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List of wars involving Russia
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This is a list of wars and armed conflicts involving Russia and its predecessors in chronological order, from the 9th to the 21st century.
The Russian military and troops of its predecessor states in Russia took part in a large number of wars and armed clashes in various parts of the world: starting from the princely squads, opposing the raids of nomads, and fighting for the expansion of the territory of Kievan Rus'. Following the disintegration of Kievan Rus', the emergence of the Principality of Moscow and then the centralized Russian state saw a period of significant territorial growth of the state centred in Moscow and then St. Petersburg during the 15th to 20th centuries, marked by wars of conquest in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Volga region, Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East, the world wars of the early 20th century, the proxy wars of the Cold War, and today.
The list includes:
- external wars
- foreign intervention in domestic conflicts
- anti-colonial uprisings of the peoples conquered during the Russian expansion
- princely feuds
- peasant uprisings
- revolutions
Legend of results:
Victory
Defeat
Another result; for example, a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, indecisive, civil or internal conflict, or result unknown
Ongoing conflict
Kievan Rus'
[edit]| Date | Conflict | Location | Rus and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 830s | Paphlagonian expedition of the Rusʹ | Rus' Khaganate |  Byzantine Empire
|
Victory[a] | |
| 860 | Siege of Constantinople (860) | Rus' Khaganate | Byzantine Empire
|
Victory[a] | |
| 907 | Rus'–Byzantine War (907) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Victory[1] | |
| 920–1036 | Rus'–Pecheneg campaigns | Kievan Rus' | Pechenegs | Various results; eventually victory | |
| 941 | Rus'–Byzantine War (941) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat | |
| 944/945 | Rus'-Byzantine War (944/945) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Victory[2] | |
| 964–965 | Sviatoslav's campaign against Khazars | Kievan Rus' | Khazar Khaganate | Victory
| |
| 967/968–971 | Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat | |
| 981 | Vladimir the Great's campaign on Cherven Cities | Kievan Rus' |  Duchy of Poland
|
Victory | |
| 985 | Vladimir the Great's campaign against Volga Bulgaria | Kievan Rus' | Volga Bulgaria | Military victory, then agreement | |
| 987 | Rus'–Byzantine War (987) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Military victory and agreement
| |
| 1022 | Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest | Kievan Rus' | Duchy of Poland
|
Defeat | |
| 1024 | Rus'–Byzantine War (1024) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat | |
| 1030 | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign against Chud | Kievan Rus' | Chud | Victory
| |
| 1030–1031 | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign on Cherven Cities | Kievan Rus' | Duchy of Poland
|
Victory | |
| 1042–1228 | Finnish–Novgorodian wars | Kievan Rus' (until 1136) | Baltic Finnic peoples of Fennoscandia (Yem people) | Various results, mostly victories
| |
| 1043 | Rus'–Byzantine War (1043) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat | |
| 1055–1223 | Rus'–Cuman campaigns | Kievan Rus' | Cumans | Various results, mostly victories | |
| 1061 | Sosols raid against Pskov | Kievan Rus' | Sosols | Defeat
| |
| 1132–1445 | Swedish–Novgorodian Wars | Kievan Rus' (until 1136) |  Kingdom of Sweden
|
Stalemate after the Black Death | |
| 1147 | Bolesław IV the Curly's raid on Old Prussians | Bolesław IV the CurlyKievan Rus'
|
Old Prussians | Victory | |
| 1203–1234 | Campaigns of Rus princes against the Order of the Sword (see also Livonian Crusade) |  Livonian Brothers of the Sword
|
Defeat | ||
| 1223–1240 | Mongol invasion of Rus'(see also List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus') | Mongol Empire | Decisive defeat
| ||
| 1240–1242 | Livonian campaign against Rus' (see also Northern Crusades) | Kievan Rus' | Victory
| ||
| 1245 | Alexandr Nevsky Lithuanian campaign | Kievan Rus' | Grand Duchy of Lithuania | Victory | |
| 1268 | Battle of Wesenberg |  Denmark
|
Both sides claim victory |
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Principality of Moscow (1263–1547)
[edit]
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Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
[edit]| Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1552 | Siege of Kazan | Tatarstan |  Russia
|
 Khanate of Kazan
|
Victory
|
| 1552–1556 | Tatar Rebellion | Tatarstan | Russia
|
Tatar rebels | Victory
|
| 1554–1557 | Ivan the Terrible's Swedish War | Karelia | Russia
|
 Sweden
|
Inconclusive |
| 1556 | Russian conquest of Astrakhan | Astrakhan | Russia
|
Astrakhan Khanate | Victory
|
| 1558–1562 | Ivan the Terrible's Livonian Campaign | Livonia | Russia
|
 Livonian Confederation
|
Victory
|
| 1562–1570 | Russo-Lithuanian War | Northern Europe | Russia
|
Polish–Lithuanian union | Victory |
| 1558–1583 | Livonian War | Northern Europe | Defeat | ||
| 1568–1570 | Astrakhan Expedition | Astrakhan and Azov | Russia
|
Victory
| |
| 1570–1572 | Ivan the Terrible's Crimean War | European Russia | Russia
|
.svg){kind=icon} Crimean Khanate
|
Victory
|
| 1580–1762 | Russian conquest of Siberia | Siberia | Russia
|
Khanate of Sibir (until 1598)
Native Siberians |
Victory
|
| 1590–1595 | Boris Godunov's Swedish War | Northern Europe | Russia
|
 Sweden
|
Inconclusive
|
| 1605–1618 | Polish invasions of Russia | Russia |  Poland–Lithuania
|
Defeat | |
| 1606–1607 | Bolotnikov Rebellion | Russia | Russia
|
Rebels under Ivan Bolotnikov | Victory
|
| 1610–1617 | Ingrian War | Russia | Russia
|
Sweden
|
Defeat |
| 1632–1634 | Smolensk War | Smolensk | Russia
|
 Poland–Lithuania
|
Defeat |
| 1651–1653 | Alexis I's Persian War | North Caucasus | Russia
|
 Persia
|
Defeat |
| 1652–1689 | Sino–Russian border conflicts | Heilongjiang and Amur | Defeat | ||
| 1654–1667 | First Northern War | Eastern Europe | Russia
|
Victory | |
| 1656–1658 | Second Northern War | Northern Europe | Russia
|
Sweden
|
Inconclusive |
| 1662–1664 | First Bashkir Rebellion | Bashkortostan | Russia
|
Bashkir rebels | Inconclusive; political defeat
|
| 1670–1671 | Razin's Rebellion | Russia | Russia
|
Cossacks under Stepan Razin | Victory
|
| 1676–1681 | Feodor III's Turkish War | Ukraine | Russia
|
Indecisive[20] | |
| 1683–1700 | Great Turkish War | Eastern Europe |
|
Victory
| |
| 1700–1721 | Great Northern War | Europe |
|
|
Victory against Sweden |
| Defeat by Ottoman Empire | |||||
| 1704–1711 | Third Bashkir Rebellion | Bashkortostan and Tatarstan | Russia
|
Bashkir rebels | Military victory, political defeat
|
| 1707–1708 | Bulavin Rebellion | Southern Russia | Russia
|
 Don Cossack rebels
|
Victory
|
| 1717 | Peter the Great's Khivan War | Khanate of Khiva | Russia
|
 Khanate of Khiva
|
Defeat
|
| 1717–1731 | War with Abulhair | Kazakhstan and Siberia | Russia
|
Kazakh Khanate | Victory[21]
|
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Russian Empire (1721–1917)
[edit]
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Russian Republic (1917)
[edit]| Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1917 | October Revolution | Russia | Russia
|
Revolution succeeds
|
Russian SFSR (1917–1922)
[edit]
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Russia and the Soviet Union (1916–1934)
[edit]| Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1916–1934 | Central Asian Revolt | Central Asia |
|
Victory
|
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Soviet Union (1922–1991)
[edit]
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Russian Federation (1991–present)
[edit]| Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result for Russia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991–1993 | Georgian Civil War | Georgia |  Government of GeorgiaSupported by |
Zviad Gamsakhurdia's government in exile
|
Victory
|
| 1991–1992 | South Ossetian War | South Ossetia | Georgia
|
Victory
| |
| 1992–1993 | War in Abkhazia | Abkhazia | Victory
| ||
| 1992 | Transnistria War | Transnistria |  Transnistria
|
Victory
| |
| 1992–1997 | Tajikistani Civil War | Tajikistan |
Supported by |
|
Victory
|
| 1994–1996 | First Chechen War | Chechnya | Russia
|
 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
Foreign volunteers: |
Defeat[62]
|
| 1999 | War of Dagestan | Dagestan | Russia
|
 IIPB
|
Victory
|
| 1999–2009 | Second Chechen War | Chechnya | Russia
|
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1999–2007)
|
Victory
|
| 2008 | Russo-Georgian War | Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia |  Georgia
|
Victory
| |
| 2014–present | Russo-Ukrainian War | Ukraine | Russia
Supported by |
 Ukraine
Supported by: see List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War |
Ongoing
|
| 2015–2024 | Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War | Syria | Russia Iran Syrian Arab RepublicHumanitarian support: In support of:
|
 Al-Qaeda
Supported by: Supported by: |
Syrian opposition victory
|
| 2018–present | Central African Republic Civil War | Central African Republic |  Coalition of Patriots for Change
|
Ongoing | |
| 2021–present[94] | Mali War | Mali | Ongoing | ||
| 2024–present[95] | Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso | Burkina Faso | Ongoing |
See also
[edit]- Armed Forces of the Russian Federation – Military forces of the Russian Federation
- History of Russia
- Military history of Russia
- List of wars – Overview of and topical guide to war (Category:Lists of wars)
- List of wars between Russia and Sweden
- List of wars involving Armenia
- List of wars involving Azerbaijan
- List of wars involving Belarus
- List of wars involving Estonia
- List of wars involving Finland
- List of wars and battles involving Galicia–Volhynia
- List of wars involving Georgia (country)
- List of wars involving Kazakhstan
- List of wars involving Kyrgyzstan
- List of wars involving Latvia
- List of wars involving Lithuania
- List of wars involving Moldova
- List of wars involving the Novgorod Republic
- List of wars involving Poland
- List of wars involving Tajikistan
- List of wars involving Turkey
- List of wars involving Ukraine
- List of wars involving Uzbekistan
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b The veracity of this conflict is in doubt.
- ^ The title 'Grand Prince of Vladimir' was mostly titular by the early 14th century.
- ^ 1917–1918
- ^ 1918–20
- ^ 1918
- ^ 1919
- ^ 1918
- ^ 1918
- ^ 1918
- ^ 1918
- ^ 1918
- ^ 1917–1918
- ^ 1917–1918
- ^ 1917–1918
- ^ 1918–20
- ^ 1918–19
- ^ 1918–20
- ^ 1919
- ^ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
- ^ a b c d 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
- ^ Disputed: see Russia's role in the War in Abkhazia
- ^ The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which was headed by the Taliban and governed 90% of Afghanistan, officially declared their neutrality in the conflict, though several Taliban factions went on to fight on the side of the opposition nonetheless.[51]
- ^ For further details, see Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
References
[edit]- ^ Janet Martin (2004). Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. p. 115
- ^ Vilhelm Ludvig Peter Thomsen (2010). The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 25
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Martin 2007, pp. 191–192.
- ^ Martin 2007, p. 192.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Martin 2007, p. 191.
- ^ Martin 2007, p. 190.
- ^ a b Ostrowski 1993, p. 89.
- ^ Halperin 1987, p. 73.
- ^ Gorskii, Anton (2001). "К вопросу о составе русского войска на Куликовом поле" (PDF). Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики. 6: 1–9.
- ^ a b Halperin 1987, p. 74.
- ^ Halperin 1987, p. 74–75.
- ^ Shaikhutdinov 2021, p. 106.
- ^ a b c Alef 1983, p. Abstract i.
- ^ Alef 1983, p. 11.
- ^ Halperin 1987, p. 76.
- ^ Гумилев 2023, p. 310.
- ^ a b c Halperin 1987, p. 70.
- ^ a b c Martin 1995, p. 318.
- ^ Виталий 2020, p. 331.
- ^ David R. Stone (2006). A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Greenwood. p. 41.
- ^ Terentyev 2022, p. 43.
- ^ Legvold, Robert (2007). Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century and the Shadow of the Past. Columbia University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-231-51217-6.
- ^ Cecil, Hugh; Liddle, Peter (1998). At the Eleventh Hour: Reflections, Hopes and Anxieties at the Closing of the Great War, 1918. Pen and Sword Books. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-78383-992-6.
- ^ Jonathan D. Smele (2015). "Don Cossack Host". Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. p. 335. ISBN 9781442252813.
- ^ Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 15, Nr 4, 1985, pp. 46–48. Accessed January 24, 2016.
- ^ cf. Jamie Bisher, White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian, Routledge 2006, ISBN 1135765952, p.378, footnote 28
- ^ Thomas & Boltowsky (2019), p. 23.
- ^ Per Finsted. "Boganmeldelse: For Dannebrogs Ære - Danske frivillige i Estlands og Letlands frihedskamp 1919 af Niels Jensen". chakoten.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
- ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
- ^ Spence, The Search for Modern China, p. 329
- ^ Major, John S. (1990). The land and people of Mongolia. Harper and Row. p. 119. ISBN 0-397-32386-7.
in 1919, a Japanese influenced faction in the Chinese government mounted an invasion of Outer Mongolia and forced its leaders to sign a "request" to be taken over by the government of China. Japan's aim was to protect its own economic, political, and military interests in North China be keeping the Russian Revolution from influencing Mongolia.
- ^ "'Shqiptarët tentuan t'i merrnin të 12 nëndetëset!' – Zbardhet dokumenti sekret i arkivave sovjetike: Si dështoi plani që baza t'i kalonte Traktatit të Varshavës" ['The Albanians tried to take all 12 submarines!' – Secret Soviet archive document revealed: How the plan to transfer the base to the Warsaw Pact failed] (in Albanian). Retrieved 21 December 2022.
- ^ Готовился Ли Переворот В Албании? 'Дело Т. Сейко': Версии [Was a Coup Being Prepared in Albania? 'The T. Sejko Case': Versions]. libmonster.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ Low, Alfred D. (1976). The Sino-Soviet dispute : an analysis of the polemics. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-1479-5. OCLC 2225938.
- ^ says, yp Xhixh (14 February 2022). "'Shqiptarët tentuan t'i merrnin të 12 nëndetëset!' Zbardhet dokumenti sekret i arkivave sovjetike: Si dështoi plani që baza t'i kalonte Traktatit të Varshavës" ['The Albanians tried to take all 12 submarines!' Secret Soviet archive document revealed: How the plan to transfer the base to the Warsaw Pact failed]. Gazeta Tema. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Conflict and War :: Soviet Aggression". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- ^ Kuisong p.29
- ^ Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 596. ISBN 9781851098422.
- ^ "The War: Lebanon and Syria". Dover.idf.il. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
- ^ Borer, Douglas A. (1999). Superpowers defeated: Vietnam and Afghanistan compared. London: Cass. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7146-4851-4.
- ^ a b Richard Humphries. "Transnistria: relic of a bygone era", The Japan Times, 8 October 2001. Retrieved 6 August 2014
- ^ "Borderland Europe: Transforming Transnistria?". Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
- ^ "Russia". Human Rights Watch.
- ^ Necșuțu, Mădălin (22 January 2021). "BIRN fact-check: what must be done for Russian forces to leave Transnistria?". Balkan Insight.
- ^ Hughes, James and Sasse, Gwendolyn: Ethnicity and territory in the former Soviet Union: regions in conflict. Taylor & Francis, 2002, page 107. ISBN 0-7146-8210-1
- ^ Sabrina Ramet (1999). The radical right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989 Pennsylvania University Press. ISBN 0-271-01810-0. pp. 290ff.
- ^ Maryna Tkachuk. "«Краще згинути вовком, нiж жити псом»?" ["Better to die as a wolf than live as a dog"?]. Ukrayina Moloda. 19 August 2011
- ^ Kumar Rupesinghe and Valery A. Tishkov (1996). "Dynamics of the Moldova Trans-Dniester ethnic conflict (late 1980s to early 1990s)". Archived 10 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. In Ethnicity and power in the contemporary world. United Nations University Press.
- ^ "Mircea Snegur: 'Ne-am achitat cu România cu un MiG 29'". 14 October 2011.
- ^ "Американцы боятся белорусских танков. Белоруссия американских санкций не боится". Lenta.ru, 1 March 2002
- ^ Jonson, Lena (25 August 2006). Tajikistan in the New Central Asia. ISBN 9781845112936. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Rohan Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda: global network of terror, p. 169
- ^ "TURKISH VOLUNTEERS IN CHECHNYA". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ^ Amjad M. Jaimoukha (2005). The Chechens: A Handbook. Psychology Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-415-32328-4. Archived from the original on 6 September 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ Politics of Conflict: A Survey, p. 68, at Google Books
- ^ Energy and Security in the Caucasus, p. 66, at Google Books
- ^ "Radical Ukrainian Nationalism and the War in Chechnya". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019. -UNSO's "Argo" squad -Viking Brigade
- ^ a b Cooley, John K. (2002). Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism (3rd ed.). London: Pluto Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-7453-1917-9.
A Turkish Fascist youth group, the "Grey Wolves", was recruited to fight with the Chechens.
- ^ a b Goltz, Thomas (2003). Chechnya Diary: A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-312-26874-9.
I called a well-informed diplomat pal and arranged to meet him at a bar favored by the pan-Turkic crowd known as the Gray Wolves, who were said to be actively supporting the Chechens with men and arms.
...the Azerbaijani Gray Wolf leader, Iskander, Hamidov... - ^ a b Isingor, Ali (6 September 2000). "Istanbul: Gateway to a holy war". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014.
- ^ "Grey Wolves in Syria". Egypt Today. 11 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya". Foreign Military Studies Office. Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ^ "Turkish Volunteers in Chechnya". The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
- ^ The Chechens: A Handbook, p. 237, at Google Books
- ^ Politics of Conflict: A Survey, p. 68, at Google Books
- ^ Energy and Security in the Caucasus, p. 66, at Google Books
- ^ Jankowicz, Mia (5 November 2024). "Ukraine Says It Attacked North Korean Troops for the First Time". Business Insider. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine confirms 1st engagement with North Korea troops: South Korea media". Nikkei Asia. 5 November 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
- ^ Novikov, Illia (5 November 2024). "Ukrainian troops have engaged with North Korean units for the 1st time in Russia, an official says". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
- ^ "Understanding Armenia's Syrian Gamble". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
- ^ "Armenia sends military deminers and medics to support Russian mission in Syria". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ "Russian support for PKK's Syrian arm PYD". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Kurds attack Turkish-backed Syrian opposition forces with Russian help". i24 News. 28 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ "YPG advances near Turkey's border". Rudaw Media Network. 28 November 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ "Syrian Kurds seize territory from IS with US, Russian support". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ "SDF units coordinating efforts in Syria with Russia despite cooperation with U.S. – PYD". theregion.org. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
al-babwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "US and Russian military to hold urgent talks over Syria crisis after Putin defies West". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ Kim Sengupta (12 May 2015). "Turkey and Saudi Arabia by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria". The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015.
- ^ AFP, "'Army of Conquest' rebel alliance pressures Syria regime". Yahoo News. 28 April 2015.
- ^ a b Tom Kutsch (8 October 2015). "Gulf states increase arms to Syrian rebels in counter to Russia airstrikes". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
- ^ a b Gareth Porter (28 May 2015). "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest'". Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
- ^ "Russia unleashes first wave of airstrikes in Syria". Al Arabiya. 30 September 2015. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
- ^ "Who are the Turkmen in Syria?". BBC. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ^ "Syrian rebels fired on parachuting Russian pilots, killing at least one after Turkey shot down warplane: official". National Post. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- ^ Fisk, Robert (4 October 2015). "Syria's 'moderates' have disappeared... and there are no good guys". The Independent. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
- ^ "Turkey supports Free Syrian Army". Anadolu Agency. 25 October 2014. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia just replenished Syrian rebels with one of the most effective weapons against the Assad regime". Business Insider. 9 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- ^ "U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria into Proxy War With Russia". The New York Times. 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- ^ "US drops ammunition to rebels fighting ISIL in Syria". Al Jazeera. 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ "U.S. weapons reaching Syrian rebels". The Washington Post. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ^ "U.S. MILITARY WILL LEAVE SYRIA BASE IN DEAL WITH RUSSIA, REPORTS SAY". Newsweek. 29 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
- ^ "U.S.-backed militias says Russian jets struck its fighters in east Syria". Reuters. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ "Russian military advisors arrive in Mali after French troop reduction". France24. 7 January 2022
- ^ "Russian troops deploy to Burkina Faso". Reuters. 25 January 2024
Sources
[edit]- Terentyev, M. (2022). История завоевания Средней Азии [The history of the conquest of Central Asia] (in Russian). Volume 1. ISBN 978-5-4481-1327-7.
- Виталий, Пенской (2020). Ливонская война: Забытые победы Ивана Грозного 1558-1561 гг. Moscow: Москва. ISBN 978-5-00155-260-4.
- Гумилев, Лев (2023). От Руси к России. Moscow: Москва. ISBN 978-5-17-153845-3.
- Alef, Gustave (1983). "The Battle of Suzdal' in 1445. An Episode in the Muscovite War of Succession (1978)". Rulers and nobles in fifteenth century Muscovy. Part II. London: Variorum Reprints. pp. 11–20. ISBN 9780860781202. (first published in Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte 25 (1978) Berlin.)
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