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List of student corporations in Latvia

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 14 min

Latvian student corporations are a type of student fraternity, similar to German Student Corps found at universities in Germany.[1][2] Established in 1809 in Dorpat (now Tartu), Curonia was the first student corporation to be formed in Latvia.[2] By 1934, 26 percent of the students at the University of Latvia belonged to a student corporation.[2] Most Latvian male corporations are members of the Presidium Convent (P!K!); whereas, female corporations are united under the Studenšu Prezidiju Konvents (Female Student Presidium Convent or S!P!K! ).[1]

In July 1940, all Latvian student organizations were banned under Soviet occupation.[2][3] During this era, student organization members and alumni who remained in Latvia were subjected to political repression.[2] After World War II, many Latvian student corporations reformed in exile, reestablishing their student chapter in Latvia after the restoration of Latvia's independence.[2] The dates listed below are for each corporation's university chapter, exclusive of the dates for alumni and non-collegiate activity in exile.

The Latvian Corporations Association (LKA) was an umbrella organization for student corporations in exile, replacing the role of P!K!, which was also forbidden in Latvia under Soviet occupation.[4][5] Former members of P!K! helped reestablish it after they were reestablished in Latvia.[4][5][6]

In 2016, Talavija and Lettonia withdrew from the P!K!. and reformed of the Chargétos Konvent (Šaržēto Konventam or S!K!).[7] This was a revival of Chargétos Konvent (C!C!) was an umbrella organization for student corporation that was founded in Riga in 1871 and replaced by the P!K! in 1920.[citation needed]

Other similar student organizations, including academic societies (such as Austrums and Latviete) and concordiae (such as Konkordija Valdemārija), are not members of P!K! or S!P!K! but do interact. Austrums, Dzintars, Fraternitas Rusticana, Latviete, Valdemārija, and Zinteniece signed a partnership agreement on April 17, 1999.[8] Konkordija Valdemārija was a founding member of the umbrella organization Concordia Seniorate (KS) in 1927; KS was closed during the Soviet occupation and operated for a time in exile before going defunct.[9] Austrums was a founding member of the umbrella organization the Union of Societies (VS) which operated prior the Soviet occupation and was restored on April 23, 1990, although remains dormant since the mid–1990s.[8] While the academic societies were in exile, the Union of Academic Societies (UAS) temporarily replaced VS.[8]

Male corporations

[edit]

Following is a list of Latvian student corporations for males, with active corporations are in bold and inactive corporations and institutions in italics.[10][11][12][13]

Corporation Charter date and range Founding institution Founding location Affiliation Colors Status References
Beveronija May 4, 1922 – July 13, 1940;
October 10, 1989 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! Violet, Gold, Blue Active [14][15]
Concordia Rigensis November 29, 1869 – 1915;
October 14, 1918 – January 31, 1919;
September 1920 – October 14, 1939 		Riga Polytechnic Institute Riga, Latvia KSCV   Royal blue,   Goldenrod,   Crimson Inactive (in Latvia) [16][17][a]
P!K! (former)
C!C! (former)
Curonia 1808 University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia P!K! (former) Green, Blue, White Active
C!C! (former)
Fraternitas Academica September 16, 1926 – July 13, 1940;
February 4, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! Black, Light Green, Gold Active [18][4]
LKA (former)
Fraternitas Arctica November 7, 1880 – July 13, 1940;
May 19, 1990 		Riga Polytechnic Institute Riga, Latvia P!K!, C!C! (former) Gold, Grey, Red Active [19][20]
Fraternitas Baltica November 13, 1865 – 1938 Riga Polytechnic Institute Riga, Latvia P!K! (former)   Red,   Green,   Gold Inactive [21]
Fraternitas Cursica May 7, 1947 – October 1949;
June 12, 1992 		Baltic University Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany P!K! Black, Gold, Blue Active [22][23][b][c][d]
LKA (former)
BUPK (former)
Fraternitas Imantica February 18, 1947 – October 1949
July 13, 1990 		Baltic University Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany P!K!. Red, Gold, White Active [24][25][b][c][e]
LKA (former)
BUPK (former)
Fraternitas Lataviensis September 16, 1926 – July 13, 1940;
September 16, 1989 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! Black, White, Gold Active [26][27]
Fraternitas Lettica October 20, 1902 – July 13, 1940;
May 12, 1989 		Moscow University Moscow, Russa P!K! Blue, Green, Gold Active [6][28][f][g]
LKA (former)
Fraternitas Livonica October 29, 1926 – July 13, 1940;
May 20, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! Light Blue, Purple, Gold Active [29][21]
Fraternitas Metropolitana October 6, 1924 – July 13, 1940;
December 18, 1989 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! Gold, Violet, Green Active [30][31]
Fraternitas Rigensis January 21, 1823 University of Tērbatas Terbatas, Germany P!K! (former) Blue, Red, White Active
C!C! (former)
Fraternitas Vanenica June 20, 1947 University of Munich Munich, Bavaria, Germany P!K! Green, Red, Silver Active [32][33][h][i]
LKA (former)
Fraternitas Vesthardiana October 8, 1924 – July 13, 1940;
March 19, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! Grey, Red, Gold Active [34][35]
Gersicania March 14, 1947 – October 1949;
July 1, 1990 		Baltic University Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany P!K! White, Purple, Green Active [36][37][b][c][j]
LKA (former)
BUPK (former)
Gotonia March 24, 1922 – 1939 University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! (former) Black, Light Blue, Red Inactive
Klints University of Latvia Riga, Latvia Inactive [2]
Lacuania December 7, 1927 – July 13, 1940;
October 10, 1990 – March 2020 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! (former) Blue, Black, Gold Inactive [38][39][k]
Latvia February 17, 1917 – July 13, 1940;
February 17, 1989 		Tartu Veterinary Institute Riga, Latvia P!K!. Red, Blue, Gold Active [40][41][l]
LKA (former)
Lettgallia February 8, 1889 – July 13, 1940;
February 8, 1989 		University of Tartu Riga, Latvia P!K! Green, Black, White Active [42][43][g][m]
LKA (former)
Lettonia February 19, 1870 – July 13, 1940;
May 18, 1989 		University of Tartu Riga, Latvia S!K!   Green,   Blue,   Gold Active [44][45][g]
P!K! (former)
C!C! (former)
Patria September 20, 1926 – July 13, 1940;
April 3, 1993 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! Light Orange, Green, Gold Active [46][47][n]
LKA (former)
Philyronia July 7, 1924 – July 13, 1940;
November 17, 1989 		Liepāja, Latvia P!K! Brown, Green, Gold Active [48][49][o]
LKA (former)
Rubonia May 18, 1875 Riga Polytechnic Institute Riga, Latvia P!K! (former) Blue, White, Black Active
Ruthenia April 18, 1929 July 13, 1940 University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! (former) Black, Orange, White Inactive [50][51][p]
LKA (Former)
Salgalia June 18, 1927 – July 13, 1940 University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! (former) Red, Black, White Inactive [52][53][q]
Selonija November 24, 1880 – July 13, 1940;
June 6, 1990 		Riga Polytechnic Institute Riga, Latvia P!K!, Green, White, Red Active [54][55][g]
C!C! (former)
Talavija December 14, 1900 – July 13, 1940;
May 23, 1989 		Riga Polytechnic Institute Riga, Latvia S!K! White, Green, Gold Active [7][56][g]
P!K! (former)
C!C! (former)
Tervetia April 30, 1922 – July 13, 1940;
June 29, 1989 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! Orange, Silver, Blue Active [57][5]
LKA (former)
Vendia March 20, 1927 – July 13, 1940;
May 15, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia P!K! Green, Brown, Gold Active [58][59][r]
LKA (former)
Ventonia November 21, 1917 – July 13, 1940;
February 3, 1990 		University of Tartu Riga, Latvia P!K! Blue, White, Green Active [60][61]
LKA (former)
Vetulia University of Latvia Riga, Latvia Inactive [2][s]
Zemgalija University of Latvia Riga, Latvia Inactive [2]

Female corporations

[edit]

Following are the Latvian student corporations for females, with active chapters indicated in bold and inactive chapters in italics.[10][11][62]

Corporation Charter date and range Founding institution Founding location Affiliation Colors Status References
Aurora May 8, 1933 – July 13, 1940;
June 11, 1992 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia S!P!K! Gold, Blue, Purple Active [63][64][t]
Daugaviete September 6, 1921 – July 13, 1940;
March 24, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia S!P!K! Purple, Green, Gold Active [3][65][u]
Dzintra May 20, 1924 – July 13, 1940;
October 12, 1989 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia S!P!K! Orange, Green, Light Blue Active [66][67][u]
Gaujmaliete March 22, 1927 – July 13, 1940;
January 24, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia S!P!K! White, Blue, Gold Active [68][69]
Gundega November 29, 1923 – July 13, 1940;
November 29, 1989 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia S!P!K! Green, Blue, Silver Active [70][71][u]
Imeria May 20, 1924 – July 13, 1940;
April 12, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia S!P!K! Brown, Blue, Gold Active [72][73][u]
Līga March 4, 1928 – 1940;
April 7, 1990 – October 4, 2003;
April 7, 2013 		Latvian Conservatory Riga, Latvia S!P!K! Brown, Pink, Gold Active [74][75][v]
Selga February 17, 1927 – July 13, 1940;
April 13, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia S!P!K! Yellow, Blue, Silver Active [76][77]
Sororitas Slavia December 19, 1931 – October 2, 1932 University of Latvia Riga, Latvia Gold, Blue, Red Inactive [78][w]
Sororitas Tatiana January 17, 1932 – July 13, 1940;
December 10, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia S!P!K! Light Green, Dark Blue, Pink Active [78][79][w]
Spīdola March 11, 1947 – September 1949;
July 28, 1991 		Baltic University Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany S!P!K! Gold, Purple, White Active [80][81][b][x]
Staburadze September 2, 1947 Munich, Bavaria, Germany S!P!K! Red, Silver, Dark Blue Active [82][83][h][y]
Tatiana January 17, 1932 – October 2, 1932 University of Latvia Riga, Latvia Green, Black, Silver Inactive [78][w]
Varavīksne November 25, 1927 – July 18, 1940;
November 29, 1989 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia S!P!K! Blue, Gold, Violet Active [84][85][z]
Zinta April 21, 1947 – October 1949;
August 10, 1992 		Baltic University Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany S!P!K! Blue, Black, Green Active [86][87][88][b]

Other organizations

[edit]
Organization Charter date and range Founding institution Founding location Affiliation Type Colors Status References
Ausma March 21, 1925 – July 13, 1940 University of Latvia Riga, Latvia VS (former) Academic society (student union), female Dark Green, Gold Merged [89][aa]
Austrums October 19, 1883 – August 28, 1940;
September 13, 1990 		Moscow University/University of Latvia Moscow, Russian Empire VS Academic society (student union), male Cream, Cherry Red Active [8][ab]
VAS (former)
Dzintars February 2, 1947 Göttingen, Germany Pax Romana Catholic Student Association, coed Blue, Yellow, White, Red Active [90][ac]
Fraternitas Rusticana November 2, 1921 – July 13, 1940;
August 30, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia Student Association, male Purple, Gold Active [91]
Konkordija Valdemārija February 11, 1927 – August 31, 1940;
July 23, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia KS (former) Concordia, male Blue, Orange, Green, Gold Active [9]
Konkordija Zinteniece October 20, 1929 – October 31, 2007 Riga, Latvia KS (former) Concordia, female Gold, Black, Silver, Red Inactive [92][93]
Latviete March 1, 1925 – July 13, 1940;
March 24, 1990 		University of Latvia Riga, Latvia VS Academic society (student union), female Carmine Red, White (Cream), Silver Active [94]
Līdums October 21, 1925 – November 26, 2010 University of Latvia Riga, Latvia VS Academic society (student union), male Cream, Cherry Red Inactive [95][96][97][8]
Zelmenis November 18, 1924 – August 31, 1940; 1990 – October 6, 2007 University of Latvia Riga, Latvia VS Concordia, male Green, Silver, Blue, Gold Inactive [97][98][99][8][ad]
Zaļā zeme December 19, 1933 – November 30, 1940 Art Academy of Latvia Riga, Latvia Academic society (student union)/vienotne, male Inactive [94][100]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The corporation closed during World War I and World War II. It reformed and has been based in Hamburg, Germany, since October 13, 1956.
  2. ^ a b c d e The Baltic University in Exile was established in German refugee camps to educate displaced people from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania after World War II. Baltic University closed in the fall of 1949. The corporation was later reestablished in Riga.
  3. ^ a b c In the summer of 1947, the corporation was a founder of the Baltic University Presidium Convention (BU PK), an umbrella organization for Latvian corporations founded in exile at Baltic University. BU PK ceased operations on October 7, 1949, when BU closed.
  4. ^ The corporation temporarily went inactive in 1949 when BU closed and was later reestablished abroad in exile. It moved to Riga in 1992 and became associated with the University of Latvia in the mid-1990s.
  5. ^ The corporation went inactive when BU closed in 1949. It was reformed as an alumni group in exile and became active in Latvia in 1990 and now has chapters in Riga and Jūrmala.
  6. ^ Corporation was formed in Moscow, Russia, and was originally called Fraternitas Moscoviensis. It became active at the Latvian Higher Education Institution (now the University of Latvia) in 1919. Its name was changed in September 1920 to gain recognition by the institution.
  7. ^ a b c d e Founding member of P!K! on September 27, 1919.
  8. ^ a b Founded in exile after World War II and was, later, reestablished in Riga.
  9. ^ The corporation moved from Germany to the United States in 1950. It became active in began its activities in Latvia in September 1992 and is now associated with the University of Latvia.
  10. ^ After BU closed in 1949, the corporation went inactive. It reformed in exile in the United States in 1953. It became active in Latvia in 1990 and affiliated with the University of Latvia on July 1, 1990.
  11. ^ The corporation was removed from P!K! on March 3, 2020 for failure to meet organizational obligations. Shortly afterwards, Lacuania ceased its operations.
  12. ^ Tartu Veterinary Institute became part of Tartu University in 1918. The corporation is now affiliated with the University of Latvia in Riga.
  13. ^ The corporation was reformed at the University of Latvia.
  14. ^ Patria was formed from the Riga Latvian Student Union (RLSS), established in 1908.
  15. ^ Formed in Liepāja by former students of the University of Latvia in Riga. It established an additional headquarters at the University of Latvia on September 1, 1924. It reformed at the University of Latvia in 1989.
  16. ^ The corporation was established by Russian students of the Latvian University after a split in the Corp Fraternitas Arctica. During the Soviet occupation of Latvia, it operated in exile in Germany, the United States, and Australia. The corporation ceased operations in 1998. It was never restored in Latvia.
  17. ^ The corporation operated in exile after World War II in the United States and Canada. It gradually ceased operations, no longer accepting new members by 1980. It never returned to Latvia as a student organization.
  18. ^ The corporation was reformed at the University of Latvia in Riga.
  19. ^ This was a group for Jewish students.
  20. ^ The corporation formed from a separation of the student society Montānija.
  21. ^ a b c d Founding member of S!P!K!.
  22. ^ The corporation was origially called the Latvian Academy of Music Student Association “Līga”. After exile, it was reactivated at the Jāzeps Vītols Latvian Academy of Music in Riga. It ceased operations between 2003 and 2013.
  23. ^ a b c Sororitas Tatiana was formed by the merger of the Russian student corporations Sororitas Slavia and Tatiana. Its membership consists of female students who are interested in the Russian language and culture.
  24. ^ The corporation closed in 1949 when BU ceased operations. Its members reformed the corporation in exile in the United States, Germany, Canada, and Australia. It began operations in Latvia in 1991.
  25. ^ The corporation was formed by nine Latvian students at three Munich universities, in exile after World War II. It was established in Latvia in 1993.
  26. ^ Corporation formed from a literary society, the Student Association “Varavīksne, established on March 6, 1922.
  27. ^ Although the group attempted to operate abroad, its members in Latvia joined Latviete in 1993. Thus, Ausma never reformed in Latvia.
  28. ^ Austrums began operating in Riga in 1919. After exile, it was reformed in Latvia at Riga Technical University on September 13, 1990, and at the University of Latvia on October 30, 1993.
  29. ^ Formed as the Association of Latvian Catholic Students Outside Latvia by students who were in exile from Latvia, which was under Soviet occupation. Its headquarters were in Germany, Belgium, and the United States before moving to Latvia on July 7, 1991. As of 2023, it has chapters in Liepāja, Rēzekne, and Riga.
  30. ^ Changed format from a student association to a concordia in 1927. Remaining members joined Konkordija Valdemārija after dissolution.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Student fraternities and sororities". Latvians in the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2025-04-15.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ščerbinskis, Valters. “The Latvian Student Corps and Politics in the Inter-War Period of the Twentieth Century.” Journal of Baltic Studies 36, no. 2 (2005): 157–77. JSTOR 43212615.
  3. ^ a b Feldentale, Evita (January 21, 2025). "Student Corporation Daugaviete". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  4. ^ a b c Zelenka, Andris (November 26, 2024). "student corporation "Fraternitas Academica"". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  5. ^ a b c Zelenkovs, Andris (October 24, 2024). "student corporation Tervetia". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  6. ^ a b Zelenka, Andris (December 28, 2024). "student corporation "Fraternitas Lettica"". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  7. ^ a b Zelenka, Andris (January 21, 2025). "student corporation Talavija". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Zelenka, Andris (November 26, 2024). "akadēmiskā vienība Austrums". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  9. ^ a b Zelenkovs, Andris (February 20, 2024). "Concordia Valdemaria". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  10. ^ a b "Corporations and academic units". University of Latvia. Retrieved 2025-04-15.
  11. ^ a b "korporācijas (Corporations)". Patria (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  12. ^ "P!K! vēsture". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  13. ^ "Studentu korporācijas". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  14. ^ "Beveronija". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  15. ^ Zelenkovs, Andris (February 6, 2024) "studentu korporācija 'Beveronija'". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas. Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. (in Latvian). Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  16. ^ Festschrift Fraternitas Baltica, 1865–1965. p. 152.
  17. ^ Philistine Association of Concordia Rigensis (ed.): Concordia Rigensis. 11/29/1869–11/29/1969. Festschrift: chronicle, album, statistics. Hamburg 1969. p. 45.
  18. ^ "Fraternitas Academica". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  19. ^ "Fraternitas Arctica". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  20. ^ "studentu korporācija "Fraternitas Arctica"". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Archived from the original on 2024-10-09. Retrieved 2025-04-16.
  21. ^ a b Zelenka, Andris (October 30, 2024). "student corporation Fraternitas Livonica". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  22. ^ Zelenka, Andris (May 20, 2024). "student corporation 'Fraternitas Cursica'". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  23. ^ "Fraternitas Cursica". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  24. ^ Zelenkovs, Andris (December 29, 2023). "student corporation 'Fraternitas Imantica'". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  25. ^ "Fraternitas Imantica". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  26. ^ "Fraternitas Lataviensis". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  27. ^ Zelenka, Andris (November 7, 2024). "studentu korporācija 'Fraternitas Lataviensis'". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas. Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  28. ^ "Fraternitas Lettica". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  29. ^ "Fraternitas Livonica". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  30. ^ "Fraternitas Metropolitana". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  31. ^ Zelenkovs, Andris (March 23, 2025). "student corporation Fraternitas Metropolitana". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  32. ^ Zelenka, Andris (October 25, 2024). "student corporation Fraternitas Vanenica". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  33. ^ "Fraternitas Vanenica". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  34. ^ "Fraternitas Vesthardiana". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  35. ^ Zelenka, Andris. (October 30, 2024) "studentu korporācija “Fraternitas Vesthardiana”". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas. Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. (in Latvian). Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  36. ^ Zelenkovs, Andris (February 8, 2024). "student corporation 'Gersicania'". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas. (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  37. ^ "Gersicania". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  38. ^ "Lacuania". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  39. ^ Zelenka, Andris (January 21, 2025). "Lacuania student corporation". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). National Library of Latvia. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  40. ^ Zelenka, Andris (December 28, 2024). "Student Corporation 'Latvia'". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  41. ^ "Latvia". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  42. ^ Zelenkovs, Andris (December 30, 2023). "student corporation Lettgallia". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  43. ^ "Lettgallia". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  44. ^ Zelenkovs, Andris (January 1, 2024). "student corporation Lettonia". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  45. ^ "Lettonia". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  46. ^ "Patria". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  47. ^ Zelenka, Andris (November 20, 2024). "student corporation Patria". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  48. ^ Zelenka, Andris. (March 6, 2025) "studentu korporācija “Philyronia”". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas. Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. (in Latvian). Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  49. ^ "Philyronia". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  50. ^ Zelenkovs, Andres. (January 1, 2024) "studentu korporācija “Ruthenia”". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas. Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. (in Latvian). Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  51. ^ "Photos from Riga student corporation Ruthenia – Gallery". www.russkije.lv. Retrieved 2025-04-15.
  52. ^ Zelenka, Andris. (November 13, 2024) "studentu korporācija “Salgalia”". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas. Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. (in Latvian). Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  53. ^ Zelenka, Andris (November 13, 2024). "student corporation Salgalia" [Latvian National Encyclopedia]. Nacionālā enciklopēdija (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved 2025-04-15.
  54. ^ "Selonija". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  55. ^ Zelenka, Andris (April 17, 2024). "student corporation Selonija". Nacionālās enciklopēdijas (in Latvian). Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  56. ^ "Talavija". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  57. ^ "Tervetia". P!K! (in Latvian). Retrieved 2024-09-30.
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