List of wars involving Rwanda

This is a list of wars involving Rwanda.

Conflict	Rwanda and allies	Opponents	Results	Ruler of Rwanda
Ndungutse's rebellion (1912)	Germany Rwanda	Ndungutse's coalition	Loyalist victory Rebellion defeated^[1]	Yuhi V
Rwandan Revolution (1959–1961)	Kingdom of Rwanda	Parmehutu	Regime change Rwanda became a republic^[2]	Kigeli V
Bugesera invasion (1963)	Government of Rwanda Belgium	Inyenzi	Government victory Massacre of 10,000 Tutsi civilians^[3]	Grégoire Kayibanda
Rwandan Civil War (1990–1994)	Government of Rwanda France Zaire Interahamwe Impuzamugambi	FPR	Regime change End of the Rwandan genocide Start of Great Lakes refugee crisis^[4]	Juvénal Habyarimana
First Congo War (1996–1997)	Zaire FAZ White Legion Sudan^[5] Chad^[6] Ex-FAR/ALiR Interahamwe CNDD-FDD^[7] UNITA^[8] ADF^[9] FLNC^[10] Supported by: France^[11]^[12] Central African Republic^[12] China^[13] Israel^[13] Kuwait (denied)^[13] Mai-Mai^[a]	AFDL Rwanda Uganda^[17] Burundi^[18] Angola^[18] SPLA^[5] Eritrea^[19] Supported by: South Africa^[20] Zambia^[21] Zimbabwe^[20] Ethiopia^[22] Tanzania^[23] United States (covertly)^[24] Mai-Mai^[a]	Victory Overthrow of the Mobutu regime Zaire renamed back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo Installation of Laurent-Désiré Kabila as president Beginning of Second Congo War	Pasteur Bizimungu
Second Congo War (1998–2002)^[25]	RCD RCD-Goma Banyamulenge MLC FFR UPC Uganda Rwanda Burundi UNITA	DR Congo Angola Chad Namibia Zimbabwe FDLR RDR ALiR Interahamwe Mai-Mai LRA UNRF II ADF FNI FROLINA CNDD-FDD	Stalemate Creation of a unified, multi-party government Pretoria Accord Start of the Kivu conflict	Paul Kagame
Eastern Congo Offensive (2009)	Rwanda DR Congo	FDLR	Victory Hutu Power militia weakened^[26]
Dongo Rebellion (2009)	Rwanda DR Congo	RPD	Victory DR Congo recaptures Dongo^[27]
Central African Republic Civil War (2020–)	Central African Republic Rwanda Russia	CPC	Ongoing Rwandan intervention in 2020^[28]
Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2021–)	Mozambique South Africa Tanzania Rwanda	Ansar al-Sunna ISIL	Ongoing Rwandan intervention in 2021

Notes

^ ^a ^b Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees.^[14] As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL.^[15] Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL.^[16]

References

^ Des Forges, Alison (2011). Defeat Is the Only Bad News: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896–1931. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0299281441.
^ Crowder, edited by Michall (1984). The Cambridge history of Africa : volume 8, from c. 1940 to c. 1975 (Repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521224098.
^ Prunier, Gérard (1999). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-9970-02-089-8.
^ Prunier, p. 4
^ ^a ^b Prunier (2004), pp. 376–377.
^ Toïngar, Ésaïe (2014). Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict. p. 119. In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their service.
^ Prunier (2009), pp. 116–118.
^ Duke, Lynne (20 May 1997). "Congo Begins Process of Rebuilding Nation". The Washington Post. p. A10. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Guerrillas of Angola's former rebel movement UNITA, long supported by Mobutu in an unsuccessful war against Angola's government, also fought for Mobutu against Kabila's forces.
^ Prunier (2004), pp. 375–377.
^ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112–113.
^ "Strategic Review for Southern Africa". University of Pretoria. 20–21. 1998. As the conflict developed, France provided financial support to Mobutu and pushed hard for foreign intervention. However, under US pressure, France eventually terminated its call for intervention.
^ ^a ^b Carayannis, Tatiana (2015). Making Sense of the Central African Republic. Zed Books. In the waning days of Mobutu's rule, while Kabila's Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed putsch was rapidly making its way across Congo, France sought to prop up Mobutu's dying regime through covert military aid to the ailing dictator ... This covert aid was facilitated by Patassé
^ ^a ^b ^c Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112.
^ Prunier (2009), pp. 117, 130, 143.
^ Prunier (2009), p. 130.
^ Prunier (2009), p. 143.
^ Prunier (2004), pp. 375–376.
^ ^a ^b Duke, Lynne (15 April 1997). "Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold". The Washington Post. p. A14. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt.
^ Plaut (2016), pp. 54–55.
^ ^a ^b "Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda. International Crisis Group. 2001. p. 8. In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa
^ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 65–66.
^ Usanov, Artur (2013). Coltan, Congo and Conflict. Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 36.
^ Makikagile, Godfrey (2006). Nyerere and Africa. New Africa Press. p. 173.
^ Prunier (2009), pp. 118, 126–127.
^ The Second Congo War lasted until 18 July 2003, but Rwanda withdrew in 2002 following the Pretoria Accord.
^ GETTLEMAN, JEFFREY (20 January 2009). "Congo: Joint Offensive Against a Militia". New York Times. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
^ DR Congo's armed forces enter troubled Dongo area, Xinhua, 15 December 2009, archived from the original on May 15, 2011.
^ Rwanda deploys troops to CAR under bilateral arrangement, The East African, Dec 22, 2020. Accessed Dec 28, 2020.

Sources

Plaut, Martin (2016). Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-066959-1.
Prunier, Gérard (July 2004). "Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99)". African Affairs. 103 (412): 359–383. doi:10.1093/afraf/adh050. JSTOR 3518562.
Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970583-2.
Reyntjens, Filip (2009). The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996-2006. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11128-7.

[Mai-Mai-17] Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees.^[14] As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL.^[15] Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL.^[16]

[1] Des Forges, Alison (2011). Defeat Is the Only Bad News: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896–1931. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0299281441.

[2] Crowder, edited by Michall (1984). The Cambridge history of Africa : volume 8, from c. 1940 to c. 1975 (Repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521224098.

[3] Prunier, Gérard (1999). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-9970-02-089-8.

[4] Prunier, p. 4

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2004376–377-5] Prunier (2004), pp. 376–377.

[chad-6] Toïngar, Ésaïe (2014). Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict. p. 119. In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their service.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2009116–118-7] Prunier (2009), pp. 116–118.

[8] Duke, Lynne (20 May 1997). "Congo Begins Process of Rebuilding Nation". The Washington Post. p. A10. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Guerrillas of Angola's former rebel movement UNITA, long supported by Mobutu in an unsuccessful war against Angola's government, also fought for Mobutu against Kabila's forces.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2004375–377-9] Prunier (2004), pp. 375–377.

[FOOTNOTEReyntjens2009112–113-10] Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112–113.

[france-11] "Strategic Review for Southern Africa". University of Pretoria. 20–21. 1998. As the conflict developed, France provided financial support to Mobutu and pushed hard for foreign intervention. However, under US pressure, France eventually terminated its call for intervention.

[CAR-12] Carayannis, Tatiana (2015). Making Sense of the Central African Republic. Zed Books. In the waning days of Mobutu's rule, while Kabila's Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed putsch was rapidly making its way across Congo, France sought to prop up Mobutu's dying regime through covert military aid to the ailing dictator ... This covert aid was facilitated by Patassé

[FOOTNOTEReyntjens2009112-13] Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2009117,_130,_143-14] Prunier (2009), pp. 117, 130, 143.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2009130-15] Prunier (2009), p. 130.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2009143-16] Prunier (2009), p. 143.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2004375–376-18] Prunier (2004), pp. 375–376.

[WashingtonPostApril15-19] Duke, Lynne (15 April 1997). "Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold". The Washington Post. p. A14. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt.

[FOOTNOTEPlaut201654–55-20] Plaut (2016), pp. 54–55.

[icg-21] "Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda. International Crisis Group. 2001. p. 8. In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa

[FOOTNOTEReyntjens200965–66-22] Reyntjens 2009, pp. 65–66.

[23] Usanov, Artur (2013). Coltan, Congo and Conflict. Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 36.

[nyerere-24] Makikagile, Godfrey (2006). Nyerere and Africa. New Africa Press. p. 173.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2009118,_126–127-25] Prunier (2009), pp. 118, 126–127.

[26] The Second Congo War lasted until 18 July 2003, but Rwanda withdrew in 2002 following the Pretoria Accord.

[27] GETTLEMAN, JEFFREY (20 January 2009). "Congo: Joint Offensive Against a Militia". New York Times. Retrieved 14 July 2009.

[28] DR Congo's armed forces enter troubled Dongo area, Xinhua, 15 December 2009, archived from the original on May 15, 2011.

[teadec2220202-29] Rwanda deploys troops to CAR under bilateral arrangement, The East African, Dec 22, 2020. Accessed Dec 28, 2020.

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v t e Lists of wars involving African countries
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)