List of wars involving Peru

This is a list of wars involving the Republic of Peru (and its predecessor states), or in his territory, to the present.

Pre-Inca (-1438)[edit]


Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Wari Empire expansion campaigns^[1]^[2]^[3] (VII-X Century)	Wari Empire Huarpas	Caxamarca culture Lambayeque culture Lima culture Moche culture Nazca culture Recuay culture	Wari victory The Wari culture is consolidated as the 1st pan-andean empire, controlling Ancient Peru from modern Lambayeque to Moquegua. Andean civilizations enters to the Middle Horizon in the Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru.
Wari invasion of Moquegua^[4] (X/XI Century)	Wari Empire	Tiwanaku Empire	Wari victory Moquegua is destroyed. Decline of both empires.
Wari internal conflicts^[5] (XII Century)	Wari Empire	Rebel forces Foreign Invaders	The empire is fragmented into Sican Kingdom, Chimu Kingdom, Chancay culture, Tallán lordship, Chincha culture, Chachapoya culture, Huaylas Lordship, Cajamarca Kingdom, Huanca kingdom, Collique lordship.
Aymara invasions to Tiawanaku^[6] (XII Century)	Tiwanaku Empire	Aymaras	Aymara victory The Aymaras managed to gain the entire Andean plateau (modern Bolivia) for themselves, meanwhile the Tiahuanacos were forced to emigrate to the north (modern Southern Peru). Some Tiawanaku royal Ayllus stablish on Cuzco and found the Inca lordship .
Tiawanku civil war^[7]^[8] (XII Century)	Tiwanaku Empire	Rebel forces	The empire is fragmented into Aymara regional states, among which the Colla kingdom, the Lupaca kingdom and the Pacajes kingdom stand out. Andean civilizations enters to the Late Intermediate in the Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru.
Chimu conquest of Sican (1375)	Chimu Empire	Sican Kingdom	Sican is turned into a province of the Chimu kingdom.

Incan Empire (1438-1535)[edit]


Conflict	Allies	War against	Results	Head of State
Conquest of the Ayaviri (XIII century)	Kingdom of Cusco	Ayaviris	Inca Victory	Lloque Yupanqui
Battle of Huaychu (XIII century)	Kingdom of Cusco	Colla Kingdom	Inca Victory	Mayta Cápac
Rebellion of the Mascas^[9] (XIV century)	Kingdom of Cusco	Mascas	Inca Victory The leader of the Masca people, Guasi Guaca, is taken prisoner.	Inca Roca
Rebellion of the Muyna and the Pinahua^[10] (XIV century)	Kingdom of Cusco	Muyna Pinahua	Inca Victory Death of Muyna Pongo, Muyna leader. Flight of Guaman Tupa, Pinahua leader.	Inca Roca
Chanca-Inca War (1438-1440)	Inca Empire	Chanka Kingdom	Inca Victory Beginning of the Third Inca Expansion.	Viracocha Inca Pachacuti
Inca-Chincha war (1440-1460)	Inca Empire	Chincha Lordship	Inca Victory	Pachacuti
Conquest of the towns of Collao (1445-1505)	Inca Empire	Collao towns Aymara kingdoms Diaguita Huarpes Omaguacas Atacamas Comechingones Guaycuru peoples Chichas	Inca Victory • Quechuanization of the Collao	Pachacuti Topa Inca Yupanqui Huayna Capac
Huarco-Inca War^[11] (1450s)	Inca Empire	Huarco Confederation	Inca Victory After 5 years of war, the Huarco leaders are massively hanged in the Canchari Fortress. The Incas kills all the princes of Huarco.	Pachacuti Topa Inca Yupanqui
Rebellion of the Ayarmacas (1460s)	Inca Empire	Ayarmacas	Inca Victory The Ayarmaca curaca is taken prisoner.	Pachacuti Topa Inca Yupanqui
Conquest of the Cajamarcas^[11]^[12] (1460s)	Inca Empire	Caxamarcas Chimu Empire	Inca Victory The Cajamarca leader Husmancu Cápac, with his Chimú Cápac ally, are taken as prisoners and died on Cuzco. Casus belli for the Chimor–Inca War.	Pachacuti
Conquest of the Chimú Empire (1470)	Inca Empire	Chimu Empire	Inca Victory Inca sack of Chan Chan. The treasures are used to decoy the Coricancha The Chimu leader Minchancaman is taken prisoner End of Chimu hegemony on North Peru. Consolidation of Inca hegemony on Ancient Peru.	Pachacuti Topa Inca Yupanqui
Guaraní invasions (1470-1554)	Inca Empire (until 1533) Neo-Inca State (since 1537)	Tupi-Guaraní people Supported by Portuguese Empire (since 1522)	Inca Pirric Victory Guarani sacks successfully the Inca domains, but are expelled.	Pachacuti Topa Inca Yupanqui Huayna Capac
Mapuche-Inca War (1471-1530)	Inca Empire	Mapuches Picunche	Inca Pirric Victory The Mapuches of the south of the Maule River maintain their independence. Border conflicts will continue on the Arauco War	Topa Inca Yupanqui Huayna Capac
Conquest of the Chachapoyas (1472)	Inca Empire	Chachapoya culture	Inca Victory Incan attempts to make an Ethnocide to Chachapoyas by forcing them to be a Diaspora or being part of the Inca army.	Topa Inca Yupanqui
Rebellion of the Chimú (1475)^[13]	Inca Empire	Chimor	Inca Victory Execution of the Chimú leader.	Topa Inca Yupanqui
Conquest of the peoples of the northern Andes (1490-1520)	Inca Empire	Northern Andes Peoples Chachapoyas Cañaris Quitus Cochasquí Cayambi Caranquis Peruchos Otavalos Puruhá Pastos	Inca Victory The Incas beheaded the Caranquis, near the Yahuarcocha lagoon (blood lagoon), killing 2000-20000 people.	Topa Inca Yupanqui Huayna Capac
Inca civil war (1529-1532)	Huascarist	Atahualpist	Atahualpa Victory	Huáscar
Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire (1532-1572) Conquest of Bolivia Conquest of Chile Conquest of Ecuador 2nd Inca-Spanish War Manco Inca Rebellion Titu Cusi's Vilcabamba campaign Tupac Amaru I's Vilcabamba campaign	Inca Empire (until 1535) Neo-Inca State (since 1537)	Spanish Empire New Castile New Toledo Indian auxiliaries Huancas Chankas Cañaris Huaylas Chachapoyas Huascarist Incas Catholicized Inca nobility Neo-Inca State (1533-1536) Tlaxcaltecas^[14] Nicaraguas^[15]	Spanish Victory Stablishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Spanish monarchs gets the right of succession of the Sapa Incas monarchy (Reynos del Perú) through Translatio imperii.	Atahualpa Incas of Vilcabamba

Colonial Peru (1535-1821)[edit]


Conflict	Allies	War against	Results	Head of State
Spanish conquest of New Granada (1502-1540) Expedition of Sebastián de Belalcázar Battle of Tocarema	Spanish Empire Province of Tierra Firme (since 1502) Klein-Venedig (since 1530) New Castile (since 1533) Indian auxiliaries Southern Muisca Zipazgo	Chibchan peoples Muisca Confederation Tairona Non-Chibcha peoples Panche people Muzo people Kingdom of Quito	Foundation of the New Kingdom of Granada after overwhelming the indigenous peoples of the territory.	Charles I of Spain
Grijalva expedition to the South Pacific(1537-1542)	Spanish Empire New Spain New Castile (since 1539)	Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia mutinous Spaniards	The ship is lost in New Guinea, where almost the entire crew died. The rest are rescued by the Portuguese from Ternate.	Charles I of Spain
Civil Wars between conquerors of Peru (1537-1554)	Pizarristas New Castile Vaca de Castro Royalists Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Royalists Viceroyalty of Peru Viceroyalty authorities Viceroyalty of Peru	Almagristas New Toledo Neo-Inca State (until 1542) Almagristas New Castile-New Toledo royal union Gonzalistas Encomenderos Francisco Hernandes Girón rebels Encomenderos	1° Pizarrist victory: New Castile stays with Cuzco. Deaths of: Diego de Almagro "el viejo" and Francisco Pizarro. 2° Crown of Castille victory: Abolition of the hereditary governorships of New Castile and New Toledo after the attempt of unification and independence of the Kingdom of Spain. Establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru to ensure compliance with the orders of the King of Spain [mostly Laws of Burgos]. Death of Diego Almagro "el mozo" and Cristóbal Vaca de Castro. 3° Stalemate: The encomiendas in Peru are gradually annulled through the New Laws and Laws of the Indies until the 18th century; death of Gonzalo Pizarro and Blasco Núñez Vela. 4° Viceroyalty of Peru victory: Death of Francisco Hernández Girón and end of the rebellions of the encomenderos. Consolidation of Indian Law to protect the natural rights of the indigenous person in Peru.	Charles I of Spain
Orellana Expedition to Amazon river (1541-1542)	Viceroyalty of Peru Province of Quito	Hostile Amazonian peoples	Stalemate Discovery of the Amazon River until the Atlantic Ocean, but Spaniards retreat due to diseases (dying Francisco de Orellana). Start of catholic missions on Maynas.	Charles I of Spain
Spanish conquest and colonization of Argentina (1543-1593) Expeditions in Tucumán Diego de Rojas entry to Tucumán Western colonizing current Northern colonizing current (1543-1593)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Province of Charcas Governorate of Paraguay Captaincy General of Chile Indian auxiliaries	Indigenous peoples northern tehuelches Diaguitas Guarani	Victory of the Spanish conquistadors. These territories weren't any unified entity and became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru as the Governorate of the Río de la Plata.	Charles I of Spain Philip II of Spain
First Communero Rebellion (1544)	Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of Paraguay	Comuneros Encomendero	Defeat of the royal authorities Establishment of Domingo Martínez de Irala as governor by popular election of the Encomenderos, according to The Royal Decree of September 12, 1537, which determined the charge of a governor in Paraguay would be elected by the vote of the inhabitants.	Charles I of Spain
Arauco War (1535/1546-1810)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Indian auxiliaries Yanakuna Indios reyunos Boroano people	Araucania and Patagonia Indigenous people Mapuches Huilliche Pehuenche Cunco	Stalemate Initial failure of the Spanish conquest in the Mapuche territories south of the Biobío River. The Hispanic Monarchy recognizes the indigenous sovereignty of the Wallmapu, and in the Mapuche Parliaments they recognize being under the protection of the King of Spain. Alliances between Spaniards and mapuches are established that would be invoked so that the Mapuches are on the royalist side on the Spanish American wars of independence. Later Argentina and Chile would restart the conflict decades later (Conquest of the Desert and Pacification of Araucania).	Charles I of Spain Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain Ferdinand VII of Spain
Bandeirantes raids from Brazil (1557-XVIII century) Expedition led by Antônio Raposo Tavares Expedition of Luís Pedroso de Barros	Viceroyalty of Peru Maynas Government Province of Charcas Viceroyalty of New Granada (since 1717) Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (since 1777) Governorate of Paraguay Jesuit missions	Colonial Brazil Colonia del Sacramento Bandeirantes	Stalemate The Amazon forest is divided between Peru-Spain and Brazil-Portugal with the Treaty of Madrid (1750) and First Treaty of San Ildefonso.	Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain
Calchaquí Wars (1560-1667) 2nd Calchaqui War	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Province of Charcas	Diaguita confederation	Victory of the Spanish Empire Spanish conquest of the Tucumán region Relocation of tens of thousands of people belonging to the Diaguita kingdoms in Pueblo de Indios.	Philip II of Spain
Spanish-Chiriguano War (1564-17th century)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Province of Charcas	Ava Guaraní people	Victory Successful Spanish conquest of the Eastern Bolivian region. Establishment of Jesuit Missions of Moxos and Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos	Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain Ferdinand VII of Spain
Bayano Wars (1548-1582)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru New Kingdom of Granada	Rebel Maroons slaves from Panama	Victory Defeat of Bayano insurgents.	Philip II of Spain
Spanish expeditions to Solomon and Vanuatu (1567-1606) First Spanish expedition to Solomon	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of the Philippines	Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia	Defeat Discovery of multiple islands between the Golfo de la Concepción and Golfo de la Candelaria (the sea between Peru and Tuvalu), such as the Solomon Islands archipelago and the Vanuatu archipelago. Possible Spanish discovery of Australia in their search of Terra Australis Ignota. Colonization attempts failed due to disease and bellicosity of the inhabitants, as well as war crimes by explorers	Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain
Colonial front of the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War (1568-1648) Dutch piracy in Latin America Dutch expedition to Valdivia Battle of Carelmapu Castro combat	Spanish Empire Spanish Netherlands Crown of Castile New Spain Peru Crown of Portugal (1580–1640) State of Brazil Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sardinia Holy Roman Empire Archduchy of Austria Electorate of Bavaria Catholic League Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Supported by: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Papal States	United Provinces Dutch East Indies Dutch West Indies England France Nassau Bohemia Electorate of the Palatinate Transylvania Denmark–Norway Venice Savoy Duchy of Mantua Duchy of Modena Duchy of Parma Sweden Saxony Brandenburg-Prussia Kingdom of Portugal (1640–58) Principality of Catalonia (from 1640) Supported by: Tsardom of Russia Ottoman Empire	Defeat Foundation of the Dutch colonial Empire after obtaining its independence from the Hispanic Monarchy. Expulsion of the Anglo, French, Dutch and Danish pirates from the American coasts, with repression of colonization attempts. Expulsion of the Dutch from Valdivia, San Juan de Puerto Rico and partially from Salvador de Bahía. Partial Spanish recovery of the Island of San Martín. Peace of Westphalia and Peace of Münster Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Dutch–Portuguese War (1601–1661) and Spanish–Portuguese War (1640–1668) continue, but without attacks to Peruvian territories.	Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain
Castilian War (1578) Part of Ottoman-Habsburg Wars on Southeast Asia and Spanish-Moro Wars	Spanish Empire Spanish Philippines Indian auxiliaries from Mexico and Peru Bruneians who defected to Spain	Bruneian Empire Sultanate of Sulu Maguindanao Supported by: Ottoman Empire Turks, Egyptians, Swahilis, Somalis, Sindhis, Gujaratis, and Malabars forces Sultanate of Aceh	Status quo ante bellum Bruneian military victory to seize its independence from Spanish Empire. Becoming a city-state until today. Spanish tactical Victory in ending Bruneian empire at sea and its influence on Philippines	Philip II of Spain
Expedition of Juan Jufré and Juan Fernández to Polynesia and New Zealand (1575-1576)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile	Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia	Stalemate The expedition possibly reached New Zealand and Tahiti, but there wasn't any conquest.	Philip II of Spain
Expeditions to Chile hostile to Spain (1578-1741)	Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile	European Pirates Supported by: United Provinces England	Stalemate Mostly repressed	Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Drake and Hawking expeditions Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation	Spanish Empire Spanish Netherlands Crown of Castile New Spain Peru Crown of Portugal (1580–1640) State of Brazil Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sardinia Duchy of Parma Grand Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Savoy Duchy of Castro Order of Saint John co-belligerent French rebels Irish rebels	Kingdom of England Corsairs Ireland co-belligerent Portuguese rebels United Provinces France Huguenots	Indecisive, Status quo ante bellum Near Lima, Drake captured a Spanish ship with 25,000 pesos of Peruvian gold. Expulsion of the English from Spanish America and end of English interruption to Spanish transatlantic transportation and colonial expansion. The English privateers now find their needs in the service of the Dutch. England obtains the Colony of Newfoundland and Bermuda, beginning the English colonial Empire. Treaty of London	Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain
Antarctic Expedition of the Armada del Mar del Sur to the South Seas and Terra Australis (1603)	Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile	Dutch corsair	Inconclusive First western sightings of Antarctica Peruvian presence on Antarctica.	Philip III of Spain
Battle of Mbororé (1641) part of Portuguese Restoration War and Portuguese conquest of the Eastern Missions	Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of Paraguay Governorate of Rio de la Plata Jesuit missions among the Guaraní Indian auxiliaries	Colonial Brazil Bandeirantes Paulistas Tupi people	Victory Portuguese raids stop Guarani people are excluded from forced labour The jesuits gain more autonomy regarding the administration of their missions	Philip IV of Spain
2nd Communero Rebellion of Paraguay (1649-1650)	Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of Paraguay (loyal to Sebastián de León y Zárate) Jesuit Province of Paraguay Indian auxiliaries (Guaraní)	Governorate of Paraguay (loyal to Bernardino de Cárdenas) Cabildo of Asunción Mestizo and Criollos Encomenderos rebels (comuneros)	Royalist victory An army of 700 Indian missionaries, led by León and Zárate, occupy Asunción and imprison Cárdenas. He is then exiled from Paraguay and sent to Charcas in Upper Peru for a Trial of residence for his actions without royal permission. The institutions and properties, illegitimately usurped from the Jesuits and indigenous people, are returned to them by order of the King's Representative.	Philip IV of Spain
Mapuche uprising of 1655 (1655)	Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile Indian auxiliaries	Mapuches Cuncos Pehuenches	Defeat The lands between the Bío Bío and Maule rivers are economically devastated and the Spanish abandon Boroa. The looting raids, led by Mestizo Alejo and other indigenous leaders, continue. Large number of freed Mapuche slaves. The Governor of Chile, Francisco Antonio de Acuña Cabrera y Bayona, is deposed twice and there is the possibility of civil war.	Philip IV of Spain
Chepo expedition (1679)	New Spain Captaincy General of Guatemala Viceroyalty of Peru New Kingdom of Granada Captaincy General of Chile	European Pirates (English and Spaniards renegades)	Initial victory for the pirates They continue their actions on both coasts of Central America, while looting and then burning of the town of Chepo, Panama (part of Peru as Real Audiencia of Panama). Peruvian royal victory in Battle of San Marcos de Arica Execution of the pirates, with the exception of Bartolomé Sharp, who manages to return to England and is acquitted.	Charles II of Spain
Colonial front of Nine Years' War (1688–97) Raid on Cartagena de Indias (1697)	Grand Alliance: Dutch Republic England New England Holy Roman Empire Spain Spanish Netherlands Viceroyalty of Peru New Kingdom of Granada Piedmont-Savoy Sweden (until 1691) Scotland	France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Irish and Scottish Jacobites	Indecisive French victory in his raid on South America. Treaty of Ryswick Spain officially ceded the western third of Hispaniola to France, stablishing the Saint-Domingue colony on modern Haiti.	Charles II of Spain
West Indies and South American Front of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) Siege of Colonia del Sacramento Wager's Action Capture of the galleon San Joaquin	Kingdom of France New France French East India Company Spain loyal to Philip Crown of Castile Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sicily New Spain Peru (Provinces of the Peruvian coast) Bavaria (until 1704) Duchy of Mantua (until 1708) Cologne (until 1702) Liège (until 1702) co-belligerent: Kuruc (Kingdom of Hungary) Principality of Transylvania	Holy Roman Empire: Austria Prussia (from 1702) Hanover Great Britain (formed on 1707)^[16] England (until 1707) Scotland (until 1707) British America British East India Company Dutch Republic Duchy of Savoy (after 1703) Kingdom of Portugal (from 1703) State of Brazil Spain loyal to Charles Crown of Aragon Spanish Netherlands Provinces of the Andean-Amazonian interior of Peru Danish Auxiliary Corps co-belligerent: Hungarian Royalists Kingdom of Croatia	Political victory for Spain loyal to Philip Military victory for Spain loyal to Charles Treaty of Utrecht (1713) Treaty of Rastatt (1714) Treaty of Baden (1714) Spain and Britain sign the Asiento Spain cedes the Colony of Sacramento to the Portuguese Empire	Philip V of Spain
Protests and rebellions of the 18th century in the Viceroyalty of Peru (1700s)	Viceroyalty of Peru	Rebellions of peruleros	Pyric victory of the Viceroyalty authorities. Partial reforms are given to appease the rebels, as well as severe punishments for repeat offender leaders, to prevent future insurrections among the local population. Multiple social groups, dissatisfied with the Bourbon Reforms, would continue to rebel under the motto of "Long live the King, death to the bad government" for an improvement of the Spanish state in its compliance with the colonial pact between subject and monarch, longing for the previous "fueros" and local autonomies of the traditional Monarchy of the House of Austria against the thriving Bourbon Absolutism. First notions of anti-colonial political independence in the most radical groups, usually influenced by the Spanish-American Enlightenment.	Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain
Huilliche uprising of 1712 (1712)	Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile Governorate of Chiloé	Huilliches of Chiloé	Royalist Victory Harsh reprisals by the Spanish military against the Huiliches until the intervention of the Jesuit mediation. The governor of Chile, Juan Andrés de Ustáriz, created a commission (led by Pedro de Molina) to find those responsible and punish corrupt officials who provoked the Huiliche rebellion. Marín de Velasco is found guilty and is prohibited from returning to Chiloé, Ustáriz is dismissed after the Trial of residence for complicity with Garzón's escape Reforms are being made so that living conditions in the encomienda improve for the Huilliches	Philip V of Spain
Great Revolt of the Comuneros of Paraguay (1721-1735)	Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of Paraguay Governorate of Rio de la Plata Jesuit missions among the Guaraní	Comuneros Encomenderos	Royalist victory Execution of José de Antequera y Castro in the Ciudad de los Reyes (Lima). Bruno Mauricio de Zabala ordered extreme measures against the Paraguayan province. Anti-Peruvian resentments in Paraguay.	Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain
Mapuche uprising of 1723 (1723)	Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile	Mapuches Lafquenches Cuncos	Both sides claim victory A peace agreement was reached with the Parliament of Negrete, where they established a system of fairs where Mapuche-Spanish trade was regulated through 3-4 fairs per year, breaking the Spanish commercial monopoly in Araucanía.	Philip V of Spain
Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of Rio de la Plata	Portuguese Empire State of Brazil	Defeat and Status quo ante bellum Miguel de Salcedo was disposed as governor of Buenos Aires Colonia del Sacramento under Portuguese sovereignty. Montevideo under Spanish sovereignty	Philip V of Spain
Colonial front of the War of Austrian Succession (War of Jenkins' Ear) (1739–48) George Anson's voyage around the world	Spanish Empire New Spain Cuba Florida New Granada Venezuela Province Peru France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Prussia Bavaria (1741–45) Saxony (1741–42) Sicily and Naples Republic of Genoa (1745–48) Sweden (1741–43) Savoy-Sardinia (1741–42)	Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Habsburg Monarchy Hanover Dutch Republic Saxony (1743–45) Savoy-Sardinia (1742–48) Russia (1741–43, 1748)	Status quo ante bellum Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) leading to Treaty of Madrid (1750) Spain revalidated with Great Britain the right of Asiento de Negros and permission for this country to send one merchant ship a year to the Spanish colonies in America. Both points had been previously agreed on March 16, 1713, in the Treaty of Utrecht. George Anson's English troops razed the city and devastated Paita, burning it in 1742.	Philip V of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain
Guaraní War (1754–56)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of Paraguay Portuguese Empire State of Brazil	Guaraní Tribes Jesuits Jesuit missions among the Guaraní	Victory Ratification of Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750). Treaty of El Pardo: Declaration of the border between Spain and Portugal in South America Total abandonment of the Misiones Orientales by the Guaraní, being ceded to Portuguese Brazil. Subsequent Expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal in 1759 an then of the Expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish Empire of 1767.	Ferdinand VI of Spain
Colonial front of the Seven Years' War South American Front of Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) Mojeña War Fantastic War First expedition of Cevallos to Río Grande Anglo-Portuguese invasion of the Río de la Plata (1763)	Spain (since 1762) Viceroyalty of Peru New Granada New Spain France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Austria Saxony Hesse-Darmstadt Sweden Russia (until 1762) Kalmykia Mughal Empire (since 1757)	Portuguese Empire (since 1762) State of Brazil Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Hanover Prussia Hesse-Kassel Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Schaumburg-Lippe	Stalemate Transfer of colonial possessions between Great Britain, France, and Spain after Treaty of Paris (1763). Spanish victory on River Plate. In present-day Uruguay, Spanish captured Colónia do Sacramento and advanced into Rio Grande do Sul. The thesis of the Portuguese Empire prevailed that the Guaporé river should serve as a border between the two Empires in the Amazon Jungle on present-day Bolivia. The Portuguese conquered most of the valley of Rio Negro, expelling the Spaniards from São Gabriel [pt] and São José de Maribatanas [pt].	Charles III of Spain
Mapuche uprising of 1766 (1766)	Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile Pehuenche	Mapuches	Stagnation due to inter-ethnic indigenous conflict Spanish penetration in Araucanía is reversed.	Charles III of Spain
Spanish expeditions to Tahití (1772-1775)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Christianized Tahitians	Hostile Pagan Tahitians Spanish and Peruvian mutineers	Victory Withdrawn due to anticlerical policies of Charles III and economic problems in Peru to support the stability of the Catholic missions	Charles III of Spain
Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (1780-1783) Includes Oruro Rebellion	Viceroyalty of Peru Council of 24 Incan Noble electors]] Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Real Audiencia of Charcas	Túpac Amaru II criollo, mestizo, indigenous and black rebel forces Túpac Katari indigenous rebel forces	Royalist victory Rebellion repressed. Death of Túpac Amaru II and his family. Attempt to ban Inca Culture and Quechua. Reforms in the viceroyalty (abolition of the Corregimientos and installation of the Intendencies)	Charles III of Spain
Huilliche uprising of 1792 (1792)	Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile Governorate of Valdivia Governorate of Chiloé	Huilliches of Futahuillimapu	Royalist victory After the misunderstandings were resolved, the Parliament of Las Canoas was signed by Governor Ambrosio O'Higgins, by which the Huiliches were fully incorporated into the sovereignty of the Spanish Crown, while maintaining their traditional institutions (such as the cacicato). Therefore, the territorial strip between the Rahue and Damas rivers is open to Spanish colonization, allowing the refoundation of Osorno. The indigenous signatories recognized the king of Spain as their sovereign and signed an alliance agreement, but maintained considerable autonomy in the lands that they had not ceded to the Kingdom of Chile.	Charles IV of Spain
Campaigns of Peruvian Royal Army during Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1833) Bolivian War of Independence Goyeneche campaign in Upper Peru (1809) Ecuadorian War of Independence Quito revolutionary process (1809-1812) Guayaquil War of Independence Argentine War of Independence Córdoba Counterrevolution Auxiliary Expeditions to Upper Peru Gaucho war De la Serna's invasion of Jujuy and Salta Corsairs in Argentine Independence Brown's corsair expedition to the Pacific Hippolytus Bouchard Expedition Chilean War of Independence Patria Vieja Campaign Reconquest of Chile Campaign of the Chilean corsairs Colombian War of Independence Nariño campaign in the south Southern Campaigns Pasto Campaign Sucre Campaign in Upper Peru Peruvian War of Independence Tacna Insurrection (1811) Tacna Rebellion of 1813 Cusco Rebellion of 1814 Maynas War of Independence	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Viceroyalty of New Granada (until 1822) Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (until 1814) Unoficcially supported by: Kingdom of Brazil	1st phase Junta of Quito Bolivian Republiquetas Junta of Chile Junta of Bogota Junta of Buenos Aires Junta of Cusco Junta of Tacna Junta of Guayaquil 2nd phase Río de la Plata Chile Gran Colombia Peru Supported by: Britain Haiti	1st phase: Initial Royalist victory during the administration of the viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa Liberal Revolutions repressed effectively in Peru, being the only territory without developing a Junta during Peninsular War. Viceroyalty of Peru reconquers for the Spanish Supreme Central Junta, and annex to Lima authorities, the territories Upper Peru and Real Audiencia of Quito in 1810, after helping counter-revolutionary forces against the considered illegal Juntas of Spanish American. Peruvian royalists in land reconquers totality of Chile after Battle of Rancagua. Also making incursions into Argentine Northwest and Southern Colombia. Even reaching some help of luso-Brazilian royalists caudillos from the Captaincy of Grão Pará and Captaincy of Matto Grosso. Peruvian royalists in sea maintain the balance of powers in favor of Lima and Spain against Valparaiso and the secessionists throughout the Pacific Ocean, protecting royalists navigation routes with Central America and Mexico (giving some aid to royalists from there against Argentine and Chilean corsairs). Militar victory against Don Jose de San Martin intervention during Battle of Moquegua. 2nd phase: Reverse during Joaquín de la Pezuela administration and final defeat during Jose de la Serna government. Dissolution of the Peruvian Royal Army after Olañeta Rebellion civil war between liberal and absolutist royalists. Then defeated by Gran Colombia forces. Royalist guerrillas remnants in Peru by the Republic of Iquicha until 1836. Also by other remnants of the royal Peruvian army, such as the Pincheira Brothers in southern Chile until 1834, and by the Fernando VII Regiment in Vallegrande (Bolivia) until 1828.	Ferdinand VII of Spain

Republic of Peru (1821-present)[edit]

Conflict	Peru and Peruvian Allies	War against	Results	Head of State of Peru
Peruvian War of Independence (1811–1826)	Peru Río de la Plata Gran Colombia Chile	Spain	Peruvian victory Peru becomes an independent country	José de San Martín
Ecuadorian War of Independence (1820–1822) Santa Cruz auxiliar expedition to Quito	Guayaquil Gran Colombia Chile Peru Río de la Plata	Spain	Victory Incorporation of the Real Audiencia of Quito into Gran Colombia	José de San Martín
Iquicha War (1825–1828)	Peru	Iquicha	Government victory	Simón Bolívar Andrés de Santa Cruz Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano José de la Mar
Peruvian intervention in Bolivia of 1828 (1828)	Peru Republic of Upper Peru	Gran Colombia Republic of Bolívar	Peruvian victory Treaty of Piquiza^[17] Withdrawal of Gran Colombian troops from Bolivia.^[18] Term of Bolivarian influence in Bolivia.	José de la Mar Agustín Gamarra
Gran Colombia–Peru War (1828–1829)	Peru	Gran Colombia	Stalemate Signing of the Larrea-Gual Treaty^[19] Peru recognized the Gran Colombian annexation of Guayaquil and Gran Colombia recognized Peruvian sovereignty of Tumbes, Jaen and Maynas	José de la Mar Agustín Gamarra
Peruvian Civil War of 1834 (1834)	Luis José de Orbegoso's Government	Pedro Bermudez's Rebels	Government victory	Luis José de Orbegoso
Salaverry-Santa Cruz War (1835–1836)	Felipe Santiago Salaverry's Government Agustín Gamarra's Rebels	Luis José de Orbegoso's Opposition Andrés de Santa Cruz's Bolivian Army	Defeat Foundation of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation	Felipe Santiago Salaverry
War of the Confederation (1836–1839)	Peru-Bolivian Confederation	Chile Peruvian Dissidents	Restoration victory Dissolution of the Confederation Exile of Santa Cruz	Various
War between Argentina and Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1837–1839)	Peru-Bolivian Confederation	Argentina	Defeat Dissolution of the Confederation	Various
Iquicha War (1839)	Peru Chile	Iquicha	Peruvian-Chilean victory Signature of the Treaty of Yanallay in which the Iquichans submit to the Republic of Peru Isolation of the caudillo Antonio Huachaca	Agustín Gamarra
Peruvian-Bolivian War of 1841-1842 (1841–1842)	Peru	Bolivia	Ceasefire Treaty of Puno^[20] Bolivian expulsion from southern Peru Peruvian Army expelled from Bolivia Bolivian Army expelled from Peru	Agustín Gamarra
Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844 (1843–1844)	Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco's Government	Ramón Castilla's Rebels	Defeat	Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
Liberal Revolution of 1854 (1854)	Constitutional Army	Liberal Army	Constitutional Army defeat	José Rufino Echenique
Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858 (1856–1858)	Ramón Castilla's Government	Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco's Rebels	Government victory	Ramón Castilla
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1857–1860 (1857–1860)	Peru	Ecuador	Peruvian victory Subscription of the Treaty of Mapasingue [es] Diplomatic impasse arising from Ecuador's decision to grant its English creditors the vast Amazonian territories disputed with Peru. Ecuadorian failure.	Ramon Castilla
Peruvian Civil War of 1865 (1865)	Juan Antonio Pezet's Government	Mariano Ignacio Prado's Rebels	Defeat	Juan Antonio Pezet
Chincha Islands War (1865–1866)	Chile Peru Ecuador Bolivia	Spain	Indecisive, both sides claimed victory The state of war is maintained between the belligerent parties until the signing of an indefinite armistice in 1871. Subsequently, Spain and the South American allies signed peace treaties separately: Peru (1879), Bolivia (1879), Chile (1883) and Ecuador (1885).	Mariano Ignacio Prado
Peruvian Civil War of 1867 (1867)	Mariano Ignacio Prado's Government	Pedro Diez Canseco and José Balta's Rebels	Defeat	Mariano Ignacio Prado
Puno Rebellion (1868-1869)	Peru	Tupac Amaru III indigenous rebel forces	Government victory	José Balta
Huáscar Uprising of 1877 (1877)	Peru	Huáscar Rebels	Government victory	Mariano Ignacio Prado
Battle of Pacocha (1877)	Peru	Britain	Peruvian victory	Mariano Ignacio Prado
War of the Pacific (1879–1883)	Bolivia Peru	Chile	Peruvian defeat Chilean forces capture Lima Chilean forces occupy Tacna, Arica and Tarapaca Tacna reincorporated to Peru in 1929 Bolivia loses its access to the sea	Mariano Ignacio Prado Luis La Puerta de Mendoza Nicolás de Piérola Francisco García Calderón Lizardo Montero Flores Miguel Iglesias
Peruvian Civil War of 1884–1885 (1884–1885)	Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Government	Miguel Iglesias's Rebels	Cacerista victory	Andrés Avelino Cáceres
Huaraz Rebellion (1885–1887)	Peru	Quechua Rebels	Government victory	Miguel Iglesias Andrés Avelino Cáceres
Peruvian Civil War of 1894–1895 (1894–1895)	Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Government	Nicolás de Piérola's Rebels	Defeat	Andrés Avelino Cáceres
Loretan Insurrection of 1896 (1896)	Peru	Federal State of Loreto	Government victory	Nicolás de Piérola
Salt Revolt (1896–1897)	Peru	Quechua Rebels	Government victory	Nicolás de Piérola
Border skirmishes between Peru and Brazil^[21] (1902–1909)	Peru co-belligerant Bolivia (until 1903)^[22]	Brazil	Stalemate Initial Peruvian victories on their military incursions on Alto Yurúa and Alto Purús region until the intervention of Jose Ferreira forces on 1904. Brazil sough an anti-Peruvian alliance with Ecuador (Tobar-Rio Branco treaty) and Chile. After Brazilian intimidations to Peruvian authorities of a total war with all of its neighbours, it's firmed the Velarde-Rio Branco Treaty, favorable to Brazil. Peruvian withdrawal of their Acre pretensions, but ending Brazilian expansionism into Madre de Dios and Ucayali.	Eduardo López de Romaña José Pardo y Barreda Augusto B. Leguía
Angoteros Incident (1903)	Peru	Ecuador	Peruvian victory^[23] Advance of an Ecuadorian detachment in Peruvian territory that was repelled on the banks of the Napo River	Eduardo López de Romaña
Torres Causana Incident (1904)	Peru	Ecuador	Peruvian victory^[24] Advance of Ecuadorian troops in Peruvian territory in the area of the Aguarico river and Napo river until their subsequent expulsion, taking of prisoners and captured war material.	Serapio Calderón
Peruvian-Ecuadorian tension of 1910 (1910)	Peru	Ecuador	Stalemate ABC countries and United States intervenes to garantice the peace after menace of continental war. For the first time in world history, the provisions of the 1907 Hague Convention, regarding the peaceful settlement of conflicts, were fulfilled. Peruvian position is favoured	Augusto B. Leguía
Campaign of the Manuripi Region (1910)	Peru	Bolivia	Peruvian victory^[25]^[26] Recognition of most of the disputed territory as belonging to Peru (250 000 km2 of Peru).^[27] Delivery of the territory of Purus to Peruvian territory.^[28] Death of the Bolivian captain Lino Echevarria.	Augusto B. Leguía
Conflict of La Pedrera (1911)	Peru	Colombia	Peruvian victory^[29] Colombian troops were evicted from the Pedrera	Augusto B. Leguía
Trujillan Revolution (1932)	Peru	APRA	Government victory Massacres, bombing of Trujillo and failure of the revolution	Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
Colombia–Peru War (1932–1933)	Peru	Colombia	Ceasefire Status quo ante bellum Ratification of the Solomon-Lozano Treaty	Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro Óscar R. Benavides
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941 (1941)	Peru	Ecuador	Peruvian victory Signing of the Rio de Janeiro Protocol	Manuel Prado Ugarteche
World War II (1945)	United States Soviet Union United Kingdom China France Poland Canada Australia New Zealand India South Africa Yugoslavia Greece Denmark Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Czechoslovakia Brazil Mexico Chile Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Venezuela Uruguay Argentina	Germany Japan Italy Hungary Romania Bulgaria Croatia Slovakia Finland Thailand Manchukuo Mengjiang	Victory Collapse of the German Reich Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War	Manuel Prado Ugarteche
Leftists Guerrilla Insurgencies (1962-1965)	Peru	MIR ELN Cuba	Government victory Luis de la Puente Uceda is captured and die. End of Cuban intervention on Andean countries after the paralleling Che Guevara's failure in Bolivia.	Manuel Prado Ugarteche Fernando Belaúnde
Limazo (1975)	Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru	Peruvian police rebels Civilians (right-wing and radical left-wing)	Government Victory	Juan Velasco Alvarado
Border incident of Cenepa (1978)	Peru	Ecuador	Victory^[30] The base and the camp set up by the Ecuadorian troops are now controlled by the Peruvian Army	Francisco Morales Bermúdez
Internal Conflict in Peru [Main Phase] (1980–2000)	Peru	Shining Path MRTA (1982–1997)	Government victory Strong weakening of the Shining Path Shining Path last groups still active on high jungle Total defeat of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)	Fernando Belaúnde Terry Alan García Alberto Fujimori Valentín Paniagua Alejandro Toledo Ollanta Humala Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
Paquisha War (1981)	Peru	Ecuador	Peruvian victory The posts installed by Ecuadorian troops came to be controlled by the Peruvian Army Status quo ante bellum of 1942	Fernando Belaúnde Terry
Cenepa War (1995)	Peru	Ecuador	Ceasefire Status quo ante bellum Acta of Brasilia The border was closed, as indicated in the Rio de Janeiro Protocol of 1942, and the end of all differences between the two nations was declared	Alberto Fujimori
Narcoterrorist insurgency (2000–present) Peru in Colombia Internal Conflict	Peru Colombia	Shining Path Movimiento por la Amnistía y Derechos Fundamentales (MOVADEF) FUDEPP Comité Base Mantaro Rojo Militarized Communist Party of Peru Ethnocacerists Peruvian narcotraficants Colombian narcotraficants FARC	Ongoing	Valentín Paniagua Alejandro Toledo Ollanta Humala Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Martín Vizcarra Manuel Merino Francisco Sagasti Pedro Castillo Dina Boluarte

References[edit]

^ Tung, Tiffiny (2007). "Trauma and Violence in the Wari Empire of the Peruvian Andes: Warfare, Raids, and Ritual Fights". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 133 (3): 941–956. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20565. PMID 17506491.
^ Schreiber, Katharina J. (April 1987). "Conquest and Consolidation: A Comparison of the Wari and Inka Occupations of a Highland Peruvian Valley". American Antiquity. 52 (2): 266–284. doi:10.2307/281780. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 281780. S2CID 155131409.
^ Julián Santillana (2000). «Los estados panandinos: Wari y Tiwanaku». En Teodoro Hampe Martínez, ed. Historia del Perú. Culturas prehispánicas. Barcelona: Lexus. ISBN 9972-625-35-4
^ Martti Pärssinen (2003). «Copacabana: ¿El nuevo Tiwanaku? Hacia una comprensión multidisciplinaria sobre las secuencias culturales postiwanacotas de Pacasa (Bolivia).». En Ana María Lorandi, Carmen Salazar-Soler, Nathan Wachtel, ed. Los Andes: 50 años después (1953-2003) - Homenaje a John Murra (1 edición). Perú: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. pp. 229-280. ISBN 9972-42-592-4
^ Tung, TA (2008). «Violence after Imperial Collapse: A Study of Cranial Trauma among Late Intermediate Period Burials from the Former Huari Capital, Ayacucho, Peru.». Ñawpa Pacha 29: 101-117. S2CID 129334201. doi:10.1179/naw.2008.29.1.003.
^ Waldemar Espinoza Soriano. Los Incas. Economía Sociedad y Estado en la Era del Tahuantinsuyo. Lima: Amaru, 1987
^ "Tiahuanaco, el imperio andino aún ignorado que legó su cultura a los Incas". elDiario.es (in Spanish). 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
^ Criales, Juan Villanueva (2017). "Lo boliviano y lo indígena en la construcción arqueológica del post-Tiwanaku altiplánico. Narrativas no inocentes y alternativas futuras". Surandino Monográfico (in Spanish) (2): 1–20. ISSN 2545-8256.
^ Rostworowski Tovar, María (Octubre del 2010). «3. Las etnias cusqueñas y los primeros incas». Incas. Biblioteca Imprescindibles Peruanos. Perú: Empresa Editora El Comercio S.A. - Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 36-47. ISBN 978-612-4069-47-5
^ Rostworowski Tovar, María (Octubre del 2010). «3. Las etnias cusqueñas y los primeros incas». Incas. Biblioteca Imprescindibles Peruanos. Perú: Empresa Editora El Comercio S.A. - Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 36-47. ISBN 978-612-4069-47-5
^ ^a ^b "Historia de los Incas - Historia". 2011-09-16. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
^ Rostworowski de Díez Canseco, María (2001). Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, pp. 166. ISBN 978-9972-51-060-1
^ https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/chimu/chimu-articulo.pdf
^ "Tlaxcaltecas/Mexicanos en el Perú del siglo XVI | Siempre!" (in Mexican Spanish). 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
^ https://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nuevoamanecer/350309-nicaraguas-conquista-peru/
^ The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.
^ "Peru invades Bolivian territory to expel Bolivarian troops". History Channel. May 1828.
^ "Perú invade territorio boliviano para expulsar a las tropas bolivarianas". latam.historyplay.tv (in Spanish). May 1828. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
^ "Guerra grancolombo-peruana (1828-1829), Guerras del Perú". Portal iPerú (in Spanish). 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
^ Porras Barrenechea, Raúl (1930). History of the Limits of Peru. Fundación M. J. Bustamante de la Fuente. ISBN 9786124587238.
^ https://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/bitstream/10644/5233/6/07-TR-Villafañe-s.pdf
^ Acre War (1899-1903)
^ "Centro de Estudios Histórico Militares del Perú". 26 June 2021.
^ "Historia de la república del Perú [1822-1933]". Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. 2005. p. Tomo 12, Pág. 191.
^ "192 years of Bolivian independence: territorial losses". Red Uno. August 4, 2017.
^ "Bolivia has lost more than 1 million km2". Infogate. 13 December 2023.
^ "Bolivia lost more than half of its territory". Newspaper the Homeland.
^ "The territory of the Bolivian coast". Chilean Navy Magazine.
^ Fernando Santos / Federica Barclay (2002). The domesticated frontier. PUCP. p. 194.
^ Gutarra Maraví, Eleazar (1984). La Cordillera del Cóndor – Un desafío Geopolítico (in Spanish). Talleres Gráficos de la IMG.

[Tung2007-1] Tung, Tiffiny (2007). "Trauma and Violence in the Wari Empire of the Peruvian Andes: Warfare, Raids, and Ritual Fights". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 133 (3): 941–956. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20565. PMID 17506491.

[:1-2] Schreiber, Katharina J. (April 1987). "Conquest and Consolidation: A Comparison of the Wari and Inka Occupations of a Highland Peruvian Valley". American Antiquity. 52 (2): 266–284. doi:10.2307/281780. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 281780. S2CID 155131409.

[3] Julián Santillana (2000). «Los estados panandinos: Wari y Tiwanaku». En Teodoro Hampe Martínez, ed. Historia del Perú. Culturas prehispánicas. Barcelona: Lexus. ISBN 9972-625-35-4

[4] Martti Pärssinen (2003). «Copacabana: ¿El nuevo Tiwanaku? Hacia una comprensión multidisciplinaria sobre las secuencias culturales postiwanacotas de Pacasa (Bolivia).». En Ana María Lorandi, Carmen Salazar-Soler, Nathan Wachtel, ed. Los Andes: 50 años después (1953-2003) - Homenaje a John Murra (1 edición). Perú: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. pp. 229-280. ISBN 9972-42-592-4

[5] Tung, TA (2008). «Violence after Imperial Collapse: A Study of Cranial Trauma among Late Intermediate Period Burials from the Former Huari Capital, Ayacucho, Peru.». Ñawpa Pacha 29: 101-117. S2CID 129334201. doi:10.1179/naw.2008.29.1.003.

[6] Waldemar Espinoza Soriano. Los Incas. Economía Sociedad y Estado en la Era del Tahuantinsuyo. Lima: Amaru, 1987

[7] "Tiahuanaco, el imperio andino aún ignorado que legó su cultura a los Incas". elDiario.es (in Spanish). 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2023-11-29.

[8] Criales, Juan Villanueva (2017). "Lo boliviano y lo indígena en la construcción arqueológica del post-Tiwanaku altiplánico. Narrativas no inocentes y alternativas futuras". Surandino Monográfico (in Spanish) (2): 1–20. ISSN 2545-8256.

[9] Rostworowski Tovar, María (Octubre del 2010). «3. Las etnias cusqueñas y los primeros incas». Incas. Biblioteca Imprescindibles Peruanos. Perú: Empresa Editora El Comercio S.A. - Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 36-47. ISBN 978-612-4069-47-5

[10] Rostworowski Tovar, María (Octubre del 2010). «3. Las etnias cusqueñas y los primeros incas». Incas. Biblioteca Imprescindibles Peruanos. Perú: Empresa Editora El Comercio S.A. - Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 36-47. ISBN 978-612-4069-47-5

[:0-11] "Historia de los Incas - Historia". 2011-09-16. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2023-11-23.

[12] Rostworowski de Díez Canseco, María (2001). Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, pp. 166. ISBN 978-9972-51-060-1

[13] ttps://www.latinamericanstudies.org/chimu/chimu-articulo.pdf

[14] "Tlaxcaltecas/Mexicanos en el Perú del siglo XVI | Siempre!" (in Mexican Spanish). 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-11-23.

[15] ttps://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nuevoamanecer/350309-nicaraguas-conquista-peru/

[16] The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.

[17] "Peru invades Bolivian territory to expel Bolivarian troops". History Channel. May 1828.

[18] "Perú invade territorio boliviano para expulsar a las tropas bolivarianas". latam.historyplay.tv (in Spanish). May 1828. Retrieved 2022-08-07.

[19] "Guerra grancolombo-peruana (1828-1829), Guerras del Perú". Portal iPerú (in Spanish). 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2022-08-07.

[20] Porras Barrenechea, Raúl (1930). History of the Limits of Peru. Fundación M. J. Bustamante de la Fuente. ISBN 9786124587238.

[21] ttps://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/bitstream/10644/5233/6/07-TR-Villafañe-s.pdf

[22] Acre War (1899-1903)

[23] "Centro de Estudios Histórico Militares del Perú". 26 June 2021.

[24] "Historia de la república del Perú [1822-1933]". Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. 2005. p. Tomo 12, Pág. 191.

[25] "192 years of Bolivian independence: territorial losses". Red Uno. August 4, 2017.

[26] "Bolivia has lost more than 1 million km2". Infogate. 13 December 2023.

[27] "Bolivia lost more than half of its territory". Newspaper the Homeland.

[28] "The territory of the Bolivian coast". Chilean Navy Magazine.

[29] Fernando Santos / Federica Barclay (2002). The domesticated frontier. PUCP. p. 194.

[30] Gutarra Maraví, Eleazar (1984). La Cordillera del Cóndor – Un desafío Geopolítico (in Spanish). Talleres Gráficos de la IMG.

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v t e Lists of wars involving South American countries
Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies and other territories	Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

v t e Years in Peru (1821–present)
19th century	1821 1848 1890 1900
20th century	1910 1920 1930 1940 1941 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
21st century	2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024