Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales

Lady Chief Justice of England and Wales
Lady Chief Justice of England and Wales
	The Judiciary of England and Wales
	Incumbent; The Baroness Carr of Walton-on-the-Hill; since 1 October 2023
Style	The Right Honourable
Nominator	Judicial Appointments Commission
Appointer	Monarch of the United Kingdom,; on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and Lord Chancellor
Formation	29 November 1880
Website	https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/lord-chief-justice/

The Lady Chief Justice of England and Wales (alternatively Lord Chief Justice when the holder is male) is the head of the judiciary of England and Wales and the president of the courts of England and Wales.

Until 2005 the lord chief justice was the second-most senior judge of the English and Welsh courts, surpassed by the lord chancellor, who normally sat in the highest court. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 changed the roles of judges, creating the position of President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and altering the duties of the lord chief justice and the lord chancellor. The lord chief justice ordinarily serves as president of the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal and head of criminal justice, meaning its technical processes within the legal domain, but under the 2005 Act can appoint another judge to these positions. The lord chancellor became a purely executive office, with no judicial role.

The equivalent in Scotland is the Lord President of the Court of Session, who also holds the post of Lord Justice-General in the High Court of Justiciary. The equivalent in Northern Ireland is the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, local successor to the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland of the pre-Partition era.

Sue Carr, Baroness Carr of Walton-on-the-Hill, has been Lady Chief Justice since October 2023. She is the first female holder of the office.^[2]

History

Originally, each of the three high common law courts, the King's Bench, the Court of Common Pleas, and the Court of the Exchequer, had its own chief justice: the Lord Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and the Chief Baron of the Exchequer.^[3] The Court of the King's (or Queen's) Bench had existed since 1234.^[4] In 1268 the first chief justice of the King's Bench was appointed.^[5] From the time of Edward Coke in the early 17th century, the chief justice became known informally as "lord chief justice". It was only in 1875 that it became the statutory title.^[6]

The three courts became divisions of the High Court in 1875 (though the head of each court continued in post). Following the deaths of Lord Chief Justice Sir Alexander Cockburn and Chief Baron Sir Fitzroy Kelly in 1880, the three divisions were merged into a single division, with Lord Coleridge, the last Chief Justice of Common Pleas, as Lord Chief Justice of England.^[7]

The suffix "and Wales", now found in statutes and elsewhere, was of a holder's own motion and to reflect centuries-old reality, appended during the tenure of Lord Bingham of Cornhill. He held this office between 1996 and 2000.

Constitutional Reform Act 2005

The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (CRA) made the Lord Chief Justice the president of the Courts of England and Wales, vesting the office with many of the powers formerly held by the Lord Chancellor. While the Lord Chief Justice retains the role of President of the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal, the CRA separated the role of President of the King's Bench Division; the changed chief justice role was first held by Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers. The CRA provides that the chief justice is chosen by a specially appointed committee convened by the Judicial Appointments Commission.

Modification of title from Lord to Lady

Upon the announcement of the appointment on 15 June 2023 of Dame Sue Carr, it was highly anticipated that the title would be modified from Lord to Lady, in line with Dame Siobhan Keegan's title change of Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland to Lady Chief Justice. This speculation was further confirmed in news closer to Carr's appointment, on 27 September 2023 that Carr had chosen the title of Lady Chief Justice.^[8] When Carr took office she was sworn as Lady Chief Justice, for the first time in the role's history since its inception.

Roles and responsibilities

The lord chief justice has 400 individual statutory responsibilities specified in the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. While they sit as a judge on important criminal, civil and family cases, including appeal cases, they also have a wide range of administrative responsibilities. As president of the Courts of England and Wales, they are responsible for representing the opinions of the judiciary to government, overseeing their welfare and training and allocating work amongst them. With the Lord Chancellor, they are responsible for the handling of complaints against judges through the Judicial Conduct Investigations Office. They are also president of the Sentencing Council, and Magistrates' Association and chairs the Judicial Executive Board, and Judges' Council.^[9]

Lord chief justices of the King's (Queen's) Bench, to 1880

Lord chief justice	From	Until	Notes
William de Raley	1234	1239
Sir Stephen de Segrave	1239	1241
William of York	1241	1247
Henry of Bath	1249	1251
Sir Gilbert of Seagrave	1251	1253
Henry of Bath	1253	1260
Sir William of Wilton	1261	1263
Nicholas de Turri	1265	1267
Sir Robert de Briwes	1268	6 November 1269
Richard of Staines	6 November 1269	1273
Martin of Littlebury	1273	1274
Ralph de Hengham	1274	1290
Gilbert de Thornton	1290	1296
Sir Roger Brabazon	1296	March 1316
Sir William Inge	March 1316	15 June 1317
Sir Henry le Scrope	15 June 1317	September 1323
Hervey de Stanton	September 1323	21 March 1324
Sir Geoffrey le Scrope	21 March 1324	1 May 1329
Sir Robert de Malberthorp	1 May 1329	28 October 1329
Sir Henry le Scrope	28 October 1329	19 December 1330
Sir Geoffrey le Scrope	19 December 1330	28 March 1332
Sir Richard de Willoughby	28 March 1332	20 September 1332
Sir Geoffrey le Scrope	20 September 1332	10 September 1333
Sir Richard de Willoughby	10 September 1333	1337
Sir Geoffrey le Scrope	1337	October 1338
Sir Richard de Willoughby	October 1338	21 July 1340
Sir Robert Parning	21 July 1340	8 January 1341
Sir William Scott	8 January 1341	26 November 1346
Sir William de Thorpe	26 November 1346	26 October 1350
Sir William de Shareshull	26 October 1350	24 May 1361
Sir Henry Green	24 May 1361	29 October 1365
Sir John Knyvet	29 October 1365	15 July 1372
Sir John de Cavendish	15 July 1372	14 June 1381	Murdered in the Peasants' Revolt
Sir Robert Tresilian	22 June 1381	17 November 1387
Sir Walter Clopton	31 January 1388	21 October 1400
Sir William Gascoigne	15 November 1400	29 March 1413
Sir William Hankford	29 March 1413	12 December 1423
Sir William Cheyne	21 January 1424	20 January 1439
Sir John Juyn	20 January 1439	24 March 1440
Sir John Hody	13 April 1440	25 January 1442
Sir John Fortescue	25 January 1442	13 May 1461
Sir John Markham	13 May 1461	23 January 1469
Sir Thomas Billing	23 January 1469	5 May 1481
Sir William Hussey	7 May 1481	8 September 1495
Sir John Fineux	24 November 1495	23 January 1526
Sir John FitzJames	23 January 1526	21 January 1539
Sir Edward Montagu	21 January 1539	9 November 1545
Sir Richard Lyster	9 November 1545	21 March 1552
Sir Roger Cholmeley	21 March 1552	4 October 1553
Sir Thomas Bromley	4 October 1553	11 June 1555
Sir William Portman	11 June 1555	8 May 1557
Sir Edward Saunders	8 May 1557	22 January 1559
Sir Robert Catlyn	22 January 1559	8 November 1574
Sir Christopher Wray	8 November 1574	2 June 1592
Sir John Popham	2 June 1592	25 June 1607
Sir Thomas Fleming	25 June 1607	25 October 1613
Sir Edward Coke	25 October 1613	16 November 1616
Sir Henry Montagu	16 November 1616	29 January 1621
Sir James Ley	29 January 1621	26 January 1625
Sir Ranulph Crewe	26 January 1625	5 February 1627
Sir Nicholas Hyde	5 February 1627	24 October 1631
Sir Thomas Richardson	24 October 1631	4 February 1635^†	Died in office
Sir John Bramston	14 April 1635	31 October 1642
Sir Robert Heath	31 October 1642	October 1645
Sir Henry Rolle	12 October 1648	15 June 1655
John Glynne	15 June 1655	17 January 1660	Knighted in 1660
Sir Richard Newdigate	17 January 1660	1 October 1660
Sir Robert Foster	21 October 1660	4 October 1663^†	First Chief Justice after the Restoration; died in office
Sir Robert Hyde	19 October 1663	1 May 1665^†	Died in office
Sir John Kelynge	21 November 1665	9 May 1671^†	Died in office
Sir Matthew Hale	18 May 1671	20 February 1676	Formerly Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer 1660–1671
Sir Richard Raynsford	12 April 1676	31 May 1678
Sir William Scroggs	31 May 1678	11 April 1681
Sir Francis Pemberton	11 April 1681	1682	Later Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in 1683
Sir Edmund Saunders	23 January 1683	19 June 1683	Died in office
Sir George Jeffreys (Lord Jeffreys from 1685)	28 September 1683	23 October 1685	Lord Chancellor 1685–1688
Sir Edward Herbert	23 October 1685	22 April 1687	Later Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1687–1689
Sir Robert Wright	22 April 1687	17 April 1689	Briefly Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in April 1687
Sir John Holt	17 April 1689	5 March 1710^†	Died in office
Sir Thomas Parker (Lord Parker from 1714)	11 March 1710	15 May 1718	Regent of Great Britain from 1 August to 18 September 1714; later Lord Chancellor 1718–1725, created Earl of Macclesfield in 1721; impeached for corruption in 1725
Sir John Pratt	15 May 1718	24 February 1725	Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1721
Sir Robert Raymond (Lord Raymond from 1731)	2 March 1725	31 October 1733^†	Previously Attorney General 1720–1724; died in office
Lord Hardwicke	31 October 1733	8 June 1737	Previously Attorney General 1724–1733; later Lord Chancellor 1737–1756 and created Earl of Hardwicke in 1754
Sir William Lee	8 June 1737	8 April 1754^†	Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1754; died in office
Sir Dudley Ryder	2 May 1754	25 May 1756^†	Previously Attorney General 1737–1754; died in office
Lord Mansfield (Earl of Mansfield from 1776)	8 November 1756	4 June 1788	Previously Attorney General 1754–1756; Lord Speaker in 1783
Lord Kenyon	4 June 1788	4 April 1802^†	Previously Attorney General 1782–1783 1783–1784 and Master of the Rolls 1784–1788; died in office
Lord Ellenborough	11 April 1802	2 November 1818	Previously Attorney General 1801–1802; interim Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1806
Sir Charles Abbott (Lord Tenterden from 1827)	2 November 1818	4 November 1832^†	Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1827; died in office
Sir Thomas Denman (Lord Denman from 1834)	4 November 1832	5 March 1850	Previously Attorney General 1830–1832; interim Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1834
Lord Campbell	5 March 1850	24 June 1859	Previously Attorney General 1834 and 1835–1841; briefly Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1841; later Lord Chancellor 1859–1861
Sir Alexander Cockburn, Bt	24 June 1859	20 November 1880^†	Previously Attorney General 1851–1852, 1852–1856 and Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1856–1859; Courts of the Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer became divisions of a unified High Court in 1875; died in office

Lord (or Lady when the holder is female) chief justices of England (later England and Wales) 1880–present

Lord chief justice	From	Until	Notes
Lord Coleridge	29 November 1880	14 June 1894^†	Previously Attorney General 1871–1873 and Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1873–1880; died in office
Lord Russell of Killowen	11 July 1894	10 August 1900^†	Previously Attorney General 1886 1892–1894; first Catholic Lord Chief Justice; died in office
Lord Alverstone	24 October 1900	21 October 1913	Previously Attorney-General 1885–1886 1886–1892 1895–1900 and Master of the Rolls in 1900; in retirement, created Viscount Alverstone in 1913
Sir Rufus Isaacs (Lord Reading from 1914, Viscount Reading from 1916, Earl of Reading from 1917)	21 October 1913	8 March 1921	Previously Attorney General 1910–1913; later Viceroy of India 1921–1925 and created Marquess of Reading in 1926; first Jewish Lord Chief Justice
Sir Alfred Lawrence (Lord Trevethin from August 1921)	15 April 1921	2 March 1922
Sir Gordon Hewart (Lord Hewart from 24 March 1922)	8 March 1922	12 October 1940	Previously Attorney General 1919–1922; in retirement, created Viscount Hewart in 1940
Viscount Caldecote	14 October 1940	23 January 1946	Previously Attorney General 1928–1929 and 1932–1936 and Lord Chancellor 1939–1940
Lord Goddard	23 January 1946	29 September 1958	Previously a law lord from 1944
Lord Parker of Waddington	29 September 1958	20 April 1971
Lord Widgery	20 April 1971	15 April 1980
Lord Lane	15 April 1980	27 April 1992	Previously a law lord from 1979
Lord Taylor of Gosforth	27 April 1992	4 June 1996
Lord Bingham of Cornhill	4 June 1996	6 June 2000	First Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales; Master of the Rolls 1992–1996; Senior Law Lord 2000–2008;
Lord Woolf	6 June 2000	30 September 2005	Previously a law lord from 1992; Master of the Rolls from 1996 to 2000
Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers	30 September 2005	1 October 2008	Previously a law lord from 1999; Master of the Rolls 2000–2005; later Senior Law Lord 2008–2009 and President of the Supreme Court 2009–2012
Lord Judge	1 October 2008	30 September 2013	Previously Deputy Chief Justice of England and Wales 2003–2005
Lord Thomas of Cwmgiedd	1 October 2013	1 October 2017
Lord Burnett of Maldon	2 October 2017	30 September 2023
Baroness Carr of Walton-on-the-Hill	1 October 2023	Incumbent	The first Lady Chief Justice since the role's inception in the 13th century.

Hereditary peerages created for the Lord Chief Justice

Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield/Baron Parker – extant
Robert Raymond, 1st Baron Raymond – extinct 1756
Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke/Baron Hardwicke – extant
William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield/Earl of Mansfield/Baron Mansfield – extant
Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron Kenyon – extant
Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough – extant
Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden – extinct 1939
Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman – extant
Rufus Isaacs, 1st Earl of Reading/Viscount Reading/Baron Reading – extant, held by the Marquess of Reading
Alfred Lawrence, 1st Baron Trevethin – extant, held by the Baron Trevethin and Oaksey
Gordon Hewart, 1st Baron Hewart – extinct 1964

References

^ "Appointment of new Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales". Press Release. United Kingdom Government. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
^ Hymas, Charles (26 September 2023). "Britain's most senior judge to be called Lady Chief Justice". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
^ Harriss, G. L. (2005). Shaping the Nation: England 1360-1461. Clarendon Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780198228165.
^ Turner, Ralph V. (1977). "The Origins of Common Pleas and King's Bench". The American Journal of Legal History. 21 (3). Temple University: 248. doi:10.2307/844792. ISSN 0002-9319. JSTOR 844792.
^ Smith, Richard A. (2015). "King's Bench". In Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert (eds.). The Oxford Companion to British History (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 530. ISBN 9780199677832.
^ Smith, Richard A. (2015). "Lord Chief Justice". In Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert (eds.). The Oxford Companion to British History (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 574. ISBN 9780199677832.
^ The Lord Burnett of Maldon (14 November 2019). "What's in a Name? The High Court and its Divisions" (PDF). judiciary.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
^ Hymas, Charles (26 September 2023). "Britain's most senior judge to be called Lady Chief Justice". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
^ "Lord Chief Justice". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 30 September 2023.