presidency (1991–1992)
Josip Broz Tito , Prime minister (1941–1963)
Petar Stambolić , Prime minister (1963–1967)
Mika Špiljak , Prime minister (1967–1969)
Mitja Ribičič , Prime minister (1969–1971)
Džemal Bijedić , Prime minister (1971–1977)
Veselin Đuranović , Prime minister (1977–1982)
Milka Planinc , Prime minister (1982–1986)
Branko Mikulić , Prime minister (1986–1989)
Ante Marković , Prime minister (1989–1991)
Aleksandar Mitrović , Acting Prime minister (1991–1992)
Yugoslavia: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Yugoslavia: Croatia
United Nations protectorate , 1996–1998
Yugoslavia: Macedonia
Yugoslavia: Slovenia
Europe: Baltic states [ edit ]
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Kazimira Prunskienė , Prime minister (1990–1991)
Albertas Šimėnas , Prime minister (1991)
Gediminas Vagnorius , Prime minister (1991–1992)
Aleksandras Abišala , Prime minister (1992)
Bronislovas Lubys , Prime minister (1992–1993)
Adolfas Šleževičius , Prime minister (1993–1996)
Laurynas Stankevičius , Prime minister (1996)
Gediminas Vagnorius , Prime minister (1996–1999)
Irena Degutienė , Acting Prime minister (1999)
Rolandas Paksas , Prime minister (1999)
Irena Degutienė , Acting Prime minister (1999)
Andrius Kubilius , Prime minister (1999–2000)
Rolandas Paksas , Prime minister (2000–2001)
Europe: British Isles [ edit ]
Ireland
John A. Costello , Taoiseach (1948–1951)
Éamon de Valera , Taoiseach (1951–1954)
John A. Costello , Taoiseach (1954–1957)
Éamon de Valera , Taoiseach (1957–1959)
Seán Lemass , Taoiseach (1959–1966)
Jack Lynch , Taoiseach (1966–1973)
Liam Cosgrave , Taoiseach (1973–1977)
Jack Lynch , Taoiseach (1977–1979)
Charles Haughey , Taoiseach (1979–1981)
Garret FitzGerald , Taoiseach (1981–1982)
Charles Haughey , Taoiseach (1982)
Garret FitzGerald , Taoiseach (1981–1987)
Charles Haughey , Taoiseach (1987–1992)
Albert Reynolds , Taoiseach (1992–1994)
John Bruton , Taoiseach (1994–1997)
Bertie Ahern , Taoiseach (1997–2008)
United Kingdom
Clement Attlee , Prime minister (1945–1951)
Winston Churchill , Prime minister (1951–1955)
Anthony Eden , Prime minister (1955–1957)
Harold Macmillan , Prime minister (1957–1963)
Alec Douglas-Home , Prime minister (1963–1964)
Harold Wilson , Prime minister (1964–1970)
Edward Heath , Prime minister (1970–1974)
Harold Wilson , Prime minister (1974–1976)
James Callaghan , Prime minister (1976–1979)
Margaret Thatcher , Prime minister (1979–1990)
John Major , Prime minister (1990–1997)
Tony Blair , Prime minister (1997–2007)
Austria
Czechoslovakia
Germany
Helmut Kohl , Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990), Chancellor of reunified Germany (1990–1998)
Gerhard Schröder , Chancellor (1998–2005)
Hungary
István Dobi , Prime minister (1949–1952)
Mátyás Rákosi , Prime minister (1952–1953)
Imre Nagy , Prime minister (1953–1955)
András Hegedüs , Prime minister (1955–1956)
Imre Nagy , Prime minister (1956)
János Kádár , Prime minister (1956–1958)
Ferenc Münnich , Prime minister (1958–1961)
János Kádár , Prime minister (1961–1965)
Gyula Kállai , Prime minister (1965–1967)
Jenő Fock , Prime minister (1967–1975)
György Lázár , Prime minister (1975–1987)
Károly Grósz , Prime minister (1987–1988)
Miklós Németh , Prime minister (1988–1989)
Liechtenstein
Poland
Józef Cyrankiewicz , Prime minister (1947–1952)
Bolesław Bierut , Prime minister (1952–1954)
Józef Cyrankiewicz , Prime minister (1954–1970)
Piotr Jaroszewicz , Prime minister (1970–1980)
Edward Babiuch , Prime minister (1980)
Józef Pińkowski , Prime minister (1980–1981)
Wojciech Jaruzelski , Prime minister (1981–1985)
Zbigniew Messner , Prime minister (1985–1988)
Mieczysław Rakowski , Prime minister (1988–1989)
Czesław Kiszczak , Prime minister (1989)
Tadeusz Mazowiecki , Prime minister (1989–1991)
Switzerland
Eduard von Steiger , President of the Confederation (1951)
Karl Kobelt , President of the Confederation (1952)
Philipp Etter , President of the Confederation (1953)
Rodolphe Rubattel , President of the Confederation (1954)
Max Petitpierre , President of the Confederation (1955)
Markus Feldmann , President of the Confederation (1956)
Hans Streuli , President of the Confederation (1957)
Thomas Holenstein , President of the Confederation (1958)
Paul Chaudet , President of the Confederation (1959)
Max Petitpierre , President of the Confederation (1960)
Friedrich Traugott Wahlen , President of the Confederation (1961)
Paul Chaudet , President of the Confederation (1962)
Willy Spühler , President of the Confederation (1963)
Ludwig von Moos , President of the Confederation (1964)
Hans-Peter Tschudi , President of the Confederation (1965)
Hans Schaffner , President of the Confederation (1966)
Roger Bonvin , President of the Confederation (1967)
Willy Spühler , President of the Confederation (1968)
Ludwig von Moos , President of the Confederation (1969)
Hans-Peter Tschudi , President of the Confederation (1970)
Rudolf Gnägi , President of the Confederation (1971)
Nello Celio , President of the Confederation (1972)
Roger Bonvin , President of the Confederation (1973)
Ernst Brugger , President of the Confederation (1974)
Pierre Graber , President of the Confederation (1975)
Rudolf Gnägi , President of the Confederation (1976)
Kurt Furgler , President of the Confederation (1977)
Willi Ritschard , President of the Confederation (1978)
Hans Hürlimann , President of the Confederation (1979)
Georges-André Chevallaz , President of the Confederation (1980)
Kurt Furgler , President of the Confederation (1981)
Fritz Honegger , President of the Confederation (1982)
Pierre Aubert , President of the Confederation (1983)
Leon Schlumpf , President of the Confederation (1984)
Kurt Furgler , President of the Confederation (1985)
Alphons Egli , President of the Confederation (1986)
Pierre Aubert , President of the Confederation (1987)
Otto Stich , President of the Confederation (1988)
Jean-Pascal Delamuraz , President of the Confederation (1989)
Arnold Koller , President of the Confederation (1990)
Flavio Cotti , President of the Confederation (1991)
René Felber , President of the Confederation (1992)
Adolf Ogi , President of the Confederation (1993)
Otto Stich , President of the Confederation (1994)
Kaspar Villiger , President of the Confederation (1995)
Jean-Pascal Delamuraz , President of the Confederation (1996)
Arnold Koller , President of the Confederation (1997)
Flavio Cotti , President of the Confederation (1998)
Ruth Dreifuss , President of the Confederation (1999)
Adolf Ogi , President of the Confederation (2000)
Belarus
Moldova
Igor Smirnov , Chairman of the Provisional Supreme Soviet (1990), of the Republic (1990–1991)
Andrey Manoylov , Acting Chairman of the Republic (1991)
Igor Smirnov, Chairman of the Republic (1991), President (1991–2011)
Romania
Constantin Ion Parhon , President of the Provisional Presidium (1947–1948), President of the Presidium (1948–1952)
Nicolae Ceaușescu , President of the State Council (1967–1974), President (1974–1989)
Petre Roman , Acting Prime minister (1989–1990), Prime minister (1990–1991)
Theodor Stolojan , Prime minister (1991–1992)
Nicolae Văcăroiu , Prime minister (1992–1996)
Victor Ciorbea , Prime minister (1996–1998)
Gavril Dejeu , Interim Prime minister (1998–1999)
Radu Vasile , Prime minister (1999)
Alexandru Athanasiu , Interim Prime minister (1999)
Mugur Isărescu , Prime minister (1999–2000)
Adrian Năstase , Prime minister (2000–2004)
Russia
Nikolay Shvernik , Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1946–1953)
Kliment Voroshilov , Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1953–1960)
Leonid Brezhnev , Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1960–1964)
Anastas Mikoyan , Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1964–1965)
Nikolai Podgorny , Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1965–1977)
Leonid Brezhnev , Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1977–1982)
Yuri Andropov , Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1983–1984)
Konstantin Chernenko , Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1984–1985)
Andrei Gromyko , Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985–1988)
Mikhail Gorbachev , Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1988–1990), president (1990–1991)
Joseph Stalin , Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1941–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1953)
Georgy Malenkov , Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1953–1955)
Nikolai Bulganin , Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1955–1958)
Nikita Khrushchev , Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1958–1964)
Alexei Kosygin , Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1964–1980)
Nikolai Tikhonov , Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1980–1985)
Nikolai Ryzhkov , Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1985–1991)
Valentin Pavlov , Prime minister (1991)
Ivan Silayev , Chairman of the Interstate Economic Committee (1991)
Ukraine
Vitold Fokin , Acting Prime minister (1990–1991), Prime minister (1991–1992)
Valentyn Symonenko , Acting Prime minister (1992)
Leonid Kuchma , Prime minister (1992–1993)
Yukhym Zvyahilsky , Acting Prime minister (1993–1994)
Vitaliy Masol , Prime minister (1994–1995)
Yevhen Marchuk , Prime minister (1995–1996)
Pavlo Lazarenko , Prime minister (1996–1997)
Vasyl Durdynets , Acting Prime minister (1997)
Valeriy Pustovoitenko , Prime minister (1997–1999)
Viktor Yushchenko , Prime minister (1999–2001)
Denmark
Erik Eriksen , Prime minister (1950–1953)
Hans Hedtoft , Prime minister (1953–1955)
H. C. Hansen , Prime minister (1955–1960)
Viggo Kampmann , Prime minister (1960–1962)
Jens Otto Krag , Prime minister (1962–1968)
Hilmar Baunsgaard , Prime minister (1968–1971)
Jens Otto Krag , Prime minister (1971–1972)
Anker Jørgensen , Prime minister (1972–1973)
Poul Hartling , Prime minister (1973–1975)
Anker Jørgensen , Prime minister (1975–1982)
Poul Schlüter , Prime minister (1982–1993)
Poul Nyrup Rasmussen , Prime minister (1993–2001)
Finland
Urho Kekkonen , Prime minister (1950–1953)
Sakari Tuomioja , Prime minister (1953–1954)
Ralf Törngren , Prime minister (1954)
Urho Kekkonen , Prime minister (1954–1956)
Karl-August Fagerholm , Prime minister (1956–1957)
V. J. Sukselainen , Prime minister (1957)
Rainer von Fieandt , Prime minister (1957)
Reino Kuuskoski , Prime minister (1957–1958)
Karl-August Fagerholm , Prime minister (1958–1959)
V. J. Sukselainen , Prime minister (1959–1961)
Martti Miettunen , Prime minister (1961–1962)
Ahti Karjalainen , Prime minister (1962–1963)
Reino Ragnar Lehto , Prime minister (1963–1964)
Johannes Virolainen , Prime minister (1964–1966)
Rafael Paasio , Prime minister (1966–1968)
Mauno Koivisto , Prime minister (1968–1970)
Teuvo Aura , Prime minister (1970)
Ahti Karjalainen , Prime minister (1970–1971)
Teuvo Aura , Prime minister (1971–1972)
Rafael Paasio , Prime minister (1972)
Kalevi Sorsa , Prime minister (1972–1975)
Keijo Liinamaa , Prime minister (1975)
Martti Miettunen , Prime minister (1975–1977)
Kalevi Sorsa , Prime minister (1977–1979)
Mauno Koivisto , Prime minister (1979–1982)
Kalevi Sorsa , Prime minister (1982–1987)
Harri Holkeri , Prime minister (1987–1991)
Esko Aho , Prime minister (1991–1995)
Paavo Lipponen , Prime minister (1995–2003)
Iceland
Steingrímur Steinþórsson , Prime minister (1950–1953)
Ólafur Thors , Prime minister (1953–1956)
Hermann Jónasson , Prime minister (1956–1958)
Emil Jónsson , Prime minister (1958–1959)
Ólafur Thors , Prime minister (1959–1963)
Bjarni Benediktsson , Prime minister (1963–1970)
Jóhann Hafstein , Prime minister (1970–1971)
Ólafur Jóhannesson , Prime minister (1971–1974)
Geir Hallgrímsson , Prime minister (1974–1978)
Ólafur Jóhannesson , Prime minister (1978–1979)
Benedikt Sigurðsson Gröndal , Prime minister (1979–1980)
Gunnar Thoroddsen , Prime minister (1980–1983)
Steingrímur Hermannsson , Prime minister (1983–1987)
Þorsteinn Pálsson , Prime minister (1987–1988)
Steingrímur Hermannsson , Prime minister (1988–1991)
Davíð Oddsson , Prime minister (1991–2004)
Norway
Einar Gerhardsen , Prime minister (1945–1951)
Oscar Torp , Prime minister (1951–1955)
Einar Gerhardsen , Prime minister (1955–1963)
John Lyng , Prime minister (1963)
Einar Gerhardsen , Prime minister (1963–1965)
Per Borten , Prime minister (1965–1971)
Trygve Bratteli , Prime minister (1971–1972)
Lars Korvald , Prime minister (1972–1973)
Trygve Bratteli , Prime minister (1973–1976)
Odvar Nordli , Prime minister (1976–1981)
Gro Harlem Brundtland , Prime minister (1981)
Kåre Willoch , Prime minister (1981–1986)
Gro Harlem Brundtland , Prime minister (1986–1989)
Jan P. Syse , Prime minister (1989–1990)
Gro Harlem Brundtland , Prime minister (1990–1996)
Thorbjørn Jagland , Prime minister (1996–1997)
Kjell Magne Bondevik , Prime minister (1997–2000)
Jens Stoltenberg , Prime minister (2000–2001)
Sweden
Tage Erlander , Prime minister (1946–1969)
Olof Palme , Prime minister (1969–1976)
Thorbjörn Fälldin , Prime minister (1976–1978)
Ola Ullsten , Prime minister (1978–1979)
Thorbjörn Fälldin , Prime minister (1979–1982)
Olof Palme , Prime minister (1982–1986)
Ingvar Carlsson , Prime minister (1986–1991)
Carl Bildt , Prime minister (1991–1994)
Ingvar Carlsson , Prime minister (1994–1996)
Göran Persson , Prime minister (1996–2006)
Europe: Southcentral [ edit ]
Italy
Alcide De Gasperi , Prime minister (1946–1953)
Giuseppe Pella , Prime minister (1953–1954)
Amintore Fanfani , Prime minister (1954)
Mario Scelba , Prime minister (1954–1955)
Antonio Segni , Prime minister (1955–1957)
Adone Zoli , Prime minister (1957–1958)
Amintore Fanfani , Prime minister (1958–1959)
Antonio Segni , Prime minister (1959–1960)
Fernando Tambroni , Prime minister (1960)
Amintore Fanfani , Prime minister (1960–1963)
Giovanni Leone , Prime minister (1963)
Aldo Moro , Prime minister (1963–1968)
Giovanni Leone , Prime minister (1968)
Mariano Rumor , Prime minister (1968–1970)
Emilio Colombo , Prime minister (1970–1972)
Giulio Andreotti , Prime minister (1972–1973)
Mariano Rumor , Prime minister (1973–1974)
Aldo Moro , Prime minister (1974–1976)
Giulio Andreotti , Prime minister (1976–1979)
Francesco Cossiga , Prime minister (1979–1980)
Arnaldo Forlani , Prime minister (1980–1981)
Giovanni Spadolini , Prime minister (1981–1982)
Amintore Fanfani , Prime minister (1982–1983)
Bettino Craxi , Prime minister (1983–1987)
Amintore Fanfani , Prime minister (1987)
Giovanni Goria , Prime minister (1987–1988)
Ciriaco De Mita , Prime minister (1988–1989)
Giulio Andreotti , Prime minister (1989–1992)
Giuliano Amato , Prime minister (1992–1993)
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , Prime minister (1993–1994)
Silvio Berlusconi , Prime minister (1994–1995)
Lamberto Dini , Prime minister (1995–1996)
Romano Prodi , Prime minister (1996–1998)
Massimo D'Alema , Prime minister (1998–2000)
Giuliano Amato , Prime minister (2000–2001)
Malta
British protectorate, 1800–1813; British crown colony, 1813–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
San Marino
Marino Della Balda , Luigi Montironi , Captains Regent (1950–1951)
Alvaro Casali , Romolo Giacomini , Captains Regent (1951)
Domenico Forcellini , Giovanni Terenzi , Captains Regent (1951–1952)
Domenico Morganti , Mariano Ceccoli , Captains Regent (1952)
Arnaldo Para , Eugenio Bernardini , Captains Regent (1952–1953)
Vincenzo Pedini , Alberto Reffi , Captains Regent (1953)
Giordano Giacomini , Giuseppe Renzi , Captains Regent (1953–1954)
Giuseppe Forcellini , Secondo Fiorini , Captains Regent (1954)
Agostino Giacomini , Luigi Montironi , Captains Regent (1954–1955)
Domenico Forcellini , Vittorio Meloni , Captains Regent (1955)
Primo Bugli , Giuseppe Maiani , Captains Regent (1955–1956)
Mario Nanni , Enrico Andreoli , Captains Regent (1956)
Mariano Ceccoli , Eugenio Bernardini , Captains Regent (1956–1957)
Giordano Giacomini , Primo Marani , Captains Regent (1957)
Federico Bigi , Alvaro Casali , Pietro Giancecchi , Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti , Provisional Captains Regent (1957)
Marino Valdes Franciosi , Federico Micheloni , Captains Regent (1957–1958)
Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti , Stelio Montironi , Captains Regent (1958)
Domenico Forcellini , Pietro Reffi , Captains Regent (1958–1959)
Marino Benedetto Belluzzi , Agostino Biordi , Captains Regent (1959)
Giuseppe Forcellini , Ferruccio Piva , Captains Regent (1959–1960)
Alvaro Casali , Gino Vannucci , Captains Regent (1960)
Eugenio Reffi , Pietro Giancecchi , Captains Regent (1960–1961)
Federico Micheloni , Giancarlo Ghironzi , Captains Regent (1961)
Giovanni Vito Marcucci , Pio Galassi , Captains Regent (1961–1962)
Domenico Forcellini , Francesco Valli , Captains Regent (1962)
Antonio Maria Morganti , Agostino Biordi , Captains Regent (1962–1963)
Leonida Suzzi Valli , Stelio Montironi , Captains Regent (1963)
Giovan Luigi Franciosi , Domenico Bollini , Captains Regent (1963–1964)
Marino Benedetto Belluzzi , Eusebio Reffi , Captains Regent (1964)
Giuseppe Micheloni , Pier Marino Mularoni , Captains Regent (1964–1965)
Ferruccio Piva , Federico Carattoni , Captains Regent (1965)
Alvaro Casali , Pietro Reffi , Captains Regent (1965–1966)
Francesco Valli , Emilio Della Balda , Captains Regent (1966)
Giovanni Vito Marcucci , Francesco Maria Francini , Captains Regent (1966–1967)
Vittorio Rossini , Alberto Lonfernini , Captains Regent (1967)
Domenico Forcellini , Romano Michelotti , Captains Regent (1967–1968)
Marino Benedetto Belluzzi , Dante Rossi , Captains Regent (1968)
Pietro Giancecchi , Aldo Zavoli , Captains Regent (1968–1969)
Ferruccio Piva , Stelio Montironi , Captains Regent (1969)
Alvaro Casali , Giancarlo Ghironzi , Captains Regent (1969–1970)
Francesco Valli , Eusebio Reffi , Captains Regent (1970)
Simone Rossini , Giuseppe Lonfernini , Captains Regent (1970–1971)
Luigi Lonfernini , Attilio Montanari , Captains Regent (1971)
Federico Carattoni , Marino Vagnetti , Captains Regent (1971–1972)
Marino Benedetto Belluzzi , Giuseppe Micheloni , Captains Regent (1972)
Rosolino Martelli , Bruno Casali , Captains Regent (1972–1973)
Francesco Maria Francini , Primo Bugli , Captains Regent (1973)
Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari , Giovan Luigi Franciosi , Captains Regent (1973–1974)
Ferruccio Piva , Giordano Bruno Reffi , Captains Regent (1974)
Francesco Valli , Enrico Andreoli , Captains Regent (1974–1975)
Alberto Cecchetti , Michele Righi , Captains Regent (1975)
Giovanni Vito Marcucci , Giuseppe Della Balda , Captains Regent (1975–1976)
Clelio Galassi , Marino Venturini , Captains Regent (1976)
Primo Bugli , Virgilio Cardelli , Captains Regent (1976–1977)
Alberto Lonfernini , Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari , Captains Regent (1977)
Giordano Bruno Reffi , Tito Masi , Captains Regent (1977–1978)
Francesco Valli , Enrico Andreoli , Captains Regent (1978)
Ermenegildo Gasperoni , Adriano Reffi , Captains Regent (1978–1979)
Marino Bollini , Lino Celli , Captains Regent (1979)
Giuseppe Amici , Germano De Biagi , Captains Regent (1979–1980)
Pietro Chiaruzzi , Primo Marani , Captains Regent (1980)
Giancarlo Berardi , Rossano Zafferani , Captains Regent (1980–1981)
Gastone Pasolini , Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini , Captains Regent (1981)
Mario Rossi , Ubaldo Biordi , Captains Regent (1981–1982)
Giuseppe Maiani , Marino Venturini , Captains Regent (1982)
Libero Barulli , Maurizio Gobbi , Captains Regent (1982–1983)
Adriano Reffi , Massimo Roberto Rossini , Captains Regent (1983)
Renzo Renzi , Germano De Biagi , Captains Regent (1983–1984)
Gloriana Ranocchini , Giorgio Crescentini , Captains Regent (1984)
Marino Bollini , Giuseppe Amici , Captains Regent (1984–1985)
Enzo Colombini , Severiano Tura , Captains Regent (1985)
Pier Paolo Gasperoni , Ubaldo Biordi , Captains Regent (1985–1986)
Marino Venturini , Ariosto Maiani , Captains Regent (1986)
Giuseppe Arzilli , Maurizio Tomassoni , Captains Regent (1986–1987)
Renzo Renzi , Carlo Franciosi , Captains Regent (1987)
Rossano Zafferani , Gianfranco Terenzi , Captains Regent (1987–1988)
Umberto Barulli , Rosolino Martelli , Captains Regent (1988)
Luciano Cardelli , Reves Salvatori , Captains Regent (1988–1989)
Mauro Fiorini , Marino Vagnetti , Captains Regent (1989)
Gloriana Ranocchini , Leo Achilli , Captains Regent (1989–1990)
Adalmiro Bartolini , Ottaviano Rossi , Captains Regent (1990)
Cesare Gasperoni , Roberto Bucci , Captains Regent (1990–1991)
Domenico Bernardini , Claudio Podeschi , Captains Regent (1991)
Edda Ceccoli , Marino Riccardi , Captains Regent (1991–1992)
Germano De Biagi , Ernesto Benedettini , Captains Regent (1992)
Romeo Morri , Marino Zanotti , Captains Regent (1992–1993)
Patrizia Busignani , Salvatore Tonelli , Captains Regent (1993)
Gian Luigi Berti , Paride Andreoli , Captains Regent (1993–1994)
Alberto Cecchetti , Fausto Mularoni , Captains Regent (1994)
Renzo Ghiotti , Luciano Ciavatta , Captains Regent (1994–1995)
Marino Bollini , Settimio Lonfernini , Captains Regent (1995)
Pier Natalino Mularoni , Marino Venturini , Captains Regent (1995–1996)
Pier Paolo Gasperoni , Pietro Bugli , Captains Regent (1996)
Maurizio Rattini , Gian Carlo Venturini , Captains Regent (1996–1997)
Paride Andreoli , Pier Marino Mularoni , Captains Regent (1997)
Luigi Mazza , Marino Zanotti , Captains Regent (1997–1998)
Alberto Cecchetti , Loris Francini , Captains Regent (1998)
Pietro Berti , Paolo Bollini , Captains Regent (1998–1999)
Antonello Bacciocchi , Rosa Zafferani , Captains Regent (1999)
Marino Bollini , Giuseppe Arzilli , Captains Regent (1999–2000)
Maria Domenica Michelotti , Gian Marco Marcucci , Captains Regent (2000)
Gianfranco Terenzi , Enzo Colombini , Captains Regent (2000–2001)
Vatican
Andorra
Portugal
National Salvation Junta : António de Spínola (President), Francisco da Costa Gomes , Jaime Silvério Marques , Diogo Neto , Carlos Galvão de Melo , José Pinheiro de Azevedo , António Rosa Coutinho , Acting Head of state (1974)
António de Spínola , President (1974)
Francisco da Costa Gomes , President (1974–1976)
António Ramalho Eanes , President (1976–1986)
Mário Soares , President (1986–1996)
Jorge Sampaio , President (1996–2006)
National Salvation Junta : António de Spínola , Francisco da Costa Gomes , Jaime Silvério Marques , Diogo Neto , Carlos Galvão de Melo , José Pinheiro de Azevedo , António Rosa Coutinho , Acting Head of government (1974)
Adelino da Palma Carlos , Prime minister (1974)
Vasco Gonçalves , Prime minister (1974–1975)
José Pinheiro de Azevedo , Prime minister (1975–1976)
Vasco de Almeida e Costa , Acting Prime minister (1976)
Mário Soares , Prime minister (1976–1978)
Alfredo Nobre da Costa , Prime minister (1978)
Carlos Alberto da Mota Pinto , Prime minister (1978–1979)
Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo , Prime minister (1979–1980)
Francisco de Sá Carneiro , Prime minister (1980)
Diogo de Freitas do Amaral , Acting Head of government (1980–1981)
Francisco Pinto Balsemão , Prime minister (1981–1983)
Mário Soares , Prime minister (1983–1985)
Aníbal Cavaco Silva , Prime minister (1985–1995)
António Guterres , Prime minister (1995–2002)
Spain
Belgium
Joseph Pholien , Prime minister (1950–1952)
Jean Van Houtte , Prime minister (1952–1954)
Achille Van Acker , Prime minister (1954–1958)
Gaston Eyskens , Prime minister (1958–1961)
Théo Lefèvre , Prime minister (1961–1965)
Pierre Harmel , Prime minister (1965–1966)
Paul Vanden Boeynants , Prime minister (1966–1968)
Gaston Eyskens , Prime minister (1968–1973)
Edmond Leburton , Prime minister (1973–1974)
Leo Tindemans , Prime minister (1974–1978)
Paul Vanden Boeynants , Prime minister (1978–1979)
Wilfried Martens , Prime minister (1979–1981)
Mark Eyskens , Prime minister (1981)
Wilfried Martens , Prime minister (1981–1992)
Jean-Luc Dehaene , Prime minister (1992–1999)
Guy Verhofstadt , Prime minister (1999–2008)
France
René Pleven , Prime minister (1950–1951)
Henri Queuille , Prime minister (1951)
René Pleven , Prime minister (1951–1952)
Edgar Faure , Prime minister (1952)
Antoine Pinay , Prime minister (1952–1953)
René Mayer , Prime minister (1953)
Joseph Laniel , Prime minister (1953–1954)
Pierre Mendès France , Prime minister (1954–1955)
Christian Pineau , Prime minister (1955)
Edgar Faure , Prime minister (1955–1956)
Guy Mollet , Prime minister (1956–1957)
Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury , Prime minister (1957)
Félix Gaillard , Prime minister (1957–1958)
Pierre Pflimlin , Prime minister (1958)
Charles de Gaulle , Prime minister (1958–1959)
Michel Debré , Prime minister (1959–1962)
Georges Pompidou , Prime minister (1962–1968)
Maurice Couve de Murville , Prime minister (1968–1969)
Jacques Chaban-Delmas , Prime minister (1969–1972)
Pierre Messmer , Prime minister (1972–1974)
Jacques Chirac , Prime minister (1974–1976)
Raymond Barre , Prime minister (1976–1981)
Pierre Mauroy , Prime minister (1981–1984)
Laurent Fabius , Prime minister (1984–1986)
Jacques Chirac , Prime minister (1986–1988)
Michel Rocard , Prime minister (1988–1991)
Édith Cresson , Prime minister (1991–1992)
Pierre Bérégovoy , Prime minister (1992–1993)
Édouard Balladur , Prime minister (1993–1995)
Alain Juppé , Prime minister (1995–1997)
Lionel Jospin , Prime minister (1997–2002)
Luxembourg
Charlotte , Grand Duchess (1919–1964)
Jean , Grand Duke (1964–2000)
Henri , Grand Duke (2000–present)
Monaco
Pierre Voizard , Minister of state (1950–1953)
Henry Soum , Minister of state (1953–1959)
Émile Pelletier , Minister of state (1959–1962)
Pierre Blanchy , Acting Minister of state (1962–1963)
Jean Reymond , Minister of state (1963–1966)
Paul Demange , Minister of state (1966–1969)
François-Didier Gregh , Minister of state (1969–1972)
André Saint-Mleux , Minister of state (1972–1981)
Jean Herly , Minister of state (1981–1985)
Jean Ausseil , Minister of state (1985–1991)
Jacques Dupont , Minister of state (1991–1994)
Paul Dijoud , Minister of state (1994–1997)
Michel Lévêque , Minister of state (1997–2000)
Patrick Leclercq , Minister of state (2000–2005)
Netherlands
Willem Drees , Prime minister (1948–1958)
Louis Beel , Prime minister (1958–1959)
Jan de Quay , Prime minister (1959–1963)
Victor Marijnen , Prime minister (1963–1965)
Jo Cals , Prime minister (1965–1966)
Jelle Zijlstra , Prime minister (1966–1967)
Piet de Jong , Prime minister (1967–1971)
Barend Biesheuvel , Prime minister (1971–1973)
Joop den Uyl , Prime minister (1973–1977)
Dries van Agt , Prime minister (1977–1982)
Ruud Lubbers , Prime minister (1982–1994)
Wim Kok , Prime minister (1994–2002)
Armenia
Vazgen Manukyan , Prime minister (1990–1991)
Gagik Harutyunyan , Prime minister (1991–1992)
Khosrov Harutyunyan , Prime minister (1992–1993)
Hrant Bagratyan , Prime minister (1993–1996)
Armen Sargsyan , Prime minister (1996–1997)
Robert Kocharyan , Prime minister (1997–1998)
Armen Darbinyan , Prime minister (1998–1999)
Vazgen Sargsyan , Prime minister (1999)
Aram Sargsyan , Prime minister (1999–2000)
Andranik Margaryan , Prime minister (2000–2007)
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Oceania: Australia and Papua New Guinea [ edit ]
Australia
Sir Robert Menzies , Prime minister (1949–1966)
Harold Holt , Prime minister (1966–1967)
John McEwen , Prime minister (1967–1968)
John Gorton , Prime minister (1968–1971)
William McMahon , Prime minister (1971–1972)
Gough Whitlam , Prime minister (1972–1975)
Malcolm Fraser , Prime minister (1975–1983)
Bob Hawke , Prime minister (1983–1991)
Paul Keating , Prime minister (1991–1996)
John Howard , Prime minister (1996–2007)
Papua New Guinea
League of Nations mandate, 1946–1946; United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975
For details see Australia
Queensland dependency, 1883–1884; British protectorate, 1884–1888; British crown colony, 1888–1902; Australian external territory, 1902–1975
For details see Australia or the United Kingdom under the British Isles, Europe
New Guinea: United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975
Papua: Australian external territory, 1949–1975
For details see Australia
Michael Somare , Prime minister (1975–1980)
Julius Chan , Prime minister (1980–1982)
Michael Somare , Prime minister (1982–1985)
Paias Wingti , Prime minister (1985–1988)
Rabbie Namaliu , Prime minister (1988–1992)
Paias Wingti , Prime minister (1992–1994)
Julius Chan , Prime minister (1994–1997)
John Giheno , Acting Prime minister (1997)
Julius Chan , Prime minister (1997)
Bill Skate , Prime minister (1997–1999)
Mekere Morauta , Prime minister (1999–2002)
Fiji
British colony, 1874–1970
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
French Polynesia
Protectorate of France, 1887/1888–1959
Overseas territory of France, 1959–2003
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
Hammer DeRoburt , President (1968–1976)
Bernard Dowiyogo , President (1976–1978)
Lagumot Harris , President (1978)
Hammer DeRoburt , President (1978–1986)
Kennan Adeang , President (1986)
Hammer DeRoburt , President (1986)
Kennan Adeang , President (1986)
Hammer DeRoburt , President (1986–1989)
Kenos Aroi , President (1989)
Bernard Dowiyogo , President (1989–1995)
Lagumot Harris , President (1995–1996)
Bernard Dowiyogo , President (1996)
Kennan Adeang , President (1996)
Ruben Kun , President (1996–1997)
Kinza Clodumar , President (1997–1998)
Bernard Dowiyogo , President (1998–1999)
René Harris , President (1999–2000)
Bernard Dowiyogo , President (2000–2001)
New Zealand
Sidney Holland , Prime minister (1949–1957)
Keith Holyoake , Prime minister (1957)
Walter Nash , Prime minister (1957–1960)
Keith Holyoake , Prime minister (1960–1972)
Jack Marshall , Prime minister (1972)
Norman Kirk , Prime minister (1972–1974)
Hugh Watt , Acting Prime minister (1974)
Bill Rowling , Prime minister (1974–1975)
Robert Muldoon , Prime minister (1975–1984)
David Lange , Prime minister (1984–1989)
Geoffrey Palmer , Prime minister (1989–1990)
Mike Moore , Prime minister (1990)
Jim Bolger , Prime minister (1990–1997)
Jenny Shipley , Prime minister (1997–1999)
Helen Clark , Prime minister (1999–2008)
New Zealand protectorate, 1907–present
For details see the New Zealand under Oceania
Palau
Samoa and American Samoa
Fiamē Mataʻafa Faumuina Mulinuʻu II , Prime Minister (1959–1970)
Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV , Prime Minister (1970–1973)
Fiamē Mataʻafa Faumuina Mulinuʻu II , Prime Minister (1973–1975)
Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV , Acting Prime minister (1975–1976)
Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi , Prime minister (1976–1982)
Vaʻai Kolone , Prime minister (1982)
Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi , Prime minister (1982)
Tofilau Eti Alesana , Prime minister (1982–1985)
Vaʻai Kolone , Prime minister (1985–1988)
Tofilau Eti Alesana , Prime minister (1988–1998)
Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi , Prime minister (1998–2021)
Solomon Islands
British protectorate, 1893–1978
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Tonga
Tuvalu
United States
United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United States, 1947–1994
Arthur W. Radford , High Commissioner (1949–1951)
Elbert D. Thomas , High Commissioner (1951–1953)
Frank E. Midkiff , High Commissioner (1953–1954)
Delmas H. Nucker , Acting High Commissioner (1954–1956), High Commissioner (1954–1961)
Maurice W. Goding , High Commissioner (1961–1966)
William R. Norwood , High Commissioner (1966–1969)
Edward E. Johnston , High Commissioner (1969–1976)
Peter Tali Coleman , acting High Commissioner (1976–1977)
Adrian P. Winkel , High Commissioner (1977–1981)
Janet J. McCoy , High Commissioner (1981–1987)
Charles D. Jordan , Director (1986–1991)
Vanuatu
British-French Condominium, 1906–1980
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles and France under western Europe
^ Madiéga, Y. Georges (1982). Contribution à L'Histoire Précoloniale du Gulma (Haute Volta) . Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 123. ISBN 978-3-515-03222-3 .
^ Madiéga, Y. Georges (1988). "Les Koarima de Koarimadeni: un groupe Kurumba en milieu gulmance". Tribus (in French) (37): 53–62.
^ a b Sheridan, Michael J. et Nyamweru, Celia, African sacred groves: ecological dynamics & social change , James Currey, 2008, p. 141 ISBN 0821417894
^ a b Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal. Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914 , Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV
^ Said., Zahlan, Rosemarie (2016). The Origins of the United Arab Emirates : a Political and Social History of the Trucial States . Taylor and Francis. p. 239. ISBN 9781317244653 . OCLC 945874284 . {{cite book }}
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4th–3rd mill. BC 2nd millennium BC 1st millennium BC 1st millennium 2nd millennium 3rd millennium