Traube was born in Berlin, the son of a middle-class Jewish family, and studied at the universities of Munich and Greifswald. In 1883 he finished his Ph.D. with a dissertation entitled Varia libamenta critica. He finished his habilitation in classical and medieval philology in 1888 with a part of his book on Carolingian poetry (Karolingische Dichtungen).[2]
In 1897 he became a member of the central management of Monumenta Germaniae Historica. In 1902 he was appointed professor of Latin philology of the Middle Ages at Munich.[3] In 1905 he discovered that he had leukemia, dying from it two years later.[4]
O Roma nobilis : philologische Untersuchungen aus dem Mittelalter, 1891 – O Roma nobilis: philological studies from the Middle Ages.
Textgeschichte der Regula S. Benedicti, 1898 – Textual history of Regula Benedicti.
Die Geschichte der tironischen Noten bei Suetonius und Isidorus, 1901 (2 volumes) – The history of Tironian notes from Suetonius and Isidorus.
Jean-Baptiste Maugérard: ein Beitrag zur Bibliotheksgeschicthe, 1904 – Jean-Baptiste Maugérard, a contribution to library history.
Bamberger Fragmente der vierten Dekade des Livius, 1906 – Bamberger fragments of the fourth decade of Livy.
Nomina sacra : Versuch einer Geschichte der christlichen Kürzung, 1907 – Nomina sacra. Essay on the history of Christian abbreviations.
Zur Paläographie und Handschriftenkunde, 1909 (edited by Franz Boll) – On palaeography and manuscript studies.
Einleitung in die lateinische Philologie des Mittelalters, 1911 (edited by Franz Boll, Paul Lehmann) – Introduction to Latin philology of the Middle Ages.
Vorlesungen und Abhandlungen, 1909–1920 (3 volumes, edited by Franz Boll, Samuel Brandt) – Lectures and essays.[5][6]