Malay dialects and varieties
From Wikipedia - Reading time: 13 min
Malay language as the majority
Malay language as the minority
Malay has a long history as a lingua franca (Indonesian and Malay: basantara) in the Malay Archipelago which currently includes Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, East Timor, and the southern part of Thailand. This geographical variation, which then spread widely even to South Africa, finally led to the formation of a Malay language cluster which spread and had differences due to geographical conditions. The following is a list of Malay dialects and varieties summarized in one article.[1]
Australia
[edit]- Cocos Malay, spoken by the Cocos Malays ethnic group in the Cocos Islands and Christmas Islands, also spoken by the diaspora in Sabah, Malaysia.[2]
Europe
[edit]- Ambonese Dutch Malay, spoken by Ambonese people who migrated to the Netherlands in the 1950s; it is a dialect of Ambonese Malay spoken in Indonesia.[3]
Oceania
[edit]- Papuan Malay (Vanimo), spoken as a trade language in Vanimo; is a form of language that is the same as Papuan Malay spoken in Indonesia, especially in Jayapura City and Regency.[4]
South Africa
[edit]- Cape Malay, once spoken in Cape of Good Hope by the Cape Malays community in the 17th century; now probably extinct.[5]
South Asia
[edit]- Sri Lankan Malay, spoken by the Sri Lankan Malays in southern Sri Lanka.[6]
Southeast Asia
[edit]Brunei Darussalam
[edit]- Brunei Malay, spoken in Brunei Darussalam and the northern coast of East Malaysia.[7]
Cambodia and Vietnam
[edit]- Mekong Delta Malay, a variety of the Malay language that has existed since the 14th century, thanks to trade between the Khmer Empire and Malay traders, especially from the Sultanate of Malacca. Used by a mixed Muslim community of Cham, Khmer, and Malay called "Chvea", mainly in Southern Cambodia, also around the Mekong River basin in Vietnam. This language developed as a lingua franca for Muslims there.[8][9]
East Timor
[edit]- Dili Malay, a Malay-based creole variety spoken in Dili City, especially in Kampung Alor.[10]
Indonesia
[edit]- Indonesian language, the standard form and official language of Indonesia; originally formed from Classical Malay (Johor–Riau dialect).[11]
- Tamiang Malay, spoken in Aceh Tamiang Regency.[12]
- Balinese Malay, spoken by the Loloan Malays ethnic group in Jembrana Regency (West Loloan and East Loloan villages).[13]
- Bangka Malay, spoken in Bangka Island.[14]
- Belitung Malay, spoken in Belitung Island.[15]
- Bengkulu Malay, spoken in Bengkulu City and Central Bengkulu Regency.[16]
- Kotawaringin Malay, spoken in West Kotawaringin Regency and the surrounding areas.[17]
- Palu Malay, spoken in the area around Palu Bay, covering the Palu City, the northern part of Sigi Regency, and Donggala Regency.[18]
- Berau Malay, spoken on the coast of Berau Regency.[19]
- Alor Malay, a Malay-based creole language spoken in Alor Regency; classified as a dialect of Kupang Malay in Glottolog 4.8.[20]
- Kupang Malay, a Malay-based creole language spoken in Kupang City and the surrounding areas.[21]
- Larantuka Malay, a Malay-based creole language spoken in East Flores Regency; especially in Larantuka.[22]
- Maumere Malay, a Malay-based creole language spoken in Maumere City.[23]
- Gorontalo Malay, spoken in Gorontalo Province, a derived variety of Manado Malay.[24]
- Betawi language, one of the varieties of Malay-based creole spoken in Jakarta and the surrounding areas (Greater Jakarta).[25]
- Thousand Islands Malay, spoken in the Thousand Islands; this language is included in the Malay-based creole language variety, with influences from regional languages such as Sundanese, Bugis, and Mandarese.[26]
- Jambi Malay, a [o] dialect of Malay spoken in Jambi Province.[27]
- Ambonese Malay, widely spoken in Ambon, Seram, and the surrounding small islands; This language functions as a lingua franca in the southern Maluku Islands.[28]
- Banda Malay, spoken in Banda Islands.[29]
- Bacan Malay, unlike the main variety of North Moluccan Malay which is a creole language; it is more similar to Brunei Malay.[30]
- North Moluccan Malay (Ternate), widely spoken in the northern Maluku Islands; its dialects are Sula Malay and Gorap.[31]
- Manado Malay, spoken in Manado City and the coastal areas of central and northern Sulawesi.[32]
- Asahan Malay, spoken in Asahan Regency and Tanjungbalai City.
- Batubara Malay, spoken in Batubara Regency.
- Deli Malay, spoken in Deli Serdang Regency and Medan City.
- Medan Malay, a slang form of the Deli Malay variety spoken in the Medan City.
- Labuhanbatu Malay, spoken in Labuhanbatu Regency, North Labuhanbatu Regency, and South Labuhanbatu Regency; consists of the following 4 sub-dialects.
- Bilah Malay, spoken in Labuhanbatu Regency.
- Kota Pinang Malay, spoken in South Labuhanbatu Regency.
- Kualuh Malay, spoken in North Labuhanbatu Regency.
- Panai Malay, spoken in Labuhanbatu Regency.
- Langkat Malay, spoken in Langkat Regency and Binjai City.
- Serdang Malay, spoken in Serdang Bedagai Regency and Tebing Tinggi City.
- Riau Malay, spoken predominantly throughout Riau Province.
- Kampar language, considered a dialect of Malay and Minangkabau; spoken in Kampar Regency.
- Kuantan language, considered a dialect of Malay and Minangkabau; spoken in Kuantan Singingi Regency.
- Pangaraian Malay, spoken in Rokan Hulu Regency.
- Coastal Riau Malay, spoken on the coast of Riau Province; especially in Bengkalis Regency, Meranti Islands Regency, Dumai City, and the coast of Pelalawan Regency.
- Siak Malay, spoken in Siak Regency and Pekanbaru City.
- Tembilahan Malay, spoken in the capital of Indragiri Hilir Regency, Tembilahan; has significant Banjar language influence.
- Riau Islands Malay, spoken throughout the Riau Islands.
- Natuna Malay, a variety of Riau Islands Malay spoken in Natuna Regency; has several characteristics in common with Terengganu Malay in Malaysia.[33]
- Makassar Malay, spoken in Makassar City and the surrounding areas.[34]
- Palembang Malay, spoken in Palembang City and the surrounding area; there is significant Javanese influence in this language.[35]
- South Barisan Malay, a chain of Malay dialects consisting of various varieties, such as Serawai, Besemah, and others.[36]
- Kapuas Hulu Malay, spoken in the upper reaches of the Kapuas River in Kapuas Hulu Regency.
- Ketapang Malay, spoken in Ketapang Regency.
- Pontianak Malay, spoken in Pontianak City and Kubu Raya Regency.[37]
- Sambas Malay, spoken in Sambas Regency.[38]
- Western New Guinea (
Central Papua, 
Highland Papua, 
Papua, 
South Papua, 
Southwest Papua, 
West Papua)
- Papuan Malay, widely spoken on the island of Western New Guinea; especially on the north and west coasts.[39]
- Serui Malay, is a dialect of the Papuan Malay variety; this language is spoken in Serui and its surroundings.[40]
Malaysia
[edit]- Malaysian Malay, the national language and standard form of Malay in Malaysia.[41]
- Sabah Malay, a Malay-based creole language spoken in the state of Sabah and the federal territory of Labuan.[42]
- Sarawak Malay, spoken in the state of Sarawak.[43]
- Baba Malay, a Malay-based creole variety spoken in the states of Malacca and Penang.[44]
- Chetty Creole, a Malay-based creole variety spoken in the state of Malacca.[45]
- Johor Malay, spoken in the state of Johor, southern Malaysia; is the variety most closely identified with standard Malay in Malaysia, and is also closely identified with Riau Islands Malay in Indonesia.[46]
- Kedah Malay, spoken in the state of Kedah and the western part of the Malay Peninsula.[47]
- Kelantan Malay, spoken in the state of Kelantan and surrounding areas.[48]
- Negeri Sembilan Malay, spoken in the state of Negeri Sembilan; there is a significant Minangkabau language influence in this language.[49]
- Pahang Malay, spoken in the state of Pahang.[50]
- Perak Malay, spoken in the state of Perak and the central part of the Malay Peninsula.[51]
- Reman Malay, spoken in the upper regions of Kedah and Perak, is similar to Kelantan Malay.[52]
- Terengganu Malay, spoken in the state of Terengganu and the east coast of the Malay Peninsula.[53]
Singapore
[edit]- Singaporean Malay, a standard form and one of the official languages of Singapore.[54]
Thailand
[edit]- Bangkok Malay, spoken by ethnic Thai Malays who migrated to Bangkok City since the 18th century.[55]
- Pattani Malay, spoken in Pattani Province and surrounding areas; has a high degree of similarity to Kelantan Malay in Malaysia.[56]
- Saiburi Malay, spoken in Satun Province as well as other provinces in the western part of Isthmus of Kra; is a language variety that is the same as Kedah Malay in Malaysia.[57]
- Songkhla Malay, spoken in the southern and central parts of Songkhla Province.[58]
Philippines
[edit]- Sabah Malay (Philippines), a language variety similar to Sabah Malay in Malaysia; this language was once a lingua franca for the ethnic groups in Sulu Archipelago, Mindanao, and Palawan (see Malay language in the Philippines).[59]
Other varieties
[edit]Old Malay
[edit]Old Malay or Old Malay is the name used to refer to a language written on several inscriptions dating from the 7th until 10th centuries, which were found in Sumatra and Java. Most of the inscriptions that are the source of the Old Malay corpus (written evidence) are related to the history of the Srivijaya. The name "Old Malay" indicates that this language is the predecessor of Modern Malay and Classical Malay, But experts have different views on this matter, as well as on the question of whether this language is a member of the Malayic languages.[60]
Classical Malay
[edit]Classical Malay is a stage of Malay language that began to be spoken in the 14th to 18th centuries, by the Malacca Sultanate, Aceh Sultanate, and a number of other political entities in the Malay Archipelago. This language is written in the Jawi script, which is a writing system derived from the Arabic alphabet. This language is a further development of one of the dialects of Old Malay.[61]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ikram, A. 2008. Bahasa Melayu penyebar budaya. Naskah-naskah sebagai saksi persebaran bahasa. Jurnal ATL (in Indonesian). 1. Accessed from the Malayu Online page on 2009-05-06.
- ^ Bunce, Pauline (2012). Out of Sight, Out of Mind… and Out of Line: Language Education in the Australian Indian Ocean Territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Multilingual Matters. pp. 37–59. ISBN 978-1-84769-749-3.
- ^ Nur Aisyah Kotarumalos. "Mengkonstruksi Identitas Diaspora Maluku di Negeri Belanda" (PDF). media.neliti.com (in Indonesian). Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
- ^ W, Seiler. "The Lost Malay Language of Papua New Guinea" (PDF). sealang.net. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ^ Stell, Gerald (2007). "From Kitaab-Hollandsch to Kitaab-Afrikaans: The evolution of a non-white literary variety at the Cape (1856-1940)". Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics (PDF). 37. Stellenbosch University. doi:10.5774/37-0-16.
- ^ "APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Sri Lankan Malay". apics-online.info. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
- ^ Clynes, A. (2014). Brunei Malay: An Overview. In P. Sercombe, M. Boutin, & A. Clynes (Eds.), Advances in Research on Linguistic and Cultural Practices in Borneo (pp. 153–200). Phillips, ME: Borneo Research Council. Pre-publication drafts are available at http://fass.ubd.edu.bn/staff/docs/AC/Clynes-Brunei-Malay.pdf.
- ^ Ng, Daniel C.F. (2024-06-14). "The Malay Language: A Unifying Force for Southeast Asia". medium.com. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
- ^ De Féo, Agnès (2007). Transnational Islamic movement in Cambodia. Dynamics of contemporary Islam and economic development in Asia, From the Caucasus to China. New Delhi: Centre de Sciences Humaines (CSH) and India International Centre (IIC).
- ^ Inyo Yos Fernandez. "Beberapa Catatan Tentang Bahasa Melayu Dili: Studi Awal Mengenai Bahasa Melayu Di Timor Timur". jurnal.ugm.ac.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ^ Arman, Dedi (8 June 2014). "Perkembangan Bahasa Melayu". kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesian). Directorate General of Culture of The Republic of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
Pemindahan ini merupakan permulaan dari suatu periode dalam pengembangan dan penyebaran bahasa Melayu, yaitu zaman Kerajaan Riau dan Lingga. Dalam periode inilah bahasa Melayu memperoleh ciri ke-Riau-annya, dan bahasa Melayu Riau inilah yang merupakan cikal bakal bahasa Nasional Indonesia yang dicetuskan pada Sumpah Pemuda 28 Oktober 1928... Selama keberadaan kerajaan ini hampir 200 tahun lamanya, ada tiga momentum yang penting sekali bagi perkembangan dan persebaran bahasa Melayu Riau, yaitu tahun 1808, ketika Raja Ali Haji lahir; tahun 1857, ketika Raja Ali Haji menyelesaikan bukunya yang berjudul Bustanul Katibin, suatu tatabahasa normatif bahasa Melayu Riau; dan tahun 1894, ketika percetakan Mathba'atul Riauwiyah atau Mathba'atul Ahmadiyah didirikan. Pengoperasian percetakan Mathba'atul Riauwiyah ini sangat penting karena melalui buku-buku dan pamflet-pamflet yang diterbitkannya, bahasa Melayu Riau tersebar ke daerah lain di Kepulauan Nusantara.
- ^ "Tamiang". kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesian). Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ Malay, Balinese Speaking Peoples - Joshua Project
- ^ Khaliffitriansyah; Pristiawan, Feri; Hariyanto, Prima; Oktarina, Dwi; Kurniawati, Dewi Septi; Dwijaya, Edwin (2018). Pristiawan, Feri; Hariyanto, Prima (eds.). Kamus Bahasa Melayu Bangka-Indonesia (PDF) (in Indonesian) (1 ed.). Pangkal Pinang: Kantor Bahasa Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. pp. ii.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Napsin, Syahrul (1986). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Melayu Belitung (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Omar, Asmah Haji; Jaafar, Salinah; Mat, Siti Ruhaizah Che (2015). "Contact of Dialect Clusters: The Malay Peninsula and Sumatera". Open Journal of Modern Linguistics. 05 (05): 459–469. doi:10.4236/ojml.2015.55040. ISSN 2164-2818.
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- ^ Haliadi (2020). "Yodo Rajalangi dan Perkembangan Bahasa Melayu di Tavaeli Palu". www.neliti.com (in Indonesian). Palu, Indonesia: Kamboti (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora): 66. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ Bahasa Melayu Berau di Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Klamer, Marion (2014). "The Alor-Pantar languages: Linguistic context, history and typology.". In Klamer, Marian (ed.). Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology. Berlin: Language Sciences Press. pp. 5–53. doi:10.17169/FUDOCS_document_000000020993. ISBN 9783944675602.
- ^ June Jacob (2014). "A sociolinguistic profile of Kupang Malay, a creole spoken in West Timor, Eastern Indonesia". Academia.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
- ^ Malay, Larantuka Speaking Peoples - Joshua Project
- ^ G. Nuwa, Gustav (2017). "Campur Kode Dalam Transaksi Jual Beli di Pasar Alok Maumere Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur" (in Indonesian). Maumere, Indonesia: IKIP Muhammadiyah Maumere. ISSN 2549-5305.
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- ^ "Bahasa Melayu Provinsi Jambi". Bahasa dan Peta Bahasa di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Allen, Robert B.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002). "Orientation in the Spice Islands" (PDF). In Macken, Marlys (ed.). Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 2000. Tempe: Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. p. 21. ISBN 1-881044-29-7. OCLC 50506465.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Darman, Faradika (2019-05-27). "Kabata dan bahasa tana di Kepulauan Banda" (in Indonesian). Kantor Bahasa Maluku. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ Collins, James T. (2018). Penelitian Bahasa di Maluku (PDF) (in Indonesian). Ambon: Kantor Bahasa Provinsi Maluku, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. pp. 14–18. ISBN 978-602-52601-2-4. OCLC 1099540304. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
- ^ K. Alexander Adelaar, David J. Prentice, Cornells D. Grijns, Hein Steinhauer, Aone van Engelenhoven (2011). "Malay: its history, role and spread". In Stephen A. Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler, Darrell T. Tryon (ed.). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Trends in Linguistics. Documentation 13. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 673–693. doi:10.1515/9783110819724.2.673. ISBN 978-3-11-081972-4. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Prentice, Jack (1994). "Manado Malay: Product and agent of language change". In Dutton, Tom; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 411–442. doi:10.1515/9783110883091.411. ISBN 978-3-11-012786-7.
- ^ "Silang Budaya dan Nation-Building di Perbatasan Natuna". bpip.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Darrell T., Tryon, eds. (1996). Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas. p. 682.
- ^ Tadmor, Uri (16–17 June 2001). Language Contact and Historical Reconstruction: The Case of Palembang Malay. 5th International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics. Leipzig.
- ^ McDonnell, Bradley James (2016). Symmetrical Voice Constructions in Besemah: A Usage-based Approach (PhD thesis). University of California, Santa Barbara.
- ^ Ibrahim, Jemi (9 October 2020). "Bahasa Melayu Pontianak Ditetapkan sebagai WBTB". Pemerintah Kota Pontianak (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ Suhardi, Muhamad; Mulyono, Sri; Aslan, Aslan; Syakhrani, H. Abdul Wahab; Putra, Purniadi (2020-04-05). "Perubahan kurikulum lembaga pendidikan Islam di Sambas pada masa Kesultanan Sambas". Ta'dibuna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam. 9 (1): 034. doi:10.32832/tadibuna.v9i1.2715. ISSN 2622-7215.
- ^ Kluge, Angela Johanna Helene (2014). A grammar of Papuan Malay (PhD). LOT Dissertation Series 361. Leiden University. hdl:1887/25849.
- ^ Velzen, Paul van (1995). "Sone notes on the variety of Malay used in Serui and vicinity". In Connie Baak; Mary Bakker; Dick van der Maij (eds.). Tales from a concave world : liber amicorum Bert Voorhoeve. Department of Languages and Cultures of South-East Asia and Oceania, Leiden University. pp. 311–43. ISBN 9073006066.
- ^ "Teks PDF oleh Jabatan Pengajian Tinggi, Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia-Perkara 152. Bahasa kebangsaan" (PDF) (in Malay). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
- ^ Ramzah Dambul (January 2021). "Bahasa Melayu Sabah: kaya dengan citra, unik dengan nuansa". Dewan Bahasa (in Malay). No. 1. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. p. 18-21.
- ^ Daftar kata dialek Melayu Sarawak: dialek Melayu Sarawak-bahasa Malaysia, bahasa Malaysia-dialek Melayu (in Malay) (2 ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 1998. ISBN 9836263241.
- ^ Lee, Nala Huiying (2014). A Grammar of Baba Malay with Sociophonetic Considerations (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. p. 13, 379. hdl:10125/101107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-25.
- ^ Mohamed, Noriah (June 2009). "The Malay Chetty Creole Language of Malacca: A Historical and Linguistic Perspective". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 82 (1 (296)): 58–59. JSTOR 41493734. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ Leonard Y. Andaya (1971). The Kingdom of Johor, 1641-1728: a study of economic and political developments in the Straits of Malacca. Cornell University.
- ^ Fazal Mohamed Mohamed Sultan; Nurulafiqah Suhaimi (2012). "Kata Soal Dalam Dialek Kedah" [WH Questions in Kedah Dialect]. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies (in Malay). 12 (2): 475–493.
- ^ Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz (2010). "Inventori Vokal Dialek Melayu Kelantan: Satu Penilaian Semula". Jurnal Linguistik (in Malay). 11: 1–19.
- ^ Idris Aman; Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar; Norsimah Mat Awal (2019). "Language and Identity: A Reappraisal of Negeri Sembilan Malay Language" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia. 37 (1): 27–49. doi:10.21315/km2019.37.1.2.
- ^ Tarmizi Hasrah; Rahim Aman; Shahidi A.H (2010). "Variasi Dialek Pahang: Keterpisahan Berasaskan Jaringan Sungai" [Variants of Pahang Dialect: Divergences Based on the Riverine System] (PDF). Jurnal Melayu (in Malay). 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
- ^ Raja Mukhtaruddin bin Raja Mohd. Dain (1986), Dialek Perak (in Malay), Yayasan Perak, Ipoh
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- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander (2000). "Malay: A Short History". Oriente Moderno. 19 (2): 234. JSTOR 25817713.
- ^ "เรื่องความเป็นมาของศาสนาอิสลามในประเทศไทย" (in Thai). Thailand: Aksorn. 28 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^ Abdonloh Khreeda-Oh; Hishamudin Isam; Mashetoh Abd Mutalib (January 2022). "The Borrowing Processes of Thai Language in Patani Malay Dialect in Thailand". International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis. 05 (1): 16. doi:10.47191/ijmra/v5-i1-02.
- ^ Asmah Haji Omar (2017). "Language in Kedah in Late 19th Century-Language Situation in a Malay State in Late 19th Century". Malaysian Journal of Languages and Linguistics. 6 (2): 36–47. doi:10.24200/mjll.vol6iss2pp36-47.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Adelaar, K. A. (1992). Proto-Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology. Sydney: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-C119. hdl:1885/145782. ISBN 0858834081.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Edwards, E. D.; Blagden, C. O. (1931). "A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 6 (3): 715–749. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093204. JSTOR 607205.
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