Categories
  Encyclosphere.org ENCYCLOREADER
  supported by EncyclosphereKSF

National Stock Exchange of India

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 30 min

National Stock Exchange of India
TypeStock exchange
LocationMumbai, Maharashtra, India
Founded1992; 32 years ago (1992)
OwnerVarious group of domestic and global financial institutions, public and privately owned entities and individuals[1]
Key people
CurrencyIndian rupee (₹)
No. of listings2,529 (July 2024)[2]
Market cap₹463 lakh crore (US$5.5 trillion) (September 2024)[3]
Indices
Websitewww.nseindia.com
The National Stock Exchange building in the Bandra Kurla Complex in Mumbai
Performance of NIFTY 50 index between 2000 and 2024
Performance of the NIFTY Next 50 index between 2000 and 2024

National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) is one of the leading stock exchanges in India, based in Mumbai. NSE is under the ownership of various financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies. It is the world's largest derivatives exchange by number of contracts traded[a] and the third largest in cash equities by number of trades[b] for the calendar year 2022.[4] It is the 7th largest stock exchange in the world by total market capitalization, exceeding $5 trillion on May 23, 2024.[5][6] NSE's flagship index, the NIFTY 50, is a 50 stock index that is used extensively by investors in India and around the world as a barometer of the Indian capital market. The NIFTY 50 index was launched in 1996 by NSE.[7]

History

[edit]

National Stock Exchange was incorporated in the year 1993 to bring about transparency in the Indian equity markets. NSE was set up at the behest of the Government of India, based on the recommendations laid out by the Pherwani committee in 1991[8] and the blueprint was prepared by a team of five members (Ravi Narain, Raghavan Puthran, K Kumar, Chitra Sankaran and Ashishkumar Chauhan) along with R H Patil and SS Nadkarni who were deputed by IDBI in 1992.[9][10] Instead of trading memberships being confined to a group of brokers, NSE ensured that anyone who was qualified, experienced, and met the minimum financial requirements was allowed to trade.[11]

NSE commenced operations on 30 June 1993 starting with the wholesale debt market (WDM) segment and equities segment on 3 November 1994.[12] It was the first exchange in India to introduce an electronic trading facility.[13] Within one year of the start of its operations, the daily turnover on NSE exceeded that of the BSE.[9]

Operations in the derivatives segment commenced on 12 June 2000.[12] In August 2008, NSE introduced currency derivatives.[14]

NSE EMERGE

[edit]
Main article: NSE EMERGE

NSE EMERGE is NSE's new initiative for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) and startup companies in India.[15] These companies can get listed on NSE without an initial public offering (IPO). This platform will help SMEs and startups connect with investors and help them with the raising of funds.[16] In August 2019, the 200th company listed on NSE's SME platform.[17]

Markets

[edit]

The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) commenced trading in derivatives with the launch of index futures on 12 June 2000. The futures and options segment of NSE has made a global mark. In the Futures and Options segment, trading in the NIFTY 50 Index, NIFTY IT index, NIFTY Bank Index, NIFTY Next 50 index, and single stock futures are available. Trading in Mini Nifty Futures & Options and Long term Options on NIFTY 50 are also available.[18] The average daily turnover in the F&O Segment of the Exchange during the financial year April 2013 to March 2014 stood at ₹1.52236 trillion (US$18 billion). Nifty 50 is an important stock market index comprising the 50 largest publicly traded companies on the NSE in India. [19]

On 3 May 2012, the National Stock exchange launched derivative contracts (futures and options) on FTSE 100, the widely tracked index of the UK equity stock market. This was the first of its kind index of the UK equity stock market launched in India. FTSE 100 includes the 100 of largest UK-listed blue-chip companies and has given returns of 17.8 percent on investment over three years. The index constitutes 85.6 per cent of UK's equity market cap.[20]

On 10 January 2013, the National Stock Exchange signed a letter of intent with the Japan Exchange Group, Inc. (JPX) on preparing for the launch of NIFTY 50 Index futures, a representative stock price index of India, on the Osaka Securities Exchange Co., Ltd. (OSE), a subsidiary of JPX.[21]

Moving forward, both parties will make preparations for the listing of yen-denominated NIFTY 50.[22] On 13 May 2013, NSE launched India's first dedicated debt platform to provide a liquid and transparent trading platform for debt-related products.[23]

Market statistics

[edit]
  • The Economic Times estimates that as of April 2018, 6 crore (60 million) retail investors had invested their savings in stocks in India, either through direct purchases of equities or through mutual funds.[28]
  • Morgan Stanley has noted that the Indian stocks have been through four bear markets in 25 years, or since foreign investors became actively involved with Indian equities.[29] The Economic Times estimate that the Indian stock market sees a bear market on average once every 3 years, similar to the US market. It uses the Nifty 50 index as a reference point and identifies eight 20% drops in the last 25 years.[30]
  • According to SEBI, during FY 2022–23, 73% of mutual fund units were redeemed within 2 years of investment. Only investments in 3% of the units continued for more than 5 years.[31][32]
  • Another study conducted by the SEBI, approximately 89% of individual stock traders in the equity Futures & Options (F&O) segment incurred losses during the financial year 2021-22.[33][34][35]
  • According to 2019 SEBI report, "more than 95% Indian households prefer to park their money in bank deposits, while less than 10% opt for investing in mutual funds or stocks.[41] The survey, conducted across urban and rural areas of the country, showed that life insurance was second most preferred investment vehicle, followed by precious metals, post office savings and real estate in the top-five."[41]

Stakeholders

[edit]

The key domestic investors which hold a stake in NSE include Life Insurance Corporation, State Bank of India, India Infoline Limited and Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited. Key global investors include Gagil FDI Limited, GS Strategic Investments Limited, SAIF II SE Investments Mauritius Limited, Aranda Investments (Mauritius) Pte Limited, Veracity Investments Limited, Crown Capital Limited and PI Opportunities Fund I.[42]

Subsidiaries

[edit]
  • NSE Indices Limited
  • NSE Clearing Limited
  • NSE NSEIT
  • NSE Infotech Services Limited
  • NSE Cogencis Information Services Ltd
  • NSE IFSC Clearing Corporation Limited (NICCL), or simply NSE International Clearing
  • NSE IFSC Limited, or simply NSE International Exchange
  • NSE Investments Limited
  • NSE Data & Analytics
  • NSE Academy Limited[43]

Financial literacy

[edit]

NSE has collaborated with several universities like Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics (GIPE) - Pune, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU) - Pune, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University - Delhi, RV University[44] - Bangalore, the Ravenshaw University of Cuttack and Punjabi University - Patiala, among others to offer MBA and BBA courses. NSE has also provided mock market simulation software called NSE Learn to Trade (NLT) to develop investment, trading, and portfolio management skills among the students.[45] The simulation software is very similar to the software currently being used by the market professionals and helps students to learn how to trade in the markets. NSE also conducts online examinations and awards certification, under its Certification in Financial Markets (NCFM) programs.[46] NSE has set up NSE Academy Limited to further financial literacy.

At present, certifications are available in 46 modules, covering different sectors of financial and capital markets, both at the beginner and advanced levels. The list of various modules can be found at the official site of NSE India. In addition, since August 2009, it has offered a short-term course called NSE Certified Capital Market Professional (NCCMP).[47]

Criticism and controversies

[edit]

Market manipulation

[edit]
See also: 1992 Indian stock market scam, Harshad Mehta, and Ketan Parekh

The Indian stock exchanges BSE and NSE have witnessed several corruption scandals.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] At times, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has barred several individuals and entities from trading on the exchanges for stock manipulation, especially in illiquid smallcaps and penny stocks.[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]

Market operators illegal activity

[edit]

Market operators continue to operate in the Indian stock market, albeit within a regulatory framework aimed at ensuring transparency and fairness. Market operators are individuals or entities that actively engage in buying and selling securities to influence their prices for profit. They operate through various strategies, such as arbitrage, short selling, high-frequency trading, front running, churning, scalping, wash trading, spoofing, and layering, often leveraging sophisticated technology and large capital. Regulatory bodies like the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) oversee market activities to curb malpractices such as insider trading, price rigging, and market manipulation. SEBI has implemented measures, including surveillance systems, to detect and penalize unethical practices. Despite these regulations, market operators exploit loopholes to gain an edge, necessitating continuous vigilance and regulatory updates. Market operators in India often use the "pump and dump" strategy, despite strict regulations against such practices. The "pump and dump" scheme involves artificially inflating the price of a stock (pump) through false or misleading positive statements. Once the price has been significantly raised, the operators then sell off their holdings (dump) at the inflated prices, leading to a sharp price decline and substantial losses for other investors who bought in at the higher prices. Their activities have continued to impact market volatility, liquidity, and price discovery, playing a significant role in the dynamics of the Indian stock market.[70][71][72][73][74]

NSE co-location scam

[edit]
Main article: NSE co-location scam

On 8 July 2015, Sucheta Dalal wrote an article on Moneylife alleging that some NSE employees were leaking sensitive data related to high-frequency trading or co-location servers to a select set of market participants so that they could trade faster than their competitors. NSE alleged defamation in the article by Moneylife. On 22 July 2015, NSE filed a ₹1 billion (US$12 million) suit against the publication.[75] However, on 9 September 2015, the Bombay High Court dismissed the case and fined NSE ₹5 million (US$60,000) in this defamation case against Moneylife.[76] The High Court asked NSE to pay ₹150,000 (US$1,800) to each journalist Debashis Basu and Sucheta Dalal and the remaining ₹4.7 million (US$56,000) to two hospitals. The Bombay High Court has stayed the order on costs for a period of two weeks, pending the hearing of the appeal filed by NSE.[77]

The board also passed orders against 16 individuals including former managing directors and CEOs Ravi Narain and Chitra Ramakrishna ordering them to disgorge 25% of their salaries during that period along with interest. All money is to be paid into the Investor protection and education fund. These individuals have also been debarred from the markets or holding any position in a listed company for a period of five years.[78]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Based on the statistics maintained by Futures Industry Association (FIA), a derivatives trade body
  2. ^ As per the statistics maintained by the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Shareholding". www.nseindia.com.
  2. ^ "Market Statistics - September 2024". World Federation of Exchanges. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  3. ^ "New Stock Or Share Listing Recent -NSE India". nseindia.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  4. ^ "NSE maintains its lead as largest global derivatives market for 4th year – Check its rank in equity segment". Times Now. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  5. ^ "Market Statistics – March 2023 – World Federation of Exchanges". Focus.world-exchanges.org.
  6. ^ Deva, Pranati (24 May 2024). "Market Cap of NSE-listed companies surges to $5 trillion from $4 trillion in just 6 months". Mint. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  7. ^ "History & Milestones". Nseindia.com. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  8. ^ "Pherwani Committee report recommends setting up of NSE in New Bombay". India Today. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  9. ^ a b "NSE and NSDL: Institutions that revolutionised Indian bourses". The Indian Express. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  10. ^ "RH Patil: The man who revolutionized Indian stock market". The Economic Times. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  11. ^ "National Stock Exchange to file IPO document by 2017". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  12. ^ a b "India@75: History of stocks in India". Mint. 15 August 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  13. ^ "NSE vs BSE: Where's the competition?". mint. 26 July 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  14. ^ Roy, Anup; Laskar, Anirudh; Mohan, Vyas (12 August 2011). "NSE to charge trades in currency derivatives". mint. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  15. ^ "NSE launches SME exchange with first listing- Business News". businesstoday.in. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  16. ^ "Raising capital: Why SME IPO may be a good choice for small businesses". The Economic Times. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  17. ^ Laskar, Anirudh (22 August 2019). "NSE gets 200th company listed on its SME platform". Mint. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  18. ^ Sanchit, Taksali. "Nifty Option Chain". Investiture.in. Sanchit. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  19. ^ https://www.forbesindia.com/article/explainers/nifty-50-stocks-list-weightage-sectors/85791/1 [bare URL]
  20. ^ D, Yoganand (19 May 2012). "An opportunity to trade the FTSE-100". @businessline.
  21. ^ Nam, Rafael; Vishnoi, Abhishek (10 January 2013). "UPDATE 1–India's NSE, Japan's JPX plan Nifty futures for Osaka". Reuters. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  22. ^ "Broad Market Indices". Nseindia.com. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  23. ^ "NSE launches debt trading platform". The Hindu Businessline. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  24. ^ "Increasing retail investor base: SEBI has a tough job ahead". Moneylife. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  25. ^ Jalan, Bimal (1 November 2010). Jalan Committee report 2010 – Review of Ownership andGovernance of Market Infrastructure Institutions (PDF). Mumbai: SEBI. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  26. ^ Chandrasekhar, C.P.; Mallick, Sarat; A, Akriti. The elusive retail investor: How deep can (and should) India's stock markets be? (PDF). SEBI. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  27. ^ Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (30 December 2011). FINANCIAL LITERACY AMONG RETAIL INVESTORS IN THE UNITED STATES (PDF). Washington DC: SEC / The library of congress. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  28. ^ Thukral, Arun (24 April 2018). "For those who do not make much money in stocks, here's the catch". The Economic Times. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  29. ^ "India faced 4 bear markets in 25 years; why this one is different". CNBCTV18. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  30. ^ Bhasin, Tinesh (29 December 2022). "Best Investment Strategies To Survive in a Bear Market". Learn About Investment Tax Saving, and Financial Planning. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  31. ^ "SEBI | Annual Report 2021-22". www.sebi.gov.in.
  32. ^ Agarwal, Nikhil (24 May 2023). "50% mutual funds get redeemed within a year. Is long-term investing dead?". The Economic Times.
  33. ^ "SEBI | Study - Analysis of Profit and Loss of Individual Traders dealing in Equity F&O Segment". www.sebi.gov.in.
  34. ^ "Sebi study suggests 89% retail traders in equity F&O suffered losses in FY22". The Economic Times. 25 January 2023.
  35. ^ "9 in 10 derivative traders lose money: Sebi study". The Times of India. 26 January 2023.
  36. ^ "Reserve Bank of India - RBI Bulletin". www.rbi.org.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  37. ^ a b "Mutual funds attract 6% of household savings in FY23, shows RBI data". Business Standard. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  38. ^ "Reserve Bank of India - Household Financial Savings". www.rbi.org.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  39. ^ "Reserve Bank of India - RBI Bulletin". www.rbi.org.in. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  40. ^ "Reserve Bank of India - Household Financial Savings". www.rbi.org.in. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  41. ^ a b "Indians prefer fixed deposits to equities, MFs for investment: Sebi Survey". Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  42. ^ "NSE Shareholding Pattern (For the quarter ended on December 31, 2022)" (PDF). nseindia.com. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  43. ^ "Group Companies". NSE. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  44. ^ "NSE Academy Limited collaborates with RV University for Post Graduate Certification Program-date=25 October 2023".
  45. ^ Patnaik, Santosh. "NSE to spread financial literacy". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  46. ^ "NSE ties with deemed University to offer pg diploma in financial markets". EduTech. 29 November 2012. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013.
  47. ^ "Home". NCFM(Bhandarkar Road, Pune). Archived from the original on 22 November 2012.
  48. ^ "How India's trading queen and mystery guru engulfed NSE in scandal". The Economic Times.
  49. ^ Rangan, MC Govardhana. "The fall of NSE: Corruption or hubris?". The Economic Times.
  50. ^ "BSE Sensex drops as corruption scandal weighs". Reuters. 25 November 2010.
  51. ^ "SEBI penalises BSE, NSE for 'laxity' in Karvy fraud case". 13 April 2022.
  52. ^ "Trading 'queen' and mystery guru: Strange tale engulfs NSE in scandal". Business Standard India. 21 March 2022.
  53. ^ ""Who'll Invest in India if Scams Like This Happen?": Judge in NSE Case".
  54. ^ "Chitra Ramkrishna arrested; CBI grills former NSE CEO in co-location scam after SEBI's mysterious yogi report". 7 March 2022.
  55. ^ "How India's trading queen and mystery guru engulfed NSE in scandal". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  56. ^ Rangan, MC Govardhana. "The fall of NSE: Corruption or hubris?". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  57. ^ "BSE Sensex drops as corruption scandal weighs". Reuters. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  58. ^ "SEBI penalises BSE, NSE for 'laxity' in Karvy fraud case". 13 April 2022. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  59. ^ "Trading 'queen' and mystery guru: Strange tale engulfs NSE in scandal". Business Standard India. 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  60. ^ ""Who'll Invest in India if Scams Like This Happen?": Judge in NSE Case". Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  61. ^ "Chitra Ramkrishna arrested; CBI grills former NSE CEO in co-location scam after SEBI's mysterious yogi report". 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  62. ^ Sreedhar, Vidya (21 June 2023). "Rs 144 crore wrongful profit! Sebi finds stock manipulation in 5 smallcaps". The Economic Times. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  63. ^ "Sebi ban pinches penny stocks". Business Standard. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  64. ^ "SEBI Cracks Down on Misuse of Penny Stocks". The Wire. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  65. ^ "I-T Department, SEBI begin crackdown on penny stock firms in PMO-led push". Moneycontrol. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  66. ^ Rampal, Nikhil (3 March 2023). "Pump & dump: How SEBI caught Arshad Warsi & others 'manipulating' stock prices in 'finfluencer' scheme". ThePrint. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  67. ^ "Sebi bans FIIs, brokers for GDR manipulation". The Times of India. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  68. ^ "Fight against black money: Sebi bars 59 entities for evading taxes". Hindustan Times. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  69. ^ "Sebi goes after companies rigging share prices". Business Today. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  70. ^ Uppal, Jamshed Y., and Inayat U. Mangla. “Market Volatility, Manipulation, and Regulatory Response: A Comparative Study of Bombay and Karachi Stock Markets.” The Pakistan Development Review, vol. 45, no. 4, 2006, pp. 1071–83. JSTOR 41260669. Accessed 30 May 2024.
  71. ^ Goel, A., Tripathi, V. and Agarwal, M. (2021), "Market microstructure: a comparative study of Bombay stock exchange and national stock exchange", Journal of Advances in Management Research, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 414-442. doi:10.1108/JAMR-06-2020-0109
  72. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chakrapani-Chaturvedula/publication/311446941_The_Effectiveness_of_Trade_for_Trade_Segment_as_a_Surveillance_Effort_to_Prevent_Price_Manipulation_Evidence_from_India/links/58f7a2094585158d8a6c176e/The-Effectiveness-of-Trade-for-Trade-Segment-as-a-Surveillance-Effort-to-Prevent-Price-Manipulation-Evidence-from-India.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  73. ^ Elangovan, Rajesh; Irudayasamy, Francis Gnanasekar; Parayitam, Satyanarayana (2022). "Testing the market efficiency in Indian stock market: Evidence from Bombay Stock Exchange broad market indices". Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science. 27 (54): 313–327. doi:10.1108/JEFAS-04-2021-0040. hdl:10419/289641.
  74. ^ Prabu, A.E., Bhattacharyya, I. & Ray, P. Impact of monetary policy on the Indian stock market: Does the devil lie in the detail?. Ind. Econ. Rev. 55, 27–50 (2020). doi:10.1007/s41775-020-00078-2
  75. ^ "NSE files Rs 100-cr suit against Moneylife". The Indian Express. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  76. ^ "Court fines NSE Rs 50 lakh in defamation case against Moneylife". livemint.com/. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  77. ^ "Bombay High Court stays order imposing Rs 50 lakh cost on NSE". The Economic Times.
  78. ^ "Sebi bars NSE from accessing securities market for 6 months in co-location case". The Economic Times. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Rawlin, R. (2011). Multivariate Analysis to Get an Estimate of the Indian Stock Market Nifty Index. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-6560-6385-8.
  • The Indian Financial System: Markets, Institutions And Services, 2/E. Pearson Education. 2007. ISBN 978-8-1775-8562-9.
  • Ramona Birău and Jatin Trivedi (2015). "Estimating Long-term Volatility on National Stock Exchange of India". Procedia Economics and Finance. 32: 574–579. doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01434-3. ISSN 2212-5671.
  • Ganeshaiah, K. N. “Has the Behaviour of the Stock Market Been Affected by the Scam? — A Statistical Analysis.” Current Science 63, no. 7 (1992): 345–47. JSTOR 24095453.
  • D., Sumathi, Stock Price Volatility in National Stock Exchange of India (2018). International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS), December 2018, Available at SSRN 3319625
  • Kumar, G. and Misra, A.K. (2020), "Long run commonality in Indian stocks: empirical evidence from national stock exchange of India", Journal of Indian Business Research, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 441-458. doi:10.1108/JIBR-09-2016-0091
  • Basu, D. and Dalal, S. (1993). The Scam: Who Won, who Lost, who Got Away. UBS Publishers' Distributors. ISBN 978-8-1859-4410-4. LCCN 93902443.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Nair, S. (2021). Bulls, Bears and Other Beasts (5th Anniversary Edition): A Story of the Indian Stock Market. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9-3907-4257-8.
  • Goel, A., Tripathi, V. and Agarwal, M. (2021), "Market microstructure: a comparative study of Bombay stock exchange and national stock exchange", Journal of Advances in Management Research, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 414-442. doi:10.1108/JAMR-06-2020-0109
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Stock Exchange of India.

19°3′37″N 72°51′35″E / 19.06028°N 72.85972°E / 19.06028; 72.85972 (National Stock Exchange)

Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India
9 views |
↧ Download as ZWI file
Encyclosphere.org EncycloReader is supported by the EncyclosphereKSF