Made in China 2025

Made in China 2025 (MIC25,^[1] MIC 2025,^[2] or MIC2025; Chinese: 中国制造2025; pinyin: Zhōngguózhìzào èrlíng'èrwǔ)^[3][4] is a national strategic plan and industrial policy^[5] of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to further develop the manufacturing sector of China, issued by CCP general secretary Xi Jinping and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang's cabinet in May 2015.^[6] As part of the thirteenth and fourteenth five-year plans, China aims to move away from being the "world's factory"—a producer of cheap low-tech goods facilitated by lower labour costs and supply chain advantages. The industrial policy aims to upgrade the manufacturing capabilities of Chinese industries, growing from labor-intensive workshops into a more technology-intensive powerhouse with more value added.^[7]

Made in China 2025's goals include increasing the Chinese-domestic content of core materials to 40 percent by 2020 and 70 percent by 2025.^[8] To help achieve independence from foreign suppliers, the initiative encourages increased production in high-tech products and services, with its semiconductor industry central to the industrial plan, partly because advances in chip technology may "lead to breakthroughs in other areas of technology, handing the advantage to whoever has the best chips – an advantage that currently is out of Beijing’s reach."^{[4][9][10][11]}

Since 2018, following a backlash from the United States, Europe, and elsewhere, the phrase "MIC 2025" has been de-emphasized in government and other official communications,^[12][13] while the program remains in place. The Chinese government continues to invest heavily in identified technologies.^[12] In 2018, the Chinese government committed to investing roughly US$300 billion into achieving the industrial plan.^[11] In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, at least an additional $1.4 trillion was also invested into MIC 2025 initiatives.^[14] Given China's current middle income country status, the practicality of its disproportionate expenditure on pioneering new technologies has been called into question.^[15][16]

In October 2024, Bloomberg published an article titled, "US Efforts to Contain Xi’s Push for Tech Supremacy Are Faltering" and indicated that China's "Made in China 2025" initiative has largely succeeded, with China achieving a leadership position in five out of 13 key technologies, which includes high speeds rail, graphene, unmanned aerial vehicles, solar panels, and electric vehicles and lithium batteries, as well as rapid progress in seven others. It concludes that this progress underscores China's increasing influence in industries critical to future economic growth.^[17]

Since the 2010s, China has become an emerging superpower as the second largest economy and the largest one on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis.^[18] It faces manufacturing competition from countries with lower wages, like Vietnam, as well as from highly industrialized countries.^[11][19] To maintain economic growth, standards of living, and meet the demand of its increasingly educated workforce, China undertook stimulating the potential of its economic and technological competitiveness with MIC 2025,^[19] to become a "world-leading manufacturing power."^[20] Alan Wheatley of British think tank Chatham House indicated, in 2018, that a broad and growing Chinese middle class is necessary for the country's economic and political stability.^[21]

China believes in its industrial policy programs, which it sees as key to its economic success.^[22] Its leaders hope that government investment in crucial technology sectors will lead to a strong position in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.^[22] The key objective of the Made in China 2025 program is, in a world which it views as increasingly dominated by U.S.-China competition, to identify key technologies, such as AI, 5G, aerospace, semiconductors, electric vehicles and biotech, indigenize those technologies with the help of national champions, secure market share domestically within China, and ultimately capture foreign markets globally.^[23]

The Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C. described MIC 2025 as an "initiative to comprehensively upgrade Chinese industry", which is directly inspired by Germany's proposed Industry 4.0 strategy.^[3] It is a comprehensive undertaking to move China's manufacturing base higher up the value chain^[24] and become a major manufacturing power in direct competition with the United States.^[25][26]

To achieve the stated goals, a number of specific policies have been implemented, including:^[27]

• High-tech companies are subject to reduced taxation rates.
• Incentivization of mergers and acquisitions of foreign technology companies
• Increased R&D funding by large manufacturing enterprises
• Direct state-funding of R&D
• Roadmap stating specific targets for factors such as R&D spending share, productivity, digitization and environmental protection.

Policy support for Made in China 2025 has also included government guidance funds, national laboratories, and state funded incentivization for research grants.^[28]: 116

For better implementation of the policies the Chinese Communist Party also implemented 5 strategic initiatives^[29]

1. Building Research and Development Centers across China (40 to be built by 2025)
2. Development of High-End Projects across all of the key industries
3. Sustainable production and worldwide leading green manufacturing practices
4. Smart Manufacturing incl. robotics and digitalization
5. New materials production to be less dependent

Industries integral to MIC 2025 include aerospace, biotech, information technology, smart manufacturing, maritime engineering, advanced rail, electric vehicles, electrical equipment, new materials, biomedicine, agricultural machinery and equipment, pharmaceuticals, and robotics manufacturing, many of which have been dominated by foreign companies.^[30] China views revenue streams in these areas as lucrative and important to China's efforts to establish a high-tech and high-value economy.^{[31]: 37–38} MIC 2025 emphasizes green and sustainable production in these areas.^[31]: 38

MIC 2025 lists the following 10 key industries that the Chinese government targets for becoming a world leader.^[32]

Premier Li has indicated advanced standards in industries are absolutely essential to foster innovation and eliminate bottlenecks in industrial development. China has a growing middle class who are demanding higher quality goods and services. Compared with overseas competition, the quality and innovation of Chinese goods have not caught up. Premier Li talked about the quality revolution. This revolves around entrepreneurship and craftsmanship. It will involve embracing a culture of continuous innovations and refinement in quality of goods produced.^[33]

Some companies that have been named as leaders of the key industries are:^[34][35]

• 
  CRRC carbon fibre metro concept
• 
  DJI Mavic Pro Platinum Drone in flight
• 
  BYD Han EV
• 
  Goldwind turbines in operation at a wind farm Outside Ürumqi
• 
  Comac C919 Aircraft
• 
  Huawei P60 Pro Smartphone
• 
  BYD blade battery packs showcased at the IAA Summit 2023, Germany
• 
  Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccine
• 
  Tencent Beijing Office

The amount of state funding to support the MIC 2025 industries has not been publicized, but is estimated to be "in the order of hundreds of billions of dollars" of state funding, low interest loans, tax breaks and miscellaneous subsidies.^[39][40] This amount includes US$2.9 billion for the Advanced Manufacturing Fund and US$20.2 billion for the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund.^[27]

China's investment in 5G is seen as part of the MIC 2025 program. As of early 2020, China had around 200,000 5G towers in use; by the end of the year, it aimed to have more than 500,000, with an ultimate goal of 5 million.^[14] In its 14th five-year plan, China's National People's Congress approved the spending of $1.4 trillion in 5 to 6 years to build 5G networks, "install cameras and sensors to create smart cities, and integrate this network with industry to accelerate progress in smart manufacturing."^[12][14]

Barry Naughton, a professor and China expert at the University of California, San Diego, questioned whether it is sensible for China, considering it is still a middle income country, to be taking "such a disproportionate part of the risky expenditure involved in pioneering new technologies". He commented that while it does not make sense from a purely economic perspective, Chinese policymakers have "other considerations" when implementing their industrial policy such as Made in China 2025.^[15]

A 2024 analysis by the South China Morning Post found that of the more than 260 goals proposed under the plan, more than 86 percent of the targets have been achieved. The report found targets in sectors such as electric vehicles and renewable energy were well surpassed, all the goals in robotics, agriculture machinery, biopharmaceuticals and marine engineering were fulfilled, though some targets such as advanced photolithography technology, intercontinental passenger aircraft and broadband internet satellite networks were unfulfilled. The sector with the lowest completion rate was new materials, at 75 percent.^[41]

In October 2024, Bloomberg published a series of articles underscoring China’s steady strides in positioning itself as a global leader in future-focused industries, despite more than six years of U.S. tariffs, export controls, and financial sanctions. Research from Bloomberg Economics and Bloomberg Intelligence concludes that the "Made in China 2025" initiative, designed to secure China’s leadership in emerging technologies, has been "largely a success". Among the 13 critical technologies tracked by Bloomberg, China has achieved global leadership in five: high-speed rail, graphene, unmanned aerial vehicles, solar panels, and electric vehicles and lithium batteries, while swiftly closing the gap in seven others. The research also points to a growing global acceptance of Chinese electric vehicles, an increasing reliance on Chinese smartphones for internet access, and the widespread adoption of Chinese solar panels for residential energy.^[17][42][43]

Bloomberg's reporting raises concerns for the U.S., suggesting that policies intended to contain China's rise may inadvertently isolate the U.S. and negatively impact its businesses and consumers. Adam Posen, president of the Peterson Institute for International Economics and a researcher for various governments and central banks, cautions that “China’s technological rise will not be stymied, and might not even be slowed, by U.S. restrictions,” except for those “draconian measures” that could simultaneously hinder innovation in the U.S. and globally.^[17][44][45]

A European Commission published report calling for the European Union (EU) to increase its industrial and research performance and to "develop a trade policy that can ensure a level playing field for EU companies in China and for Chinese companies in the EU", in response to the Made in China 2025 (MIC 2025) policy. It recognizes MIC 2025 as being similar to the "German and Japanese approaches to innovation and economic development".^[46]

The EU Chamber of Commerce in China said that MIC 2025 would increase Chinese protectionism favouring domestic companies.^[47] In a report they have written that the MIC 2025 initiative distorts the market, and that market-based innovation provides a better way to pass through middle-income status than industrial policies. Jörg Wuttke, president of the chamber, said: "Very often these major plans, with lots of money, where government bureaucrats decide who's the winner and who's the loser, end up in tears."^[16]

Japanese commentators note that MIC 2025 has led to growing exports of Japanese high-value goods such as semiconductor manufacturing equipment and production line robotization equipment and see it as a business opportunity, but fear that China may become a strong competitor in the long run.^[48][49]

A report by the Korea International Trade Association (KITA) sees MIC 2025 as a step towards Chinese self-sufficiency, threatening Korean exports, but also acknowledges opportunities for Korea due to changing industry demands. KITA calls for a response by improving Korean innovation, preventing brain-drain and loss of intellectual property through mergers and acquisitions, preventing unfair trade practices by China and actively playing into market opportunities that arise from MIC 2025.^[50]

Aggressive campaigns to recruit Taiwanese chip industry talent with lucrative offers resulted in the loss of more than 3,000 chip engineers to MIC 2025,^[51] and raised concerns of a "brain drain".^[52][51] Charles Kao, considered Taiwan's "Godfather of DRAM" was among those to leave Taiwan for a position in China, spending five years (2015–2020) with Tsinghua Unigroup which, two years after Kao was hired, had also recruited Sun Shih-wei, former chief executive and vice chairman of United Microelectronics, Taiwan's second-largest contract chipmaker.^[53][54]

At the start of the 2010 decade, United States policy makers began to make defensive adjustments against China's growing position in the digital world. These adjustments consisted of regulating the amount of imports and exports, regulating financial investments, creating financial sanctions and visa bans.^[55] In recent years, the United States has taken a more offensive strategy to compete against China. The United States has inserted themselves into the digital world by increasing their own investments in their research and development fields and also banning the use of certain Chinese-made technology inside universities and other sites of academia. The offensive measures to compete with China have been proven to be more effective in slowing Chinese influence over the technology sector. However, they take more time to have a sufficient influence unlike their defensive counterparts. Researchers believe the defensive measures being taken are meant to yield the rapid growth of China to allow time for the United States strategy to take place.^[55]

The growth of the Made in China 2025 initiative is seen by the United States as a threat to national security. U.S. officials believe that if Beijing continues to create a significant gap throughout the technology sector officials in Washington should be concerned about breaches inside government departments and agencies. This has fostered the creation of a process by the United States government called "technological decoupling". The United States is strategically finding different means of separation away from technology originating in the borders of China. This is implemented through establishing restrictions on Chinese goods and services or the creation of Made in USA corporations to compete domestically.^[55]

Throughout the 2010's, the rise in popularity of the technological decoupling theory has come because of the United States' shifted view of China and the Xi Jinping's regime. In previous decades, U.S. policy makers saw the growth and benefits in China as mutual gains in their own borders as well. However, the unique intensity around Chinese policy decisions in recent years have proven to give a voice to a growing wariness about their future agenda. The United States and China continue to sustain a healthy amount of economic interaction, but how they view one another has shifted to a more competitive level.^[55]

In 2018, the Council on Foreign Relations, an American think tank, stated that MIC 2025, with its government-sponsored subsidies, is a "threat to U.S. technological leadership".^[56] The Li Keqiang Government maintained that MIC 2025 aligns with the country's World Trade Organization obligations.^[57] On June 15, 2018, the Trump administration imposed higher tariffs on Chinese goods, escalating trade tensions between China and the U.S. The tariffs primarily apply to manufactured goods included in the Made in China 2025 plan, such as those integral to IT and robotics industries.^[58][59]

The U.S. began individual investigations over Chinese companies participating in the MIC 2025 plan, such as Fujian Jinhua Integrated Circuit, based on concerns over technology theft and national security.^[38]

The U.S. has implemented several policy measures in response to China's MIC2025 strategy.^[60] These measures include barring certain Chinese companies from participating in U.S. infrastructure projects, closely examining China's involvement in U.S. government-funded research, and limiting the transfer of aerospace technology from the U.S. and EU to China. In 2018, the U.S. Congress enacted legislation to enhance foreign investment scrutiny and fortify export control authorities. More recently, in August 2022, President Biden signed into law the CHIPS and Science Act to bolster U.S. capabilities in semiconductors and other technologies.^[60]

• Made in China
• Made in USA
• Buy American Act
• Berry Amendment
• Industrial policy
• Techno-nationalism
• Thousand Talents Program
• China–United States trade war
• Middle income trap