M16 (rocket)

M16
M16
	The T66 launcher for the M16 rocket
Type	Surface-to-surface rocket
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1945-1954
Used by	United States Army, United States Navy
Specifications
Mass	42.5 lb (19.3 kg)
Length	31 in (790 mm)
Diameter	4.5 in (114 mm)
Warhead	TNT
Warhead weight	4.3 lb (2.0 kg)
Detonation; mechanism	M81 Impact Fuze; M402 Proximity fuze (M16E1/M16E2);
Engine	Solid-fuel rocket
Propellant	Ballistite
Operational; range	3.1 mi (5 km)
Maximum speed	890 ft/s (270 m/s)

The M16 was a 4.5-inch (114 mm) spin-stabilized unguided rocket developed by the United States Army during the Second World War. Entering service in April 1945 to replace the earlier fin-stabilised 4.5-inch M8 rocket, it was used late in the war and also during the Korean War before being removed from service.

Development

Developed during the latter stages of the Second World War, the M16 was the first spin-stabilized 4.5-inch (114 mm) rocket to be standardized for production by the United States Army.^[3] 31 inches (790 mm) in length, it could hit targets as far as 5,200 yd (4,800 m) from its launcher.^[4] The M16 was launched from T66 "Honeycomb" 3x8 24-tube launchers,^[5] M21 5x5 25-tube launchers, and could also be fired from 60-tube "Hornet's Nest" launchers.^[3] The United States Marine Corps developed launching systems for the M16 rocket as well, capable of being fitted to standard 3/4 and 2.5-ton trucks.^[5] A version of the M16 rocket for single launchers, the M20, was developed as a derivative; practice rounds designated M17 and M21 were also manufactured.^[6]

During the Cold War years, various state and privately owned scientific institutions were engaged in the research and development projects, concerning development and enhancement of the U.S. Army spin-stabilized rockets, to mention California Institute of Technology, North Carolina State College of Agriculture of the University of North Carolina.^[7]

Operational history

A unit of "Honeycombs" was deployed to the European Theater of Operations in May 1945, and saw limited action in Czechoslovakia before the end of the war; only being used in a single engagement.^[8] Two of five battalions equipped with the M16 were deployed to the Pacific Theater of Operations, being stationed on Okinawa and in the Philippines, however the war ended before these units could see combat.^[5] The M16 remained in service with the U.S. Marine Corps following the war, with a single 18-launcher battery equipping each Marine Division; these saw combat service during the Korean War,^[9] as did U.S. Army launchers,^[3] the M16 fired from the T66 launcher being considered one of the "principal artillery weapons in the Korean War inventory".^[10]

Variants

M16 (T38E3): Baseline version adopted by U.S. Army
M16E1: M16 rocket with deeper fuze cavity for V.T. Fuze M402 (Mk 173).
M16E2: M16E1 with purge pellets of 411E to eliminate chunks in burning
M17: Practice round for M16 rocket.
M20: M16 variant with ignition wires attached to spools instead of contact rings.
M21: Practice variant of M20 Rocket^[1]

Photo Gallery

M16 and M8 rockets.
M16 24-tube launchers in Korea.
M21 25-tube launchers used by the USMC.
M16 launcher at the War memorial of Korea.

Launchers

T66 & T66E2 ("Honeycomb"): Towed, 24 tube. The E2 incorporated multiple improvements such as a new elevation system, blackout lighting, and sights.^[11] The 60-tube variant (designation needed), was nicknamed "Hornet's Nest".^[3]^[12]^[13]
M21 (T123): Towed, 25 tube. Unusual in that it used square, rather than round, tubes.^[14]

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance (28 May 1947). "U.S. Explosive Ordnance" (PDF). p. 155.
^ War Department (July 1945). TM 9-392: 4.5-Inch Multiple Rocket Launchers T66 and T66E2 (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 53.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Parsch 2006
^ Comparato 1965, p. 295
^ ^a ^b ^c Zaloga 2007, p.19
^ Ordnance Committee Minutes 27687, Research and Development Service, Office of the Chief of Ordnance. 17 May 1945.
^ "Army Contracts", Aviation Week & Space Technolog, vol. 70, no. 18, p. 77, 4 May 1959 – via Archive.org.
^ Bishop 1998, p. 175
^ Turner 1990, p.20
^ "The Modern Era: 1950-2000" (PDF). Huachuca Illustrated. 10. Fort Huachuca, Arizona: Fort Huachuca Museum: 36. 1999.
^ United States War Department (July 1945). War Department Technical Manual TM 9-392: 4.5-Inch Multiple Rocket Launchers T66 and T66E2 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ "History of Rocketry Chapter 5 | Spaceline".
^ Schonenberg, Jr., John J. (September 1945). "The Rocket Field Artillery Battalion" (PDF). The Field Artillery Journal. 35 (9). Retrieved 19 March 2023.
^ Department of the Army (October 1951). War Department Technical Manual TM 9-392A: 4.5-Inch Multiple Rocket Launcher T123 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Bibliography

Bishop, Chris, ed. (1998). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. New York: Orbis. ISBN 1-58663-762-2.
Comparato, Frank (1965). Age of Great Guns: Cannon Kings and Cannoneers Who Forged the Firepower of Artillery. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ASIN B001KJR32I.
Parsch, Andreas (2006). "4.5-Inch Barrage Rockets". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles Appendix 4: Undesignated Vehicles. Designation-Systems.net. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
Turner, David J. (29 March 1990). "MLRS": A Rocket System for the Marine Corps. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College. AD-A223 182.
Zaloga, Stephen (2007). US Field Artillery of World War II. New Vanguard. Vol. 131. New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-061-1.

[op1664-1] U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance (28 May 1947). "U.S. Explosive Ordnance" (PDF). p. 155.

[TM_9-392-2] War Department (July 1945). TM 9-392: 4.5-Inch Multiple Rocket Launchers T66 and T66E2 (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 53.

[Parsch-3] Parsch 2006

[4] Comparato 1965, p. 295

[Osprey-5] Zaloga 2007, p.19

[6] Ordnance Committee Minutes 27687, Research and Development Service, Office of the Chief of Ordnance. 17 May 1945.

[7] "Army Contracts", Aviation Week & Space Technolog, vol. 70, no. 18, p. 77, 4 May 1959 – via Archive.org.

[8] Bishop 1998, p. 175

[9] Turner 1990, p.20

[10] "The Modern Era: 1950-2000" (PDF). Huachuca Illustrated. 10. Fort Huachuca, Arizona: Fort Huachuca Museum: 36. 1999.

[11] United States War Department (July 1945). War Department Technical Manual TM 9-392: 4.5-Inch Multiple Rocket Launchers T66 and T66E2 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

[12] "History of Rocketry Chapter 5 | Spaceline".

[13] Schonenberg, Jr., John J. (September 1945). "The Rocket Field Artillery Battalion" (PDF). The Field Artillery Journal. 35 (9). Retrieved 19 March 2023.

[14] Department of the Army (October 1951). War Department Technical Manual TM 9-392A: 4.5-Inch Multiple Rocket Launcher T123 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

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v t e World War II rockets of the United States
Air-to-surface	2.25" SCAR 3.5" FFAR 4.5" M8 4.5" T22 5" FFAR 5" HVAR 7.2" Retrorocket 11.75" Tiny Tim
Surface-to-surface	2.36" Bazooka 3.5" GPSR 4.5" M8 4.5" M16 4.5" Old Faithful 5" HVSR 7.2" Mousetrap 7.2" Demolition Rocket
Training	3.25" M2

v t e United States Army missile and rocket designations 1948–1963
1948–1951 missile system	RTV-G-1 RTV-G-2 RTV-G-3 RTV-G-4 CTV-G-5 RTV-G-6 SAM-G-7 SSM-G-8 SSM-G-9 RTV-G-10 G-11² SSM-G-12 SSM-G-13 SSM-G-14 SSM-G-15 SSM-G-16 SSM-G-17
1951–1955 missile system	RV-A-1 RV-A-2 RV-A-3 RV-A-4 RV-A-5 RV-A-6 SAM-A-7 RV-A-8 SSM-A-9 RV-A-10 G-11² SSM-A-12 SSM-A-13 SSM-A-14 SSM-A-15 SSM-A-16 SSM-A-17 SAM-A-18 SAM-A-19 A-20² A-21² RV-A-22 SSM-A-23 A-24² SAM-A-25 A-26² SSM-A-27
1955–1963 missile system	M1 M2 M3 M4 M5¹ M6 M7¹ M8 M9 M10¹ M11¹ M12¹ M13 M14 M15 M16 M17¹ M18 M19
Unguided rockets, 1940–1963	M2 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M12 M16 M17 M20 M21 M25 M26 M27 M28 M29 M30 M31 M47 M50 M51 M55 M60 M61 M72 M73 M74
Undesignated types	Dervish Lobber Ping-Pong
¹ Not assigned ² Designation uncertain