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Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 17 min

Farmer–Labor Party of Minnesota
Founded1918 (1918)
Dissolved1944 (1944)
Merger ofNonpartisan League[3]
Duluth Union Labor Party
Succeeded byMinnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party[7]
IdeologyCo-operative commonwealth[11]
Left-wing populism[12]
Progressivism[13]
Social democracy[17]
Laborism[20]
Anti-capitalism[21]
Factions:
Socialism[24]
Isolationism[23]
Communism (From 1936)[27]
Political positionLeft-wing[28]
National affiliationNone (1918–1919)
Labor Party of the United States (1919–1920)
Farmer–Labor Party of the United States (1920–1923)
Federated Farmer–Labor Party (1923–1924)
Farmer–Labor Party of the United States (1924–1936)
None (1936–1944)

The Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party (FLP), officially known as the Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota,[29][30] was a left-wing American political party in Minnesota between 1918 and 1944. The FLP largely dominated Minnesota politics during the Great Depression. It was one of the most successful statewide third party movements in United States history[31] and the longest-lasting and most fruitful affiliate of the national Farmer–Labor movement.[32][33] At its height in the 1920s and 1930s, FLP members included three Minnesota governors, four United States senators, eight United States representatives and a majority in the Minnesota legislature.

In 1944, Hubert H. Humphrey and Elmer Benson worked to merge the party with the state's Democratic Party, forming the contemporary Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party.[34]

History

[edit]
Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party political banner atop a car, circa 1925

The Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party emerged from the Non-Partisan League (NPL), which had expanded from North Dakota into Minnesota in 1918,[35] and the Union Labor Party (ULP) of Duluth, Minnesota, which was founded in February 1918.[35] In 1919, the NPL reorganized as the Working People's Non-Partisan League (WPNPL). In February 1920, the ULP joined the WPNPL.

The FLP ran on a platform of farmer and labor union protection, government ownership of certain industries, and social security laws.[35]

In 1936, the FLP was informally allied with the New Deal coalition and supported the reelection of President Franklin Roosevelt.[36] Roosevelt was building a national coalition and wanted a solid base in Minnesota, where the Democrats were a weak third party.[37] Roosevelt had a deal with Governor Olson whereby the FLP would get federal patronage, and in turn the FLP would work to block a third-party ticket against Roosevelt in 1936.[38]

One of the primary obstacles of the party, besides constant vilification on the pages of local and state newspapers, was the difficulty of uniting the party's divergent base and maintaining political union between rural farmers and urban laborers who often had little in common other than the populist perception that they were an oppressed class of hardworking producers exploited by a small elite. A powerful pro-Communist element wanted fusion during World War II to ensure solidarity between the USSR and the USA, as partners against the Nazis.[39]

According to political scientist George Mayer:[40]

The farmer approached problems as a proprietor or petty capitalist. Relief to him meant a mitigation of conditions that interfered with successful farming. It involved such things as tax reduction, easier access to credit, and a floor under farm prices. His individualist psychology did not create scruples against government aid, but he welcomed it only as long as it improved agricultural conditions. When official paternalism took the form of public works or the dole, he openly opposed it because assistance on such terms forced him to abandon his chosen profession, to submerge his individuality in the labor crew, and to suffer the humiliation of the bread line. Besides, a public works program required increased revenue, and since the state relied heavily on the property tax, the cost of the program seemed likely to fall primarily on him.

At the opposite end of the seesaw sat the city worker, who sought relief from the hunger, exposure, and disease that followed the wake of unemployment. Dependent on an impersonal industrial machine, he had sloughed off the frontier tradition of individualism for the more serviceable doctrine of cooperation through trade unionism. Unlike the depressed farmer, the unemployed worker often had no property or economic stake to protect. He was largely immune to taxation and had nothing to lose by backing proposals to dilute property rights or redistribute the wealth. Driven by the primitive instinct to survive, the worker demanded financial relief measures from the state.

The New Deal farm programs made the American Farm Bureau Federation the main organization for farmers. It was hostile to the FLP, leaving the FLP without power regarding farm economics.[41]

The Minnesota Democratic Party, led by Hubert Humphrey, was able to absorb the Farmer–Labor Party on April 15, 1944, creating the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party. Humphrey and his team expelled the Communist element from the new organization.[42]

Notable members

[edit]
The 1922 Farmer–Labor Convention, held in Minneapolis

Governors of Minnesota

[edit]

Lieutenant Governors of Minnesota

[edit]

Attorneys General of Minnesota

[edit]

Minnesota State Treasurers

[edit]

United States Senators

[edit]

United States Representatives

[edit]
See also: United States congressional delegations from Minnesota

Speakers of the Minnesota House of Representatives

[edit]

Minnesota State Legislators

[edit]

Local Politicians

[edit]

Other members

[edit]

Electoral history

[edit]

Federal offices

[edit]
U.S. Senate U.S. House of Representatives
Year Nominee # votes % votes Place Election Leader Votes Seats Position Control
1918 Did Not Contest 1918 Did Not Contest
0 / 10
 Steady Republican
1920 No Seat Up 1920 N/A 62,332 8.34%
0 / 10
 Steady Republican
1922 Henrik Shipstead 325,372
47.10 / 100
 Elected 1922 N/A 35,551 5.58%
1 / 10
 Increase 1 Republican
1923 (S) Magnus Johnson 290,165
57.48 / 100
 Elected 1924 N/A 337,035 41.48%
3 / 10
 Increase 2 Republican
1924 Magnus Johnson 380,646
45.50 / 100
 2nd of 5
1926 No Seat Up 1926 N/A 230,758 35.03%
2 / 10
 Decrease 1 Republican
1928 Henrik Shipstead 665,169
65.38 / 100
 Re-elected 1928 N/A 251,126 25.84%
1 / 10
 Decrease 1 Republican
1930 Ernest Lundeen 178,671
22.89 / 100
 3rd of 5 1930 N/A 271,599 35.75%
1 / 10
 Steady Republican
1932 No Seat Up 1932 N/A 388,616 38.75%
5 / 9
 Increase 4 Farmer-Labor
1934 Henrik Shipstead 503,379
49.87 / 100
 Re-elected 1934 N/A 376,927 37.86%
3 / 9
 Decrease 2 Republican
1936 (S) Did Not Contest 1936 N/A 462,714 42.40%
5 / 9
 Increase 2 Farmer-Labor
1936 Ernest Lundeen 663,363
62.24 / 100
 Elected
1938 No Seat Up 1938 N/A 338,684 31.63%
1 / 9
 Decrease 4 Republican
1940 Elmer Austin Benson 310,875
25.70 / 100
 2nd of 5 1940 N/A 298,250 24.74%
1 / 9
 Steady Republican
1942 Elmer Austin Benson 213,965
28.21 / 100
 2nd of 4 1942 N/A 151,684 19.92%
1 / 9
 Steady Republican

Minnesota state offices

[edit]
Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General
Year Nominee # votes % votes Place Year Nominee # votes % votes Place Year Nominee # votes % votes Place
1918 David H. Evans 111,948
30.28 / 100
 2nd of 5 1918 Did Not Contest 1918 Did Not Contest
1920 Did Not Contest 1920 Did Not Contest 1920 Did Not Contest
1922 Magnus Johnson 295,479
43.13 / 100
 2nd of 3 1922 Arthur A. Siegler 267,417
39.59 / 100
 2nd of 3 1922 Roy C. Smelker 254,715
39.41 / 100
 2nd of 3
1924 Floyd B. Olson 366,029
43.84 / 100
 2nd of 5 1924 Emil E. Holmes 345,633
42.86 / 100
 2nd of 3 1924 Thomas V. Sullivan 342,236
42.59 / 100
 2nd of 3
1926 Magnus Johnson 266,845
38.09 / 100
 2nd of 3 1926 Emil E. Holmes 236,307
35.62 / 100
 2nd of 3 1926 Frank McAllister 214,781
33.32 / 100
 2nd of 3
1928 Ernest Lundeen 227,193
22.72 / 100
 2nd of 5 1928 Thomas J. Meighen 235,133
24.96 / 100
 2nd of 3 1928 C. F. Gaarenstroom 192,472
20.87 / 100
 2nd of 3
1930 Floyd B. Olson 473,154
59.34 / 100
 Elected 1930 Henry M. Arens 345,225
50.32 / 100
 Elected 1930 Joseph B. Himsl 256,581
36.57 / 100
 2nd of 3
1932 Floyd B. Olson 522,438
50.57 / 100
 Re-elected 1932 Konrad K. Solberg 429,759
45.34 / 100
 Elected 1932 Harry H. Peterson 379,418
39.87 / 100
 Elected
1934 Floyd B. Olson 468,812
44.61 / 100
 Re-elected 1934 Hjalmar Petersen 428,897
43.64 / 100
 Elected 1934 Harry H. Peterson 436,140
44.89 / 100
 Re-elected
1936 Elmer Austin Benson 680,342
60.74 / 100
 Elected 1936 Gottfrid Lindsten 502,856
47.46 / 100
 Elected 1936 Harry H. Peterson 530,815
49.62 / 100
 Re-elected
1938 Elmer Austin Benson 387,263
34.18 / 100
 2nd of 4 1938 John J. Kinzer 374,577
34.73 / 100
 2nd of 3 1938 William S. Ervin 378,385
35.56 / 100
 2nd of 3
1940 Hjalmar Petersen 459,609
36.55 / 100
 2nd of 4 1940 Howard Y. Williams 305,418
26.11 / 100
 2nd of 3 1940 David J. Erickson 284,337
24.35 / 100
 2nd of 3
1942 Hjalmar Petersen 299,917
37.76 / 100
 2nd of 5 1942 Juls J. Anderson 250,410
33.42 / 100
 2nd of 3 1942 David J. Erickson 187,074
25.48 / 100
 2nd of 3
Secretary of State Treasurer Auditor
Year Nominee # votes % votes Place Year Nominee # votes % votes Place Year Nominee # votes % votes Place
1918 Did Not Contest 1918 Did Not Contest 1918 Did Not Contest
1920 Lily J. Anderson 193,658
26.37 / 100
 2nd of 5 1920 John P. Wagner 191,429
26.19 / 100
 2nd of 4 1920 Seat Not Up
1922 Susie Williamson Stageberg 247,757
37.37 / 100
 2nd of 3 1922 Frank H. Keyes 294,102
46.39 / 100
 2nd of 2 1922 Eliza Evans Deming 253,913
39.60 / 100
 2nd of 3
1924 Susie Williamson Stageberg 288,946
35.75 / 100
 2nd of 3 1924 Carl M. "C. M." Berg 322,585
40.67 / 100
 2nd of 3 1924 Seat Not Up
1926 Charles Olson 217,424
32.60 / 100
 2nd of 2 1926 Thomas J. Meighen 244,861
38.89 / 100
 2nd of 2 1926 S. O. Tjosvold 218,074
34.52 / 100
 2nd of 2
1928 Susie Williamson Stageberg 178,096
18.41 / 100
 2nd of 3 1928 Peter J. Seberger 205,228
21.95 / 100
 2nd of 3 1928 Seat Not Up
1930 Anna Olson Determan 209,596
27.36 / 100
 2nd of 4 1930 Frederick B. Miller 271,286
37.41 / 100
 2nd of 3 1930 Henry Teigan 260,272
35.96 / 100
 2nd of 3
1932 John T. Lyons 342,496
34.79 / 100
 2nd of 4 1932 Albert H. Kleffman 360,498
37.72 / 100
 2nd of 3 1932 Seat Not Up
1934 Konrad K. Solberg 359,322
35.46 / 100
 2nd of 4 1934 Albert H. Kleffman 377,472
38.78 / 100
 2nd of 3 1934 John T. Lyons 379,654
38.69 / 100
 2nd of 3
1936 Paul C. Hartig 426,668
39.16 / 100
 2nd of 4 1936 C. A. Halverson 468,713
43.79 / 100
 Elected 1936 Seat Not Up
1938 Paul A. Rasmussen 328,474
29.81 / 100
 2nd of 3 1938 C. A. Halverson 378,160
35.27 / 100
 2nd of 3 1938 John T. Lyons 364,636
33.98 / 100
 2nd of 3
1940 James I. Heller 230,148
19.07 / 100
 2nd of 3 1940 C. A. Halverson 296,477
25.25 / 100
 2nd of 3 1940 Seat Not Up
1942 Daniel D. Collins 146,825
19.07 / 100
 2nd of 3 1942 Charles J. Johnson 183,458
24.78 / 100
 2nd of 3 1942 Did Not Contest

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Greeley, Patrick (2024-11-11). "The Rise and Fall of Midwest Populism". Jacobin.com. Jacobin. Retrieved 2025-04-15. However, in 1918, the NPL expanded into neighboring Minnesota, where it joined forces with city worker-focused groups to form the Farmer-Labor Party (FLP).
  2. ^ Savicki, Drew (2020-08-10). "The Road to 270: Minnesota". 270towin.com. Minnesota. Retrieved 2025-04-16. In the 1920s, members of the national left-wing populist movement called the Nonpartisan League stood for election under a new banner, the Farmer Labor Party.
  3. ^ [1][2]
  4. ^ "FARMER-LABOR EDUCATION COMMITTEE". farmerlaboreducation.com. Minnesota: FARMER-LABOR EDUCATION COMMITTEE. 2023. Retrieved 2025-02-26. The Farmer-Labor movement founded the most successful third party in U.S. political history. This progressive movement elected candidates and advanced political change in Minnesota from 1917 until it merged with the Democrats in 1944, to form the DFL, the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party.
  5. ^ "ABOUT FARMER-LABOR MOVEMENT: A MINNESOTA STORY". Minnesota: Twin Cities PBS. Retrieved 2025-02-26. Documentary about the history of the progressive Farmer-Labor movement in Minnesota from 1915 to 1944, when the party merged with the Democrats to form the DFL, the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party.
  6. ^ Staff Writer (2016-10-29). "Answer Man: Historic hotel has link to White House run". Apnews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 2025-04-28. In Minnesota, the Farmer-Labor Party joined forces with the Democratic Party to form the DFL in 1944.
  7. ^ [4][5][6]
  8. ^ O’Connell, Tom. "Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, 1924–1944". mnopedia.org. Minnesota: MNOPEDIA. Retrieved 2025-02-26. With protest by workers, farmers, and the unemployed rising, the Farmer-Labor convention adopts its Cooperative Commonwealth Platform, outlining a new economic system to replace monopoly capitalism.
  9. ^ O’Connell, Tom (2018-09-06). "Minnesota Farmer-Laborism: One hundred years old". Southside Pride. Retrieved 2025-04-21. At its heart was a belief in a "cooperative commonwealth,"
  10. ^ J. Lee, Anders (2023-03-27). "How Hubert H. Humphrey Purged the DFL of Socialists". Racketmn.com. Minnesota: The Racket. Retrieved 2025-04-21. That would likely be cold comfort to the original Farmer-Laborers and their vision for a "cooperative commonwealth."
  11. ^ [8][9][10]
  12. ^ Attributed to multiple sources:
      • Hudelson, Richard; Ross, Carl (2006). By the ore docks : a working people's history of Duluth. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-9760-1. OCLC 320324829. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
      • Callaghan, Peter (2019-09-18). "As the DFL marks its 75th anniversary, do the party's Farmer-Labor roots still mean anything?". minnpost.com. Minnesota: MinnPost. Retrieved 2025-02-26. Though the state's dominant political force at the time was the Republican Party, the populist Farmer-Labor Party had managed to do better than the Democrats… But the Farmer-Labor party wasn't formed to represent agricultural interests or rural interests. Rather, it was founded as a populist party with a socialist flavor, one that grew out of the Nonpartisan League, an effort by small farmers to fight the power of the grain conglomerates and the railroads, wrote Augsburg University professor Michael J. Lansing in his history of the movement, "Insurgent Democracy."
      • O’Connell, Tom. "Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, 1924–1944". mnopedia.org. Minnesota: MNOPEDIA. Retrieved 2025-02-26. The FLP movement continues to influence Minnesota politics. Its progressive populism led to the liberalism of such DFL leaders as Humphrey, Walter Mondale, and Eugene McCarthy.
      • "La Follette lost 100 years ago, but his progressivism lives on". The Cap Times. 2024-11-05. Archived from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 2025-01-14. In fact, the program that La Follette ran on — taxing the rich, cracking down on Wall Street abuses, empowering workers to organize unions, defending small farmers, breaking up corporate trusts, strengthening public utilities — fueled a resurgence of left-wing populist movements across the upper Midwest: the Non-Partisan League of North Dakota, the Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota and the Progressive Party of Wisconsin.
      • Greeley, Patrick (2024-11-11). "The Rise and Fall of Midwest Populism". Jacobin.com. Jacobin. Retrieved 2025-03-21. The story of Minnesota's Farmer-Labor Party in the early 20th century is instructive for the Left, especially in light of this week's election results… The Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) is one of only two state-level parties affiliated nationally with the Democratic Party to use a unique name. The other is the North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party. These two parties actually share a common history, and this history explains the reasons for the distinction. Now, decades later, these names are all that remains of that history and of the populist movement that once flourished in the upper Midwest… As the party merged into the Democratic machine, its populist energies were chewed up and spat out. As the DFL's star ascended, the populist elements that had made up the Farmer-Labor Party became a distant memory.
      • Savicki, Drew (2020-08-10). "The Road to 270: Minnesota". 270towin.com. Minnesota. Retrieved 2025-04-16. In the 1920s, members of the national left-wing populist movement called the Nonpartisan League stood for election under a new banner, the Farmer Labor Party.
  13. ^ Attributed to multiple sources:
      • O’Connell, Tom. "Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, 1924–1944". mnopedia.org. Minnesota: MNOPEDIA. Retrieved 2025-02-26. Minnesota's Farmer-Labor Party (FLP) represents one of the most successful progressive third-party coalitions in American history.
      • "FARMER-LABOR EDUCATION COMMITTEE". farmerlaboreducation.com. Minnesota: FARMER-LABOR EDUCATION COMMITTEE. 2023. Retrieved 2025-02-26. The Farmer-Labor movement founded the most successful third party in U.S. political history. This progressive movement elected candidates and advanced political change in Minnesota from 1917 until it merged with the Democrats in 1944, to form the DFL, the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party.
      • "ABOUT FARMER-LABOR MOVEMENT: A MINNESOTA STORY". Minnesota: Twin Cities PBS. Retrieved 2025-02-26. Documentary about the history of the progressive Farmer-Labor movement in Minnesota from 1915 to 1944, when the party merged with the Democrats to form the DFL, the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party.
      • Dreier, Peter (2011-04-11). "La Follette's Wisconsin Idea". Dissent. University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved 2025-04-16. Though he died of a heart attack less than a year after the election, La Follette's success inspired other progressive movements and campaigns around the country, including farmer-labor parties in Minnesota and North Dakota, the Progressive Party in Wisconsin, and the American Labor Party in New York City.
      • Staff Writer (2016-10-29). "Answer Man: Historic hotel has link to White House run". Apnews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 2025-04-28. The Farmer-Labor Party was the progressive, some would say radical party that was founded as a national organization in 1920 and dissolved in 1936.
  14. ^ Stec, Andy (2018-12-06). "A new Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party". hamlineoracle.com. The Oracle. Retrieved 2025-05-06. Out of Duluth the social democratic Farmer-Labor Party had emerged in 1918 with the express purpose of uniting rural farmers with urban laborers as an oppressed class under the thumb of business and industry elites.
  15. ^ Erlandson, Henry (2020-01-25). "Why is Minnesota's Democratic Party called the DFL?". Startribune.com. Minnesota, US: Star Tribune. Retrieved 2025-03-21. However, poor economic conditions for farmers and workers led to the emergence of the Farmer-Labor Party in 1918, one of many parties with socialist influences in the United States.
  16. ^ Callaghan, Peter (2019-09-18). "As the DFL marks its 75th anniversary, do the party's Farmer-Labor roots still mean anything?". minnpost.com. Minnesota: MinnPost. Retrieved 2025-02-26. But the Farmer-Labor party wasn't formed to represent agricultural interests or rural interests. Rather, it was founded as a populist party with a socialist flavor, one that grew out of the Nonpartisan League, an effort by small farmers to fight the power of the grain conglomerates and the railroads, wrote Augsburg University professor Michael J. Lansing in his history of the movement, "Insurgent Democracy."
  17. ^ [14][15][16]
  18. ^ Mucaj, Rudin (May 2022). THE GOSPEL OF LABOR: HOW EVANGELICALISM SHAPED IMMIGRANT WORKERS’ UNIONISM, AND BECAME THE FOUNDATION OF THE MINNESOTA FARMER-LABOR PARTY, 1800 TO 1917 (Master of Arts thesis). Ohio, US: Kent State University. Retrieved 2025-05-06. Even fewer scholars have looked into the history of laborism in the Midwest and the Minnesota Farmer Labor Party, the most successful labor union movement that still exists to this day as the Minnesota Democratic Farmer-Labor Party, or simply the Minnesota Democratic Party.
  19. ^ Greeley, Patrick (2024-11-11). "The Rise and Fall of Midwest Populism". Jacobin.com. Jacobin. Retrieved 2025-03-21. The FLP carried on the NPL's mission while adding labor union protection to its platform, creating a broad, working-class movement statewide.
  20. ^ [18][19]
  21. ^ Starr, Joseph R. (June 1936). "Labor and Farmer Groups and Three-Party System". The Southwestern Social Science Quarterly. 17. JSTOR: 15. Retrieved 2025-04-21.
  22. ^ Lubotina, Paul (2016). "The Minnesota Farm-Labor Party: The Role of Third Parties in the Americanization of European Labor Radicals in the Great Lakes Region Region". Upper Country: A Journal of the Lake Superior Region. 4 (2). Northern Michigan University's Center for Upper Peninsula Studies: 33. Retrieved 2025-02-28. However, the cooperation alienated some of the more radical elements in the coalition, such as the Socialists.
  23. ^ a b Wright, Scott (2022). "Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota". Ebsco.com. Ebsco. Retrieved 2025-04-21. The Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota was established in 1918 as a coalition of farmers and workers advocating for moderate political and economic reforms, alongside more radical elements like socialists and isolationists.
  24. ^ [22][23]
  25. ^ Youngdale, James M. (1986). "Populism, Democracy and Paradigm Shift". American Studies in Scandinavia. 18: 42. Retrieved 2025-03-21. By and large, neither faction among the Finns became involved with the Nonpartisan Leagues or the forming Farmer-Labor Party until the Popular Front period beginning in 1936. At this time, the communists began to play an active role in Farmer-Labor politics and in the election of John Bernard to Congress, who won immediate fame for his lone vote against the Neutrality Act of 1937, an act which hamstrung aid to Republican Spain to the advantage of Francisco Franco.
  26. ^ Delton, Jennifer Alice (2002). Making Minnesota Liberal: Civil Rights and the Transformation of the Democratic Party. MN: University of Minnesota Press. p. 9. ISBN 0816639221. Retrieved 2025-05-14. Real communists, however, Communist party-type communists, were a fact of life in 1930s politics. Olson dealt with them as other labor leaders had; that is, he allowed them into the party as part of the "Popular Front" against fascism, and used their organizational skills and zealotry to further his own agenda.
  27. ^ [25][26]
  28. ^ Attributed to multiple sources:
      • O’Connell, Tom. "Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, 1924–1944". mnopedia.org. Minnesota: MNOPEDIA. Retrieved 2025-02-26. The FLP developed a political viewpoint that was to the left of both the New Deal of the 1930s and the Democratic Party of the early 2000s.
      • Youngdale, James M. (1986). "Populism, Democracy and Paradigm Shift". American Studies in Scandinavia. 18: 42. Retrieved 2025-03-21. […], but still radicalism remained implicit in their planks as they gravitated toward being a left wing of the New Deal.
      • Greeley, Patrick (2024-11-11). "The Rise and Fall of Midwest Populism". Jacobin.com. Jacobin. Retrieved 2025-04-15. Leaders reasoned that it made little sense for two left-leaning minority parties to continue struggling with one another with little chance of overcoming their Republican opponents in the near term.
      • Haala, Cory (2020). The Progressive Center: Midwestern Liberalism in the Age of Reagan, 1978-1992 (Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis). Wisconsin: Marquette University. Retrieved 2025-04-16. In the majority of these states, during either the 1890s or interwar years, left-wing third-party movements—the Populist Party, Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, North Dakota Nonpartisan League, and Wisconsin Progressive Party
      • Maisano, Chris (2020-06-12). "Labor Party in the USA". Jacobin.com. Jacobin. Retrieved 2025-04-28.
  29. ^ "FLA 1934 Platform". cooperativecommonwealth.org. Retrieved 2025-04-20.
  30. ^ "Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota | EBSCO Research Starters". www.ebsco.com. Retrieved 2025-04-21.
  31. ^ "The Rise and Fall of Midwest Populism". jacobin.com. Retrieved 2025-04-20.
  32. ^ "Labor Party in the USA". jacobin.com. Retrieved 2025-04-28.
  33. ^ "Answer Man: Historic hotel has link to White House run". AP News. 2016-10-29. Retrieved 2025-04-28.
  34. ^ "Farmer Labor Party". Spartacus. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
  35. ^ a b c Hudelson, Richard; Ross, Carl (2006). By the Ore Docks: A Working People's History of Duluth. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 143–150. ISBN 0-8166-4636-8.
  36. ^ William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940 (1963) p. 190.
  37. ^ James S. Olson, ed. Historical Dictionary of the New Deal (1985) pp 164-165.
  38. ^ Clifford Edward Clark, ed. Minnesota in a Century of Change: The State and its People since 1900 (1989). pp 375–379.
  39. ^ Arnold A. Offner, Hubert Humphrey: The Conscience of the Country (Yale University Press, 2018) pp. 25, 40–43.
  40. ^ George H. Mayer, The Political Career of Floyd B. Olson, (Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987) 86-87.
  41. ^ Richard M Valelly, Radicalism in the states : the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party and the American political economy (1989) p. 15.
  42. ^ Hubert H. Humphrey, The Education of a Public Man. My Life and Politics (1976) pp 84-85.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Benson, Elmer A. "Politics in My Lifetime." Minnesota History 47 (1980): 154-60. online
  • Delton, Jennifer. Making Minnesota Liberal: Civil Rights and the Transformation of the Democratic Party (2002) focus on how Humphrey used race issue to take over FLP..
  • Garlid, George W. "The Antiwar Dilemma of the Farmer-Labor Party." Minnesota History (1967): 365-374. in JSTOR
  • Gieske, Millard L. Minnesota Farmer-Laborism: The Third-Party Alternative (1979) 389pp
  • Haynes, John Earl. Dubious alliance: the making of Minnesota's DFL Party (U of Minnesota Press, 1984)
  • Haynes, John Earl. "Farm Coops and the Election of Hubert Humphrey to the Senate." Agricultural History (1983): 201-211. in JSTOR
  • Haynes, John Earl. "The new history of the communist party in state politics: The implications for mainstream political history." Labor History (1986) 27#4 pp: 549-563.
  • Hyman, Colette A. "Culture as Strategy: Popular Front Politics and the Minneapolis Theatre Union, 1935-39." Minnesota History (1991): 294-306. in JSTOR
  • Lovin, Hugh T. "The Fall of Farmer-Labor Parties, 1936-1938." Pacific Northwest Quarterly (1971): 16-26. in JSTOR
  • McCoy, Donald R. Angry voices: Left-of-center politics in the New Deal era (1958; reprint 2012)
  • Mayer, George H. The Political Career of Floyd B. Olson (1987)
  • Mitau, G. Theodore. "The Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party Schism of 1948." Minnesota History (1955): 187-194. in JSTOR
  • Naftalin, Arthur. "The Tradition of Protest and the Roots of the Farmer-Labor Party." Minnesota History 35.2 (1956): 53-63. online
  • Rude, Leslie G. "The rhetoric of farmer‐labor agitators." Communication Studies 20.4 (1969): 280-285.
  • Sofchalk, Donald G. "Union and Ethnic Group Influence in the 1938 Election on the Minnesota Iron Ranges." Journal of the West (2003) 42#3 pp: 66-74.
  • Valelly, Richard M. Radicalism in the States: The Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party and the American Political Economy (University of Chicago Press, 1989)
[edit]
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