List of wars involving the Principality of Tver

This is a list of wars involving the Principality of Tver (1246–1485), centred around the city of Tver.^[a]

Victory of Tver (and allies)

Defeat of Tver (and allies)

Another result*

*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside the Principality of Tver, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result.

Date	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1281– c. 1291^[5]	Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1281–1293) [ru] Casus belli: Dmitry of Pereslavl paid no homage to the new khan, Tuda Mengu^[6] Andrey devastated Vladimir, Suzdal, and Pereslavl with Tuda Mengu's support (1281)^[6] Dmitry recaptured Pereslavl, Novgorod (1283) and Vladimir (1285) with Nogai's support^[7]	Dmitry of Pereslavl-Zalessky^[7] Daumantas of Pskov ^{[citation needed]} Principality of Tver ^{[citation needed]} Principality of Moscow ^{[citation needed]} Nogai Khan^[7]	Andrey of Gorodets^[7] Golden Horde khan at Sarai^[7] Novgorod Republic^[7] Principality of Rostov^[6] Principality of Yaroslavl^[6] Principality of Starodub ^{[citation needed]}	Mixed results Andrey made G. P. of Vladimir by khan Tuda Mengu at Sarai^[6] Dmitry made G. P. of Vladimir by Nogai Khan^[7] Stalemate until 1291^[5]
1293	Dyuden's campaign [ru]^[5] Casus belli: Dmitry of Pereslavl, Mikhail of Tver and Daniel of Moscow paid no homage to Toqta^[5]	Dmitry of Pereslavl^[5] Mikhail of Tver^[5] Daniel of Moscow^[5]	Golden Horde^[5] Andrey of Gorodets^[5] Theodore of Yaroslavl^[5]	Golden Horde victory^[5] Vladimir, Tver and Moscow ravaged^[5]^[8] Andrey made G. P. of Vladimir^[5]
1296, 1298	Struggle for Pereslavl-Zalessky Casus belli: Andrey of Gorodets tried to seize Pereslavl-Zalessky by force after it had been assigned to Ivan Dmitrievich^[9]	Ivan Dmitrievich of Pereslavl-Zalessky^[9] Daniel of Moscow^[9] Mikhail of Tver^[9]	Andrey of Gorodets^[9] Theodore of Yaroslavl^[9] Konstantin of Ryazan^[9]	Allied victory against Andrey^[9] Moscow sacked (1298)^[8] Ivan repelled Andrey both times with Tverite–Muscovite support^[9]
1304–1308	Tverian–Muscovite war Casus belli: death of Andrey of Gorodets^[10] Key events 1304: Battle of Pereslavl-Zalessky [ru]; Muscovite victory^[11] 1304: Boris Danilovich captured by Tver^[12] 1305: Khan Toqta made Mikhail of Tver G. P. of Vladimir^[13] 1305: Tverian campaign against Moscow; Tverian victory^[14]^[12] 1305: Yury and Mikhail made temporary peace^[12] 1306: Boris (released 1305) and Aleksandr Danilovich defected to Tver^[12] 1307: Novgorod accepted Mikhail as prince^[12] 1308: Tverian campaign against Moscow; Tverian victory^[14]^[12]	Principality of Tver Mikhail of Tver Boris Danilovich (1306–1308)^[12] Aleksandr Danilovich (1306–1308)^[12]	Principality of Moscow Yury Danilovich of Moscow Boris Danilovich (1304–1306)^[12] Aleksandr Danilovich (1304–1306)^[12]	Tverian victory^[15]^[12]
1314–1316	Struggle for Novgorod^[16]	Principality of Tver Pro-Tver Novgorod Golden Horde	Principality of Moscow Pro-Moscow Novgorod Golden Horde	Muscovite victory^[16]
1317	Battle of Bortenevo [ru]: Yury of Moscow campaign, supported by Özbeg Khan, against Mikhail of Tver^[15]	Principality of Tver	Principality of Moscow Golden Horde^[15]	Tverian victory^[15]^[17]
1320–1322	Four Özbeg Khan punitive expeditions against Moscow^[18]	Golden Horde Principality of Tver	Principality of Moscow Novgorod Republic	Tverian victory^[19] Dmitry of Tver made G. P. of Vladimir^[18] Tver stole Yury of Moscow's treasury^[18] Yury fled to Novgorod^[18]
1327	Tver Uprising of 1327	Golden Horde Ivan I of Moscow Aleksandr of Suzdal	Principality of Tver G. P. of Vladimir^[b]	Golden Horde victory Tver Uprising crushed with support from Moscow and Suzdal^[20] Aleksandr of Tver exiled^[21] Ivan I made G. P. of Vladimir^[21]
1340s–1350s	Inter-princely wars between the Kashin, Mikulin, Kholm, and Zubtsov appanages of Tver^[22]	Principality of Kashin other appanages	Principality of Mikulin other appanages	Victory of Mikhail II of Tver, appanage prince of Mikulin^[23]
1359–1381/2	Great Troubles 1368–1372: Lithuanian–Muscovite War; Tver sided with Lithuania against Moscow^[24] 1367–1375: Tverian–Muscovite war, ending with the 1375 Muscovite-led Siege of Tver (1375) [ru]^[25] Siege of Moscow (1382)	Mamai in Crimea Lithuania Tver Ryazan Tokhtamysh and allies Timur	Khans at Sarai Khans at Sighnaq Moscow and allies Nizh. Nov.-Suzdal other Horde warlords	Tokhtamysh victory Treaty of Lyubutsk (1372) Moscow defeated Tver (1375) Tokhtamysh defeated Mamai (1381) Tokhtamysh defeated Moscow (1382)
1436–1453	Third period of the Muscovite War of Succession (overlapped with Vasily's Kazan war) Boris of Tver supported Vasily Vasilyevich against his uncle Dmitry Shemyaka^[26] from 1447^[27] Siege of Kashin (1452)	Younger Donskoy line Vasily II Vasilyevich Mäxmüd of Kazan (1445–8) Boris of Tver (1447–53^[27]) Ivan of Mozhaysk [ru; uk] (1445–7) Qasim Khan (1452–3)	Older Donskoy line Dmitry II Shemyaka (1439; 1445–53) Ulugh of Kazan (1437–45) Ivan of Mozhaysk [ru; uk]^[27] (1447–53)	Vasily victory
1471	Muscovite–Novgorodian war of 1471 [ru; uk] Battle of Shelon	Principality of Moscow Principality of Tver Qasim Khanate Pskov Republic Vyatka Republic	Novgorod Republic	Muscovite victory Novgorod defeated with Tverian and Tatar support^[28]
1485	Muscovite conquest of Tver	Principality of Tver	Principality of Moscow	Muscovite victory Tver annexed by Moscow^[29]

Notes

^ Also spelt Tver',^[1] (Russian: Тверь, romanized: Tver', Church Slavonic: Тферь, romanized: Tfer'). English adjective and demonym: Tverian^[2] or Tverite.^[3] In primary sources such as the Tver Chronicle and the Word of Praise for the Grand Prince Boris Aleksandrovich, it is also referred to as the "Grand Principality of Tver'" (Church Slavonic: великое княжение Тферское, romanized: velikoye kniazhenie Tferskoye) or the "Tverian Land" (Church Slavonic: Тферская земля, romanized: Tferskaia zemlia), which was supposedly an equal part of the larger "Rus' Land" (Church Slavonic: русская земля, romanized: russkaia zemlia), alongside the "Muscovite Land" (Church Slavonic: московская земля, romanized: moskovskaia zemlia) and other grand principalities in northeastern Rus'.^[4]
^ The title 'Grand Prince of Vladimir' was mostly titular by the early 14th century.

References

^ Martin 2007, p. 186.
^ Martin 2007, p. 458.
^ Martin 2007, p. 196.
^ Halperin 2022, pp. 30–32.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Martin 2007, p. 191.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Martin 2007, p. 190.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Martin 2007, pp. 190–191.
^ ^a ^b Ostrowski 1993, p. 89.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Martin 2007, pp. 191–192.
^ Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 138.
^ Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 121.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 139.
^ Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, pp. 138–139.
^ ^a ^b Martin 2007, pp. 193–194.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Martin 2007, p. 194.
^ ^a ^b Martin 2007, pp. 194, 202.
^ Halperin 1987, p. 71.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Martin 2007, pp. 195, 202–203.
^ Martin 2007, pp. 195, 202.
^ Martin 2007, pp. 195–196.
^ ^a ^b Halperin 1987, p. 72.
^ Martin 2007, pp. 210, 231–232.
^ Martin 2007, p. 232.
^ Halperin 1987, pp. 72–73.
^ Martin 2007, pp. 232, 235.
^ Martin 2007, pp. 283–284.
^ ^a ^b ^c Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 202.
^ Martin 2007, p. 280.
^ Martin 2007, p. 281.

Bibliography

Halperin, Charles J. (1987). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. Indiana University. p. 222. ISBN 9781850430575. (e-book).
Halperin, Charles J. (2022). The Rise and Demise of the Myth of the Rus' Land (PDF). Leeds: Arc Humanities Press. p. 116. ISBN 9781802700565. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36800-4.
Ostrowski, Donald (1993). "Why did the Metropolitan Move from Kiev to Vladimir in the Thirteenth Century". Christianity and the Eastern Slavs. Volume I: Slavic Cultures in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 83–101. ISBN 9780520360198. Retrieved 16 May 2023. doi:10.1525/9780520313606-009
Raffensperger, Christian; Ostrowski, Donald (2023). The Ruling Families of Rus: Clan, Family and Kingdom. London: Reaktion Books. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-78914-745-2. (e-book)

[5] Also spelt Tver',^[1] (Russian: Тверь, romanized: Tver', Church Slavonic: Тферь, romanized: Tfer'). English adjective and demonym: Tverian^[2] or Tverite.^[3] In primary sources such as the Tver Chronicle and the Word of Praise for the Grand Prince Boris Aleksandrovich, it is also referred to as the "Grand Principality of Tver'" (Church Slavonic: великое княжение Тферское, romanized: velikoye kniazhenie Tferskoye) or the "Tverian Land" (Church Slavonic: Тферская земля, romanized: Tferskaia zemlia), which was supposedly an equal part of the larger "Rus' Land" (Church Slavonic: русская земля, romanized: russkaia zemlia), alongside the "Muscovite Land" (Church Slavonic: московская земля, romanized: moskovskaia zemlia) and other grand principalities in northeastern Rus'.^[4]

[21] The title 'Grand Prince of Vladimir' was mostly titular by the early 14th century.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007186-1] Martin 2007, p. 186.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007458-2] Martin 2007, p. 458.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007196-3] Martin 2007, p. 196.

[FOOTNOTEHalperin202230–32-4] Halperin 2022, pp. 30–32.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007191-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Martin 2007, p. 191.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007190-7] Martin 2007, p. 190.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007190–191-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Martin 2007, pp. 190–191.

[FOOTNOTEOstrowski199389-9] Ostrowski 1993, p. 89.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007191–192-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Martin 2007, pp. 191–192.

[FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023138-11] Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 138.

[FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023121-12] Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 121.

[FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023139-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 139.

[FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023138–139-14] Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, pp. 138–139.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007193–194-15] Martin 2007, pp. 193–194.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007194-16] Martin 2007, p. 194.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007194,_202-17] Martin 2007, pp. 194, 202.

[FOOTNOTEHalperin198771-18] Halperin 1987, p. 71.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007195,_202–203-19] Martin 2007, pp. 195, 202–203.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007195,_202-20] Martin 2007, pp. 195, 202.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007195–196-22] Martin 2007, pp. 195–196.

[FOOTNOTEHalperin198772-23] Halperin 1987, p. 72.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007210,_231–232-24] Martin 2007, pp. 210, 231–232.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007232-25] Martin 2007, p. 232.

[FOOTNOTEHalperin198772–73-26] Halperin 1987, pp. 72–73.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007232,_235-27] Martin 2007, pp. 232, 235.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007283–284-28] Martin 2007, pp. 283–284.

[FOOTNOTERaffenspergerOstrowski2023202-29] Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 202.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007280-30] Martin 2007, p. 280.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2007281-31] Martin 2007, p. 281.

[a]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[b]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

List of wars involving the Principality of Tver

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography