M. T. Vasudevan Nair

M. T. Vasudevan Nair
M.T. in 2015
Born	(1933-07-15) 15 July 1933 (age 91)[1] Kudallur, Ponnani taluk, Malabar District, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Pattambi taluk Palakkad district, Kerala, India)
Occupation	Novelist, short story writer, screenplay writer, film director
Language	Malayalam
Alma mater	Victoria College, Palakkad
Genre	Novel, short story, children's literature, travelogue, essays
Subject	Social aspects, Oriented on the basic Kerala family and cultures
Notable works	Naalukettu Randamoozham Manju Kaalam Asuravithu Iruttinte Athmavu
Notable awards	Padma Bhushan Kerala Jyothi Jnanpith Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
Spouse	Prameela ​ ​ (m. 1965; div. 1976)​ Kalamandalam Saraswathi ​ ​ (m. 1977)​
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Madath Thekkepaattu Vasudevan Nair (born 15 July 1933),^[2] popularly known as M.T., is an Indian author, screenplay writer and film director.^[3] He is a prolific and versatile writer in modern Malayalam literature, and is one of the masters of post-Independence Indian literature.^[4][5] At the age of 20, as a chemistry undergraduate, he won the prize for the best short story in Malayalam at World Short Story Competition conducted by The New York Herald Tribune. His first major novel Naalukettu (Ancestral Home- translated to English as The Legacy), written at the age of 23, won the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 1958. His other novels include Manju (Mist), Kaalam (Time), Asuravithu (The Prodigal Son - translated to English as The Demon Seed) and Randamoozham ('The Second Turn' translated to English as 'Bhima - Lone Warrior' ). The deep emotional experiences of his early days have gone into the making of MT's novels. Most of his works are oriented towards the basic Malayalam family structure and culture and many of them were path-breaking in the history of Malayalam literature. His three seminal novels on life in the matriarchal family in Kerala are Naalukettu, Asuravithu, and Kaalam. Randamoozham, which retells the story of the Mahabharatha from the point of view of Bhimasena, is widely credited as his masterpiece.

M. T. Vasudevan Nair is a script writer and director of Malayalam films. He has directed seven films and written the screenplay for around 54 films. He won the National Film Award for Best Screenplay four times for: Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha (1989), Kadavu (1991), Sadayam (1992), and Parinayam (1994), which is the most by anyone in the screenplay category. He was awarded the highest literary award in India, Jnanpith, in 1995 for his overall contribution to Malayalam literature.^[6] In 2005, India's third highest civilian honour Padma Bhushan was awarded to him.^[7] He has won numerous other awards and recognition including Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award, Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award, Vayalar Award, Vallathol Award, Ezhuthachan Award, Mathrubhumi Literary Award and O. N. V. Literary Award. He was awarded the J.C. Daniel Award for lifetime achievement in Malayalam cinema for the year 2013. He served as the editor of Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly for several years. In 2022, he was honoured with the maiden Kerala Jyothi Award, the highest civilian award given by the Kerala Government.

Vasudevan was born in 1933^[8] at Kudallur, a small village in Anakkara panchayat in Pattambi Taluk at northwestern tip of Palakkad district, which shares boundary with Malappuram district on three sides.^[9] His native place fell under Malabar District in erstwhile Madras Presidency of the British Raj. He was the youngest of four children born to T. Narayanan Nair and Ammalu Amma.^[10] His father was in Ceylon and he spent his early days in Kudallur and in his father's house in Punnayurkulam, a village in the present day Thrissur district.^[10] He completed his schooling from Malamakkavu Elementary School and Kumaranelloor High School. He had to break education after high school, and when he joined college in 1949, he was advised to opt for the science stream as it was felt that a degree in science secured a job faster than any other degree.^[11] He obtained a degree in chemistry from Victoria College, Palakkad in 1953.^[11] He taught mathematics in Pattambi Board High School and Chavakkad Board High School for over a year and worked in M.B. Tutorial College, Palakkad during 1955–56.^[12] He also worked as a gramasevakan at a block development office in Taliparamba, Kannur for a few weeks before joining Mathrubhumi Weekly as subeditor in 1957.^[11]

MT has been married twice. He married writer and translator Prameela in 1965. They separated after 11 years of marriage.^[12] He has a daughter from this marriage, Sithara, who works as a business executive in the United States.^[12] In 1977 he married dance artist Kalamandalam Saraswathy^[13] with whom he has a daughter, dancer Aswathy Nair.^[14][15] MT resides in Sithara, Kottaram Road, Kozhikode, named after his eldest daughter.^{[citation needed]}

MT began writing at a very young age, inspired by his elder brothers who wrote time and again in several literary journals and poet Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri who was his senior at high school.^[12] He initially wrote poems but soon changed to prose writing.^[12] His first published work was an essay on the diamond industry of ancient India, titled "Pracheenabharathathile Vaira Vyavasayam", which appeared in Keralakshemam, a biweekly published by C. G. Nair from Guruvayoor. His first story "Vishuvaghosham" was published in Madras-based Chitrakeralam magazine in 1948. The story which explores the feelings of a boy too poor to have crackers of his own, as he stands listening to the sounds of crackers coming from the houses of the rich celebrating the new year festival of Vishu: an overwhelming sense of loss, the painful realization that this is the way things are and the way they're likely to stay.^[16] His first book, Raktham Puranda Manaltharikal was published in 1952.^[10]

MT's first literary prize came to him while he was a student at Victoria College, Palakkad - his short story "Valarthumrigangal" (Pet Animals) won first prize in the World Short Story Competition conducted by The New York Herald Tribune, Hindustan Times and Mathrubhumi in 1954.^[11] It was a short story delineating the pathetic plight of circus artistes. The numerous stories that followed dealt with themes culled from widely different milieus and contexts but were uniformly successful and popular.^{[citation needed]}

The noted collections of his stories are Iruttinte Athmavu, Olavum Theeravum, Bandhanam, Varikkuzhi, Dare-e-Salam, Swargam Thurakkunna Samayam, Vaanaprastham and Sherlock.^[17] "Iruttinte Athmavu" ("Soul of Darkness"), one of the most celebrated among his short stories, is the heart wrenching story of a 21-year-old man, regarded as a lunatic by everyone and treated abominably. The story reveals the insanity behind the civilised and supposedly sane world. The story "Sherlock" moves between the rural milieu familiar to MT's readers and the sophisticated world of Indian immigrants in the US, highlighting the contrast between them with subtle irony. MT wrote passionately of the cruelty hidden at the heart of a seemingly idyllic rural life ("Kurukkante Kalyanam" or "The Jackal's Wedding" and "Shilalikhithangal" or "Stone Inscriptions") and of the privations endured by those dependent on the agricultural cycle ("Karkitakom" and "Pallivalum Kalchilambum" or "Sacred Sword and Anklets"). In the story "Vanaprastham", he studies the delicately balanced relationship between a teacher and a student that has miraculously survived the years.^{[citation needed]}

M. T. Vasudevan Nair is of the opinion that short story is a genre in which a writer can achieve near perfection. He, along with T. Padmanabhan, serve as bridges between the early modern short story writers in Malayalam, of the so-called renaissance, and the new short story of the late fifties and sixties.^[18]

MT's debut novel Pathiravum Pakalvelichavum (Midnight and Daylight) was serialised in Mathrubhumi Weekly in 1957.^[10] His first major work Naalukettu (The Legacy; 1958) is a veritable depiction of the situation which prevailed in a typical joint family when its fortunes is on a steady decline. The title attributes to Nālukettu, a traditional ancestral home (Taravad) of a Nair joint family. The novel remains a classic in Malayalam fiction. It contributed to the renewal of a literary tradition initiated by S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer and Uroob in the 1950s.^[19] It was given the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 1959. It has had 23 reprints and was translated into 14 languages and had a record sale of a half a million copies (as of 2008) and still features in the best-seller lists.^[20][21] MT himself adapted the novel into a television film for Doordarshan in 1995. It won the Kerala State Television Award for the year 1996.^[22]

Asuravithu (The Demon Seed; 1972) which is set in a fictional Valluvanadan village named Kizhakkemuri can be considered almost as a sequel to Naalukettu. It has the same geophysical and socio-cultural setting. The novel describes the plight of the protagonist Govindankutty, the youngest son of a proud Nair tharavadu, as he is trapped between the social scenario, social injustice and his own inner consciousness. In Asuravithu there are clear indications of the damaging impact of an alien culture in the pollution of the indigenous culture and the disintegration of the family and the community. These two early novels—Naalukettu and Asuravithu—depict a phase in which the economic and cultural scenario of Kerala manifested symptoms which were to develop into dangerous ecocidal tendencies at a later stage.^{[citation needed]}

His later novels, such as Manju (Mist; 1964) and Kaalam (Time; 1969), are characterised by profuse lyricism which cannot to be found in Naalukettu or Asuravithu. The eco-feminist theme of patriarchal domination and exploitation gains more prominence in Manju, MT's only novel with a female protagonist (Vimala). Set in the splendid landscape of Nainital, it stands apart as set in a milieu different from the usual one, the Valluvanadan village. The plot of the novel is allegedly similar to a Hindi story Parinde (Birds, 1956), by Nirmal Verma. However, both MT and Verma have rejected these claims.^[23]

In the novel Kaalam, MT returns to his favourite milieu, the dilapidated joint-family Nair tarwad set against the wider backdrop of the Valluvanadan village in the backdrop of the crumbling matrilineal order of Kerala in a newly independent India. Sethu, the protagonist, is toppled over by the eddies of social, cultural and economic transformation. Kaalam, though not strictly autobiographical, has a strong autobiographical element in it. Manju had a film adaptation in 1983, written and directed by MT himself.^[24] The novel also had a Hindi-language film adaptation titled Sarath Sandhya.^{[citation needed]}

Randamoozham (The Second Turn; 1984), retells the story of the Mahabharatha from the point of view of Bhimasena, supposed to be the son of Vayu; this is demystified or demythified in the novel. In this novel, Bhima gains, through the author's ironic undertones, a new psychological depth. "I have not changed the framework of the story by the first Vyasa, Krishna-Dwaipayana. I have read between his lines and expanded on his pregnant silences," says the author.^[3]

MT's latest novel is Varanasi (2002) which is an emotional journey to Varanasi, a pilgrim centre in North India. Varanasi opens with Professor Srinivasan's letter to Sudhakaran, the protagonist, referring to his unfinished thesis among his old books. The professor invites him to his home in Varanasi. Sudharkaran, in his sixties, and recovering from a prostrate procedure, decides to take the professor by surprise. He realises on arrival that the professor has recently died. The story evolves with a series of reminiscences, like a REM stream, in time transitions. The narration involves the third, first, and second person. In the train to Varanasi, Sudhakaran fishes out the book Kashi: The Eternal City by Sumita Nagpal, in which he is also acknowledged. By the time Sudhakaran finishes the book, he has traversed his life, his women, seen the demise of his well-wishers, moved through Varanasi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Paris, and Madras. He sees no need to complete his thesis — 'about the possibilities of Caliban' as once suggested by his professor for a scholarship at the university — and lets it go into the Ganga. He does the professor's last rites as also his own Atma Pindom (One's own funeral rites in anticipation of death). At the Dashashwamedh Ghat, Sumita, now an elderly woman, merely passes him by, not even recognising him.^[25] With no intricate plot, the novel is an experiment. It was well received in the literary circles but received criticism from critic and painter M. V. Devan.^[26]

MT wrote the novel Arabi Ponnu (The Gold of Arabia) along with N. P. Mohammed. MT and Mohamed stayed in a rented house in Karuvarakkundu village, Malappuram for a period of two weeks to complete this work.^{[citation needed]}

MT has authored two books on the craft of writing—Kaathikante Panippura and Kaathikante Kala—and his anecdotal columns articles on various topics and speeches on different occasions have been compiled under the titles Kilivaathililude, Kannanthalippookkalude Kaalam, Vakkukalude Vismayam and Eekakikalude Sabdam. Manushyar Nizhalukal and Aalkkoottathil Thaniye are his travelogues.^{[citation needed]}

He occupied and continues to occupy many important and powerful positions in various literary bodies including the presidency of Kerala Sahitya Akademi and the chairmanship of Tunchan Memorial Trust. He was an Executive Member of the Kendra Sahitya Akademi. The Library of Congress has in its collection sixty-two books, mostly by MT and some on him. Also, some of them are translations of his works into English. MT joined the Mathrubhumi Group of Publications in 1956. When he retired from there in 1998, he was their editor of periodicals and Chief Editor of Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly. On 2 June 1996, he was bestowed with honorary D.Lit degree by the Calicut University.^{[citation needed]}

M. T. Vasudevan Nair is one of the most distinguished and well accepted script writers and directors in Malayalam cinema.^[27] He has directed seven films and written the screenplay for around 54 films. He won the National Film Award for Best Screenplay four times for: Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha (1989), Kadavu (1991), Sadayam (1992), and Parinayam (1994), which is the most by anyone in the screenplay category.^[4]

MT wrote his first screenplay, in 1965 for Murappennu, at the behest of producer Shobhana Parameswaran Nair. The film was an adaptation of his story "Snehathinte Mukhangal". The Hindu described it as "a well-made film with a compelling plot" and as "one of the most significant films in the history of Malayalam cinema".^[28]

MT was the first and foremost script writer in Malayalam who wrote screenplays after having learnt cinema as a distinctive visual art which has its own language, grammar and structure.^[27] It was only after he began writing screenplays the Malayali viewers began to consider film script as a distinctive genre which has its own genuine features. Also, it was M.T who elevated this medium of writing as a literary from.^[27]

MT's screenplays have won social attention for the portrayal of the social and cultural crisis in the contemporary life of Kerala. The disintegration of human values and relationship which creates identity crisis, sense of loss, dehumanisation, alienation from one's own surroundings, etc. have been presented in its depth by MT more than any other writers. The best examples are Kanyakumari, Varikkuzhi, Vilkkanundu Swapnangal, Sadayam, Asuravithu, Edavazhiyile Poocha Mindappoocha, Akshrangal, Aalkkoottathil Thaniye, Aaroodam etc.^[27] A salient aspect of MT's screenplays is the effective presentation of the ecological or geographical factors and elements making use of the visual possibilities of their portrayal.^[27] Another unique feature is the language employed in them. Some of his screenplays are known for giving new interpretations to historical characters and historical stories. For instance, he gives the legends woven around the popular story of Perumthachan a new interpretation in his screenplay, based on his own assessment of Perumthachan's character.^[29] According to the folklore Vadakkanpattu (Northern Ballads), Chandu is said to have betrayed his cousin because he was jealous of Aaromal's popularity and abilities. But MT's Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha presents an alternative version of the same legend, as it presents the incident from Chandu's perspective, suggesting that grave injustice has been done to Chandu by wrongly accusing him of replacing the rivets.^[27]

In 1973, M. T. Vasudevan Nair made his directorial debut with Nirmalyam which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film.^[30] The film is about a village oracle whose services are no longer needed by the community and whose family begins to fall apart.^[31] MT scripted and directed many more films including the award-winning Bandhanam, Kadavu and Oru Cheru Punchiri. Kadavu won awards at the Singapore International Film Festival and Tokyo International Film Festival.^[4] His cinema work also includes three documentaries and one TV series. He has written songs for the 1981 film Valarthumrugangal which were set to tune by M. B. Sreenivasan.^[32]

M. T. Vasudevan Nair was the chairman of Indian Panorama of the 46th National Film Awards (1998).^[33] He has also been a member of Film Finance Corporation, National Film Development Corporation and Film Censoring Committee. He has also served as a faculty in the Film and Television Institute, Pune.

MT was born and brought up in a sylvan village on the banks of Nila. The writer has so often acknowledged his indebtedness to the ethos of his village and to Nila which has ever been the mainspring of his creative inspiration. Nila occurs and re-occurs in MT's fiction, as a presence and as a symbol, endorsing this view.^[34][35] The staple locale of his fiction is the Valluvanadan village. The landscape and ethos of the Valluvanad region and the transformations undergone by them in the course of the century, involving relics of the tarawad and the communal tensions provide a challenging theme for the highly evocative style of Vasudevan Nair's narrative art. The temporal milieu of MT's fiction stretches over the second half of the twentieth century, a period of tremendous social, cultural and economic changes.^[18][36]

It was in the sixties that MT rose to prominence as a writer. The phase of social realism had come to an end.^[18] In his opinion, class-war the ideal which had inspired the writers belonging to the preceding generation had almost lost its relevance by the time he entered the literary career. The prominent Malayalam writers of the pre-independence phase—Thakazhi, Vallathol and Kesavadev—were all stimulated by the progressive leftist ideals. They focussed their attention on social conflict as the theme for their writings—Conflict between capital and labour, between the landlord and the tenant, between the oppressor and the oppressed. MT felt that this theme of conflict was an outdated phenomenon in the context of present Kerala. The protagonists of MT are men out of society and at war with themselves, a sharp contrast to the heroes of Kesavadev or Thakazhi who fight a losing war against the hostile forces in the society. MT, in spite of his broad and deep sympathy for the marginalized, doesn't identify himself with any particular political ideology or movement.^[18]

• Naalukettu (The Legacy). Thrissur: Current. 1958.
• Pathiravum Pakalvelichavum (Midnight and Daylight). Thrissur: Current. 1959.
• M. T. Vasudevan Nair; N. P. Mohammed (1960). Arabi Ponnu (The Gold of Arabia). Thrissur: Current.
• Asuravithu (The Demon Seed). Thrissur: Current. 1962.
• Manju (Mist). Thrissur: Current. 1964.
• Kaalam (Time). Thrissur: Current. 1969.
• Vilapayathra. Kottayam: SPCS. 1978.
• Randamoozham (The Second Turn). Kottayam: SPCS. 1984.
• Varanasi. Thrissur: Current. 2002.

• Raktham Puranda Mantharikal (Blood-soaked Sand). Palghat: Kalaradhaka Sangham. 1952. (Collection of 5 stories)
• Veyilum Nilavum (Sunlight and Moonlight). Madras: Janatha Printing & Publishing House. 1954.
• Vedanayude Pookkal (Flowers of Sorrow). Palghat: Samadarsi. 1955.
• Ninte Ormakku (For Your Memories). Thrissur: Current. 1956. (Collection of 6 stories)
• Olavum Theeravum (Ripple and Shore). Trivandrum: Janatha. 1957. (Collection of 6 stories)
• Iruttinte Athmavu (The Soul of the Darkness). Thrissur: Current. 1957.
• Kuttyedathy. Thrissur: Current. 1959. (Collection of 5 stories)
• Nashtappetta Dinangal (Lost Days). Thrissur: Current. 1960. (Collection of 5 stories)
• Bandhanam (The Binding). Thrissur: Current. 1963. (Collection of 5 stories)
• Kaliveedu (Playhouse). Calicut: Poorna. 1966. (Collection of 5 stories)
• Pathanam (The Fall). Thrissur: Current. 1966. (Collection of 4 stories)
• Varikkuzhi (The Trap). Thrissur: Current. 1967. (Collection of 5 stories)
• M.T.yude Thiranjedutha Kathakal. Thrissur: Current. 1968. (Collection of 34 stories)
• Dar-S-Salam. Thrissur: Current. 1970. (Collection of 5 stories)
• Ajnjathante Uyaratha Smarakam. Thrissur: Current. 1973. (Collection of 4 stories)
• Abhayam Thedi Veendum. Kottayam: SPCS. 1978. (Collection of 3 stories)
• Swargam Thurakkunna Samayam (When the Heaven's Gates Open). Calicut: Poorna. 1980.
• Vanaprastham (Into the Forest). Thrissur: Current. 1992. (Collection of 4 stories)
• Sherlek. Thrissur: Current. 1998. (Collection of 4 stories)

• Manikyakallu. Thrissur: Current. 1957.
• Daya Enna Penkutty. Calicut: Malayalam. 1987. With illustrations by N. P. Hafiz Mohamad
• Thanthrakkari. Calicut: Guru. 1993. With illustrations by Madanan

• Kilivaathililude. Thrissur: August Books. 1992. (Collection of essays)
• Ekakikalude Sabdam. Kottayam: DC Books. 1994. (Collection of essays and an interview with Toni Morrison)
• Ramaneeyam Oru Kaalam. Calicut: Olive. 1998. (Collection of 34 essays in five parts)

• Kannanthalippookkalude Kaalam. Thrissur: Current. 2003. (Collection of 27 essays)
• Snehadarangalode. Calicut: Haritham. 2003. (Collection of memoirs about 19 persons and the screenplay for the documentary Thakazhi)
• Ammaykku. Thrissur: Current. 2005.
• Chithratheruvukal. Calicut: Olive. 2010.

• Gopuranadayil. Calicut: Poorna. 1980.

• M. N. Karassery, ed. (1999). Vakkukalude Vismayam. Calicut: Pappiyon. (Collection of 32 speeches)
• Jalakangalum Kavadangalum. Kannur: Kairali Books. 2011. (Collection of speeches)

• Kaathikante Panippura. Thrissur: Current. 1963. (Collection of 5 essays: Enthinezhuthunnu, Kathakaraniloode Kathayilekk, Noveline Patti, Oru Katha Janikkunnu, Kathikante Balapathangal)
• Hemingway: Oru Mukhavura. Thrissur: Current. 1964.
• Kaathikante Kala. Kottayam: DC Books. 1984. (Collection of 7 essays)
• M. T. Vasudevan Nair; M. M. Sasheer, eds. (1988). Pakarppavakasha Niyamam. Calicut: Classic Book Trust.

• M. T. Vasudevan Nair; N. P. Mohammed (1984). Jeevithathinte Granthathil Ezhuthiyath. Calicut: Classic Book Trust. (Translation of ten stories from around the world)
• M. T. Vasudevan Nair; N. P. Mohammed (2001). Lokakatha. Calicut: Pappiyon. (New edition of Jeevithathinte Granthathil Ezhuthiyath. Also includes conversations between N. P. Mohammed and M. T. Vasudevan Nair)

• Manushyar Nizhalukal. Thrissur: Mangalodayam. 1963. (Travelogue about the journeys through Eastern Europe)
• Aalkkoottathil Thaniye. Thrissur: Current. 1972.
• Vankadalile Thuzhavallakkar. Kottayam: SPCS. 1998. (Travelogue about the journeys through China)

Most of MT's screenplays are published as books. Some of the published works include:

• Ente Priyapetta Thirakathakal. Kottayam: Current. 1983. (Screenplays for the films Oppol, Vaarikuzhi, Aaroodam, Neelathamara and Idavazhiyile Poocha Minda Poocha)
• Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha. Calicut: Mulberry. 1989.
• Vaisali. Calicut: Malayalam. 1989.
• Perumthachan. Thrissur: Pusthaka. 1992.
• Panchagni. Thrissur: Current. 1992.
• Aalkkoottathil Thaniye. Calicut: Aksharam. 1993.
• Nakhakshathangal. Thrissur: Current. 1994.
• Sukrutham. Calicut: Lipi. 1996.
• Ennu Swantham Janakikutty. Cochin: Kavya. 1998.
• Adiyozhukkukal. Kottayam: SPCS. 1999.
• Nirmalyam. Thrissur: Current. 1999.
• Olavum Theeravum. Thrissur: Current. 1999.
• Daya. Calicut: Olive. 2000.
• Oru Cheru Punchiri. Kottayam: DC Books. 2001.
• M.T.yude Anchu Thirakathakal. Calicut: Mathrubhumi. 2005. (Screenplays for the films Nakhakshathangal, Aalkkoottathil Thaniye, Panchagni, Perumthachan and Vaisali)
• Naalu Thirakathakal. Pala: Sahridaya. (Screenplays for the films Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha, Kadavu, Sadayam and Parinayam)

• List of Indian writers

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