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Mexico City Metro Line 12

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 23 min

Line 12
A golden-colored partial squircle. It has written inside the number twelve in white.
Multiple people wait at the platforms of a station.
Platforms and an opposite-direction transfer bridge at Lomas Estrella station
Overview
Other name(s)Golden Line
Native nameLínea 12 / Línea dorada
LocaleMexico City
Termini
Connecting lines
Stations20
Service
TypeRapid transit
SystemMexico City Metro
Operator(s)Sistema de Transporte Colectivo (STC)
Rolling stockFE-10
Ridership369,590 passengers per day (2019)[1]
History
Opened30 October 2012
Temporarily closed (Culhuacán–Tláhuac)12 March 2014
Reopened28 October 2015
Temporarily closed3 May 2021[2]
Technical
Line length24.110 km (15 mi)
Track length25.100 km (16 mi)
Number of tracks2
CharacterElevated, at-grade and underground subway
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification1.5 kV DC overhead catenary
Operating speed36 km/h (22 mph)
Route map

Legend
 Tláhuac yard
Tláhuac
Tlaltenco
Zapotitlán
Nopalera
Olivos
Tezonco
Periférico Oriente
Calle 11
Lomas Estrella
San Andrés Tomatlán
Culhuacán
Atlalilco
Mexico City Metro Line 8
 Mexicaltzingo
Ermita
Mexico City Metro Line 2
 Eje Central
Parque de los Venados
Zapata
Mexico City Metro Line 3
 Hospital 20 de Noviembre
Insurgentes Sur
Mixcoac
Mexico City Metro Line 7
Operational
Under construction
 Valentín Campa
Álvaro Obregón
Observatorio
Mexico City Metro Line 1
This diagram:

Line 12, also known as the Golden Line from its color on the system map, is a rapid transit line of the Mexico City Metro network. It travels 25.1 kilometers (15.6 mi) along the boroughs of Benito Juárez, Iztapalapa and Tláhuac in southwestern, central-southern and southeastern Mexico City, serving twenty stations. The line was inaugurated on 30 October 2012, going from Tláhuac to Mixcoac station. In 2016, work to expand it to Observatorio station started. All the stations are accessible to people with disabilities as they have elevators, tactile pavings and braille signage plates.

Line 12 was built by Mexican construction company Empresas ICA in association with Alstom Mexicana and Grupo Carso. It runs at grade, overground and underground levels. The interchange stations are Mixcoac (Line 7), Zapata (Line 3), Ermita (Line 2) and Atlalilco (Line 8), and when completed, Observatorio (Line 1). The line connects with other transport systems in the city, including the trolleybus and the Metrobús systems. In 2019, Line 12 had a total ridership of 134,900,367 passengers, averaging 369,590 passengers per day.

Since its planning, the line underwent several modifications in its layout and characteristics. It was originally planned as a mostly subway line that would operate with rubber-tired trains. Also, the line would not operate primarily along Tláhuac Avenue. However, due to time and budget constraints the project underwent modifications after its announcement, and it became a combined under- and overground line with steel-tired trains running elevated along Tláhuac Avenue. Subsidence was reported on several columns along the elevated section before testings with trains started. From the onset of service, problems on the line were still reported especially on the elevated part of the line. In early 2014, operations were halted on that section and they were resumed until late 2015. The elevated track later suffered the impact of a Mw7.1 earthquake in September 2017. In May 2021, a portion of the line's overpass collapsed while a train was on it. 26 people were killed and line operations had to be suspended. Preliminary investigations have suggested that the bridge had a deficient and questionable construction. On January 15, 2023, the section from Mixcoac to Atlalilco reopened for service. On July 15, 2023, the section from Atlalilco to Periférico Oriente also reopened for service. On January 30, 2024, the rest of line from Periférico Oriente to Tláhuac reopened.

History

[edit]

Origins

[edit]
A metro map showing the origin and destination of several routes.
1985 plan for the Mexico City Metro with the earlier project for Line 12.

In the 1980s, the Comisión de Vialidad y Transporte Urbano (COVITUR), an organization of the Federal District Department, presented a plan for the Mexico City Metro based on several studies and reports related to the rapid growth of the city and its demand for public transportation. On the 1985 Metro Master Plan (Spanish: Programa Maestro del Metro de 1985), COVITUR considered a metro line that would run on the southern part of Mexico City from west to east and it designated as Line 12.[3] It would run from Santa Lucía, in Álvaro Obregón, to Canal de Garay, in Iztapalapa (near Constitución de 1917 station). It would have had seventeen stations and a length of 18.97 kilometers (11.79 mi) and it would connect with Lines 2, 3, 4, 7 and 13, the last one another planned line.[3]

In 1996, the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo (STC), the organization responsible for the metro, published its plan for the next 25 years, the 1995 Metro and Light Rail Master Plan (Spanish: Plan Maestro del Metro y Trenes Ligero). The document considered the new demand for public transport as well as the urban expansion towards the suburbs and the neighboring State of Mexico. Line 12 appeared again in the plan, with some changes, but the route was almost the same.[4] The 1996 Line 12 project would start in Santa Lucía and it would end at a station called Francisco del Paso (otherwise known as Del Paso or Axomulco) in Iztacalco. The idea was that both Line 8 and Line 12 would share Francisco del Paso station as a transfer station; then, the stretch of Line 8 going from this new station (and the stations between Atlalilco and Constitución de 1917) would be transferred to Line 12, while Line 8 would have a new expansion from Francisco del Paso towards Acoxpa, in Tlalpan.[4]

Announcement

[edit]

In December 2006, the government of Mexico City announced the possible construction of a new metro line to satisfy the demand for public transportation in the south of the city, taking into consideration Line 12's original plans. In July 2007, the city announced a query among its citizens, named Consulta Verde, to choose between two routes. The line would go from Mixcoac to Iztapalapa; from there, there were two choices: Iztapalapa–Acoxpa or Iztapalapa–Tláhuac.[5] The winning route became Iztapalapa–Tláhuac. Tláhuac, one of the easternmost Mexico City boroughs, did not have metro service by then. For the project, some of the stations for Line 11 were merged into Line 12 (from Culhuacán to Periférico Oriente—with almost all the names of the stations changed).[3]

On 8 August 2007 the project was officially presented as "Línea 12: línea dorada, la línea del Bicentenario" (Line 12: Golden Line, the Bicentennial Line) and, thus, its chosen distinctive color was golden.[6] The project was assigned to Proyecto Metro, which was headed by Enrique Horcasitas.[7] The announced stations from west to east, with their original names, were: Mixcoac, Insurgentes Sur, 20 de Noviembre (later renamed to Hospital 20 de Noviembre), Zapata, Parque de los Venados, Eje Central (otherwise known as Popocatépetl), Ermita, Sur 69, Vía Láctea, Mexicaltzingo, Francisco del Paso, Ganaderos (otherwise known as Granaderos), Canal Nacional, ESIME Culhuacán, La Vírgen, Calle 11, Periférico Oriente, Tezonco (also known as San Lorenzo), Olivos (also known as Los Olivos), Francisco Villa (later renamed to Nopalera), Zapotitlán, Tlaltenco and Tláhuac.[8] All but the last three were planned as underground stations.[9]

Construction

[edit]
Construction of the elevated viaduct stretch of Line 12 on Avenida Tláhuac

Due to budget, time, and other setbacks, the line underwent several modifications. For instance, Sur 69 and Vía Láctea stations were not built due to neighborhood opposition. Ganaderos station was rejected by the National Institute of Anthropology and History because its construction would have affected a nearby archaeological site. Francisco del Paso station was canceled because its construction would have caused a six-month partial closure of Line 8; instead Atlalilco station was chosen as the interchange station and as a consequence it has the longest passenger transfer tunnel in the system.[10][11] These issues caused the route to be changed. Instead of running along Arneses Avenue (Eje 3 Oriente) and later along Canal Nacional Avenue, the route was moved instead to run along Tláhuac Avenue (Ejes 9 and 10 Sur). ESIME Culhuacán and La Vírgen stations were relocated and became San Andrés Tomatlán and Lomas Estrella stations, respectively. Between Atlalilco and San Andrés Tomatlán, Culhuacán station was added to the route.

Construction of the first leg of the line, Tláhuac–Atlalilco, started on 23 September 2008.[12] The section was replanned as an at-grade route to be later modified to a combined at-grade and elevated section.[13] The second stretch of the line, which runs underground from Atlalilco to Mixcoac, was finished in April 2012. The line was built by a consortium comprised by ICA Group, Carso and Alstom.[14]

The project suffered multiple construction delays, and its $1.3 billion cost was a 50% overrun.[15]

Inauguration

[edit]

Starting on 16 June 2012, the STC allowed riders to have access on Sundays to test the service and to familiarize them with the stations and route.[16] The line began daily service on Monday 24 September 2012,[17] and it was officially inaugurated on 30 October 2012 by Marcelo Ebrard, Head of Government of the Federal District from 2006 to 2012 and Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico from 2006 to 2012.[18][19]

Temporary partial closure

[edit]

In an unprecedented event in the history of Mexico City Metro, Line 12 had to be shut down temporarily in the stretch Tláhuac–Atlalilco due to severe faults in its infrastructure. This section is the one that corresponds to the elevated stretch of the line.[20]

The technical and structural faults of the elevated stretch caused the trains to run on the verge of derailment, due to wear on the rails that provoked slopes and damage to the tires of the trains, putting six out of the 30 trains out of service.[20] Drivers slowed trains to as little as 5 km/h (3.1 mph) on some stretches for fear of derailment.[15]

The stretch was closed between 12 March 2014 and 29 November 2015, when the section going from Tezonco to Tláhuac was officially reopened by Miguel Ángel Mancera, Head of Government of the Federal District from 2012 to 2018.[21][22] Previously, on October 27, 2015, the stretch Periférico Oriente–Culhuacán, resumed the service, but all trains stopped at Periférico Oriente station till the service on the whole line was reestablished.[23]

2017 earthquake

[edit]
Main article: 2017 Central Mexico earthquake

On 19 September 2017, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake hit Mexico City and other zones of Central Mexico, affecting Line 12 with electrical power shortages and the derailing of a train between the Nopalera and Zapotitlán stations.[24] Due to this, and potential damages to the line's infrastructure, service in the Tláhuac–Culhuacán section of the line was suspended.[25]

After evaluations, it was determined that the line had visible damages in the tracks and structural faults.[26] Therefore, the stretch from Olivos to Tláhuac was closed for repairs. Service in all the closed stations was resumed on 30 October 2017.[27]

Expansion

[edit]
Construction works of the western expansion of Line 12

In 2017, an expansion for Line 12 was announced. Construction started on 29 November 2017.[28][29] The extension was expected to be completed by 2020, but works were delayed, thus, being projected to open by 2021.[30]

This project will extend the line from Mixcoac to Observatorio, where it will connect with Line 1 and it will have three new stations and a length of 3.5 km (2.2 mi). The two new stations are Valentín Campa and Álvaro Obregón, both situated in the Álvaro Obregón borough. The totality of the extension is being constructed underground and is expected to open in December 2023.

The original 1985 and 1996 plans for Line 12 considered the line going westward from Mixcoac with two new stations, as in the undergoing expansion. Nevertheless, the connection with Line 1 at Observatorio was not planned in the projects.[3][4]

2021 overpass collapse

[edit]
Main article: Mexico City Metro overpass collapse

On 3 May 2021, a section of an overpass collapsed at the Olivos station, resulting in 26 deaths and 79 injuries.[31][32]

2023 partial reopening of elevated section

[edit]

On 15 July 2023, the stretch between Periférico Oriente and Culhuacán reopened.[33]

Route

[edit]

Mixcoac station, the provisional western terminus of the line, lies along Extremadura Avenue (Eje 7 Sur), in the neighborhood of the same name.[34] The line heads eastward along the avenue to Insurgentes Sur station at the intersection with Insurgentes Sur Avenue.[35] Eje 7 Sur changes its name to Félix Cuevas Avenue and the track continues to Hospital 20 de Noviembre (next to the hospital of the same name).[36] As the line reaches Zapata station, the avenue changes its name to General Emiliano Zapata Avenue,[37] and continues to Parque de los Venados station (next to the public park of the same name).[38] As the line reaches División del Norte Avenue, the line turns and runs along it. Then, when the route gets to Popocatépetl Avenue (Eje 8 Sur), it turns again and arrives at Eje Central station, located below the avenue of the same name.[39] As the line arrives at Ermita station, the avenue changes its name to Calzada Ermita Iztapalapa.[40] It passes Mexicaltzingo station and later arrives at Atlalilco station.[41]

The line continues until the intersection with Tláhuac Avenue (Eje 9 Sur and later Eje 10 Sur) and the track emerges to the surface to become an elevated railway. It continues along the avenue to Culhuacán, San Andrés Tomatlán, Lomas Estrella, Calle 11, Periférico Oriente, Tezonco, Olivos, Nopalera and Zapotitlán stations. When Tláhuac Avenue reaches Canal del Acalote Avenue, the track turns and descends to the street level. It arrives at Tlaltenco station,[42] and later to the southeastern terminal of Tláhuac, along San Rafael Atlixco Avenue.[43]

Map
Line 12 route map

Rolling stock

[edit]
Main article: FE-10 (Mexico City Metro)

The FE-10 model, by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF), is a steel-wheeled train model exclusively used on Line 12. As of May 2021, 30 trains are operating in the line.[44] The trains were built by CAF in Spain.

Station list

[edit]
Key[a]
Mexico City Metro Denotes a metro transfer
CETRAM Denotes a connection with the Centro de transferencia modal (CETRAM) system
Ecobici Denotes a connection with the Ecobici system
Metrobús Denotes a connection with the Metrobús system
Public buses Denotes a connection with the public bus system
RTP Denotes a connection with the Red de Transporte de Pasajeros (RTP) system
Trolleybus Denotes a connection with the Trolleybus system

The stations from west to east:

Scheme of the Mexico City Metro Line 12
No. Station[b] Date opened Level Distance (km) Connection Pictogram Location
Between
stations 		Total
01 Mixcoac October 30, 2012 Underground,
deep trench 		- 0.0
  • Mexico City Metro Mexico City Metro Line 7 Line 7
  • CETRAM Mixcoac
  • Ecobici EcoBici rental
  • Trolleybus Line 3 Line 3: Mixcoac Norte stop, Mixcoac Sur stop
  • RTP Lines: 1-D, 13-A, 115-A, 116, 119-B, 124, 124-A, 200
    		•  A snake Benito Juárez
    02 Insurgentes Sur 0.8 0.8
  • Ecobici EcoBici rental
  • Metrobús Line 1 Line 1: Félix Cuevas station (at distance)
  • Trolleybus Line 3 Line 3: Insurgentes Sur stop
  • Public buses Route 6-A (at distance)
    		•  Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos
    03 Hospital 20 de Noviembre 0.9 1.7
  • Ecobici EcoBici rental
  • Trolleybus Line 3 Line 3: Hospital 20 de Noviembre stop
  • Public buses Route 6-A (at distance)
    		• A distinctive structure of the hospital's roof
    04 Zapata 0.6 2.3
  • Mexico City Metro Mexico City Metro Line 3 Line 3
  • CETRAM Zapata
  • Ecobici EcoBici rental
  • Metrobús Line 3 Line 3: Pueblo Santa Cruz Atoyac station (at distance)
  • Trolleybus Line 3 Line 3: Zapata 1 stop, Zapata 2 stop
  • RTP Lines: 1-D, 52-C, 120, 121-A
  • Public buses Route 6-A
    		•  Emiliano Zapata
    05 Parque de los Venados 0.7 3.0
  • Ecobici EcoBici rental
  • Metrobús Line 3 Line 3: Pueblo Santa Cruz Atoyac station (at distance)
  • Trolleybus Line 3 Line 3: Parque de los Venados stop
  • Public buses Route: 6-A
    		• Two deers
    06 Eje Central 1.4 4.4
  • Trolleybus Line 1 Line 1: Popocatépetl stop
  • Trolleybus Line 3 Line 3: Eje Central stop (at distance)
  • RTP Line 52-C
  • Public buses Route 6-A
    		• A trolleybus
    07 Ermita 1.0 5.4
  • Mexico City Metro Mexico City Metro Line 2 Line 2
  • Trolleybus Line 3 Line 3: Balboa stop (at distance)
  • Trolleybus Line 3 Line 3: Plutarco Elías Calles stop (at distance)
  • RTP Lines: 2-A, 31-B, 52-C, 111-A, 145-A
  • Public buses Routes: 6-A (at distance), 17-C, 17-H, 17-I
    		• A chapel
    08 Mexicaltzingo Underground,
    trench     		2.0 7.4
  • RTP Lines: 1-D, 37, 52-C
  • Public buses Routes: 5-A, 6-A
    		• An inverted maguey plant Iztapalapa
    09 Atlalilco 2.1 9.5
  • Mexico City Metro Mexico City Metro Line 8 Line 8
  • Metrobús Line 5 Line 5 Ermita/Iztapalapa station (at distance)
  • RTP Lines: 1-D, 52-C
  • Public buses Route 6-A
    		• A water well
    10 Culhuacán Elevated 1.8 11.3
  • Metrobús Line 5 Line 5 Calzada Taxqueña station (at distance)
  • Trolleybus Line 7 Line 7: Culhuacán stop
  • Public buses Routes: Z3-A, Z3-B
    		• An aztec glyph of Culhuacán
    11 San Andrés Tomatlán 1.1 12.4
  • Trolleybus Line 7 Line 7: San Andrés Tomatlán stop
  • Public buses Routes: Z3-F, Z3-G, Z3-H
    		• The local church of San Andrés Apostol
    12 Lomas Estrella 1.2 13.6
  • Trolleybus Line 7 Line 7: Lomas Estrella stop
  • Public buses Routes: Z3-G, Z3-H
    		• A star above the hills
    13 Calle 11 1.1 14.7
  • Trolleybus Line 7 Line 7: Calle 11 stop
  • Public buses Routes: Z3-G, Z3-H
    		• A glyph of a water vessel
    14 Periférico Oriente 1.3 16.0
  • CETRAM Periférico Oriente
  • Trolleybus Line 7 Line 7: Periférico Oriente stop
  • RTP Lines: 47-A, 57-A, 57-C, 162
    		• The outline of a prison guard tower Tláhuac
    15 Tezonco 1.7 17.7
  • RTP Line 162
    		•  A calavera
    16 Olivos 0.6 18.3
  • RTP Line 162
    		•  An olive
    17 Nopalera 1.5 19.8
  • RTP Line 162
    		•  A flowering nopal
    18 Zapotitlán 1.5 21.3
  • RTP Lines: 162, 162-D
    		•  A toothed sapote tree with three branches
    19 Tlaltenco At grade 1.3 22.6 La Puerta stone gateway
    20 Tláhuac 1.5 24.1
  • CETRAM Tláhuac
  • RTP Lines: 141, 148, 149
    		•  A glyph of the shield of Tláhuac

    Extension

    [edit]

    A possible extension of the line to connect it with Line 1 at Observatorio station was announced in February 2013, thus making Observatorio the new west terminus of the line. The project was approved in September 2013 by Gerardo Ruiz Esparza, Secretary of Communications and Transportation.[52]

    Construction started on 29 November 2017.[28][53] The extension was expected to be completed by 2020, but works were delayed, thus, being projected to open by 2021.[54] In September 2020, it was announced that works on Line 12 will be finished by the end of 2022 and that service will begin in 2023.[55]

    The stretch will have three underground stations: Álvaro Obregón, Valentín Campa and Observatorio, in the Álvaro Obregón borough.

    No. Station Date opened Situation Distance (km) Connections Location
    Between
    stations     		Total
    21 Valentín Campa Expected 2024[56] Underground,
    deep tunnel     		1.5 25.6 Álvaro Obregón
    22 Álvaro Obregón Underground,
    deep tunnel     		1.4 27.0
    23 Observatorio Underground,
    deep tunnel     		0.6 27.6
  • Mexico City Metro Mexico City Metro Line 1 Line 1
  • Bus interchange West Bus Terminal
  • CETRAM Observatorio
  • El Insurgente
    (under construction)
  • Public buses Route 21-D

    • Ridership

    [edit]

    According to the data provided by the authorities, the line registered 134,900,367 entrances, averaging 369,590 commuters per day in 2019.[1] Tláhuac is the busiest station on the line—and one of the busiest of the system—averaging 56,831 entrances that year; in contrast Tlaltenco station averaged fewer than 5,000 passengers per day and consistently ranks among the least used on the Metro network.

    Line 12 annual passenger ridership (2014–2023)
    Year Ridership Average daily % change Ref.
    2023 46,018,232 126,077 NA [57]
    2022 0 0 NA [57]
    2021 22,071,358 60,469 −71.78% [58]
    2020 78,214,776 213,701 −42.02% [59]
    2019 134,900,367 369,590 +7.14% [1]
    2018 125,915,705 334,974 +10.22% [60]
    2017 114,245,007 313,000 +8.50% [61]
    2016 105,297,900 287,699 +95.23% [62]
    2015 53,936,100 147,770 −6.19% [63]
    2014 57,496,027 157,523 −37.49% [64]

    See also

    [edit]

    Notes

    [edit]
    1. ^ The following list was adapted from different websites and official maps.
    2. ^ All the stations are fully accessible to people with disabilities.

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b c "Afluencia de estación por línea 2019" [Station traffic per line 2019] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2020. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
    2. ^ "Cierran toda la Línea 12 del Metro; RTP brindará servicio de apoyo" [All Metro Line 12 is closed; RTP will provide back-up service]. Chilango (in Spanish). 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
    3. ^ a b c d Programa Maestro del Metro (2a Rev.). Comisión de Vialidad y Transporte Urbano. 1985. p. 69.
    4. ^ a b c Plan Maestro del Metro y Trenes Ligeros. Sistema de Transporte Colectivo. 1996. p. 90.
    5. ^ Cuenca, Alberto (25 July 2007). "Ebrard invita a 'votar' por ruta del Metro a Tláhuac" [Ebrard invites to 'vote' for a new Metro route to Tláhuac]. El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 May 2020.
    6. ^ "La Línea 12 del Metro a través del tiempo" [Line 12 through time]. La Silla Rota (in Spanish). 27 December 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
    7. ^ "Supervisa Ebrard obras de la Línea 12 del Metro" [Ebrard supervises Metro Line 12 works]. W Radio (in Spanish). 15 May 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
    8. ^ Quintero, Josefina; Bolaños, Ángel (9 August 2007). "Presentó Ebrard el proyecto de la línea 12 del Metro, que irá de Tláhuac a Mixcoac" [Ebrard presented the Line 12 project, which will run from Tláhuac to Mixcoac]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 November 2021.
    9. ^ Zamarrón, Israel (6 May 2021). "Línea 12 debió ser subterránea, pero por ahorrar dinero, se hizo tramo elevado" [Line 12 should have been subway, but in order to save money, an elevated section was built]. Forbes México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
    10. ^ "Estaciones no construídas del Metro" [Unbuilt Metro stations]. Chilango (in Spanish). 27 July 2015. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
    11. ^ Rivera, Gabriela (14 December 2010). "Un grupo de familias consigue mover estación del Metro" [A group of families manages to move metro station]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    12. ^ "Línea 12 arranca construcción a vapor". Excélsior (in Spanish). 21 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008.
    13. ^ Salgado, Agustín (28 November 2009). "Tramo subterráneo de la línea 12 del Metro obliga a innovar tecnología". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 May 2022.
    14. ^ "¿Quién construyó la Línea 12 del Metro de CdMx?". Milenio (in Spanish). 4 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
    15. ^ a b Stevenson, Mark (5 May 2021). "Mexico City subway collapse was a tragedy foretold". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
    16. ^ "Línea 12 del Metro inicia recorridos de familiarización". Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). 16 June 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
    17. ^ Gómez Flores, Laura (24 September 2012). "Sube afluencia de recorridos de la línea 12". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 May 2021.
    18. ^ "FCH: Línea 12, esfuerzo de voluntades; reconoce a Ebrard". El Universal (in Spanish). 30 October 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
    19. ^ "Con Calderón y Ebrard en la ceremonia: así fue la inauguración de la Línea 12 del Metro en 2012". Infobae. 4 May 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
    20. ^ a b "¿Por qué el GDF cerró la Línea 12 del Metro?". Aristegui Noticias (in Spanish). 11 March 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
    21. ^ "Metro gastó 420 mdp en RTP durante cierre de Línea 12". Excélsior (in Spanish). 2 December 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
    22. ^ "Reabre en su totalidad la L12; no volverá a cerrar: Mancera". El Universal (in Spanish). 29 November 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
    23. ^ "Gobierno capitalino reporta descarrilamiento de tren en Línea 12. Con Paola Rojas". Excélsior (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
    24. ^ "'No se permitirá que el Metro caiga en un bache'; reabren 5 estaciones de L12". Radio Fórmula (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
    25. ^ "Reencausamos tren en Línea 12 que por sismo se salió de vías: Gaviño. Con José Cárdenas". Radio Fórmula (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
    26. ^ "Vecinos temen colampso de Línea 12 del Metro por sismo". El Universal (in Spanish). 21 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
    27. ^ "Este lunes, en funcionamiento todas las estaciones de la L12". El Universal (in Spanish). 29 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
    28. ^ a b "Arranca construcción para ampliar Línea 12 del Metro". Quadratín (in Spanish). 29 November 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
    29. ^ "Ampliación de L12 del Metro podría concluir en 2019: Mancera". El Universal (in Spanish). 17 November 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
    30. ^ "Hasta 2021 terminará ampliación de Línea 12 del Metro: Sheinbaum". El Heraldo de México (in Spanish). 27 December 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
    31. ^ "At least 13 dead as Mexico City metro overpass collapses". The Guardian. 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
    32. ^ "What We Know About the Mexico City Train Crash". The New York Times. 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
    33. ^ "Así fue la reapertura del tramo elevado de la Línea 12". Capital 21. 17 July 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023.
    34. ^ "Mixcoac" (in Spanish). Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    35. ^ "Insurgentes Sur" (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    36. ^ "Hospital 20 de Nobiembre" (in Spanish). Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    37. ^ "Zapata" (in Spanish). Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    38. ^ "Parque de los Venados" (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    39. ^ "Eje Central" (in Spanish). Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    40. ^ "Ermita Iztapalapa" (in Spanish). Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    41. ^ "Atlaliclo" (in Spanish). Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    42. ^ "Tlaltenco" (in Spanish). Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    43. ^ "Tláhuac" (in Spanish). Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
    44. ^ "Parque Vehicular" [Rolling Stock] (in Spanish). Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
    45. ^ "Mi Mapa Metro 22032021" [My Metro Map 22032021] (PDF) (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 22 March 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
    46. ^ "Centros de Transferencia Modal (CETRAM)" [Modal Transfer Centers] (in Spanish). Órgano Regulador de Transporte. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
    47. ^ "Mapa de disponibilidad" [Disponibility map] (in Spanish). Ecobici. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
    48. ^ "Mapa del sistema" [System map] (in Spanish). Mexico City Metrobús. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
    49. ^ "Red de corredores" [Route network] (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 October 2021.
    50. ^ "Red de Rutas" [Routes network] (in Spanish). Red de Transporte de Pasajeros. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
    51. ^ "Servicios" [Services] (in Spanish). Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
    52. ^ "Dan el sí a la ampliación de la Línea 12 del Metro". El Universal (in Spanish). 7 September 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
    53. ^ "Ampliación de L12 del Metro podría concluir en 2019: Mancera". El Universal (in Spanish). 17 November 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
    54. ^ "Hasta 2021 terminará ampliación de Línea 12 del Metro: Sheinbaum". El Heraldo de México (in Spanish). 27 December 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
    55. ^ Nava, Cecilia (13 September 2020). "Ampliación de línea 12 del Metro lleva un avance del 85%: AMLO". El Sol de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2021.
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    59. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2020" [Station traffic per line 2020] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2021. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
    60. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2018" [Station traffic per line 2018] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2019. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
    61. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2017" [Station traffic per line 2017] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2019. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
    62. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2016" [Station traffic per line 2016] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2017. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
    63. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2015" [Station traffic per line 2015] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2016. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
    64. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2014" [Station traffic per line 2014] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2015. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
    [edit]
    Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_12
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