New Union Treaty

The New Union Treaty (Russian: Новый союзный договор, romanized: Novyy soyuznyy dogovor) was a draft treaty that would have replaced the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) to salvage and reform the USSR. A ceremony of the Russian SFSR signing the treaty was scheduled for 20 August 1991 but was prevented by the August Coup a day earlier.^[1]

The preparation of this treaty was known as the Novo-Ogaryovo process (новоогаревский процесс), named after Novo-Ogaryovo, a governmental estate where the work on the document was carried out and where Soviet President and CPSU General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev talked with leaders of Union republics.^[2]

A less centralized federal system was proposed by Gorbachev during the Communist Party Congress of July 1990. A draft of the New Union Treaty was submitted to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union on 23 November 1990. A drafting committee started work on the text on 1 January 1991. Six of the fifteen Soviet republics, however, did not participate in the drafting of the treaty: Armenia, Georgia, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The proposal was approved by the Soviet of the Union on 6 March and sent to the Supreme Soviets of each republic for approval.^[3]

Agreement could not be reached on the distribution of power between the Union and the Republics and the proposal was not approved. As an additional restrictive element, some autonomous republics expressed the desire to raise their status and to be a party to the new Soviet treaty. Gorbachev tried to gain popular support for the proposal. On 17 March 1991, the nine republics (Russia, Byelorussia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenia, and Uzbekistan) which participated in the drafting of the treaty held a popular referendum. 76% of voters supported maintaining the federal system of the Soviet Union, including a majority in all of the nine republics. Opposition was greatest in large cities like Leningrad and Moscow. As the other six republics were already moving towards independence, citizens mostly boycotted the referendum. An agreement between the Soviet central government and the nine republics, known as the 9 + 1 agreement, was finally signed in Novo-Ogaryovo on 23 April. The New Union Treaty would have converted the Soviet Union into a confederation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy, and military.^[4]

By August, eight of the nine republics, except Ukraine, had approved the draft of the new Treaty with some conditions. Ukraine did not agree on the terms of the Treaty. In the republican referendum on 17 March, the majority of residents of Ukraine supported joining the Union only if Ukraine declared itself a sovereign state.^[5]

In the August 1991 draft of the treaty, the proclaimed name for the new country was the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics (Russian: Союз Советских Суверенных Республик, romanized: Soyuz Sovetskikh Suverennykh Respublik). This would conserve the Russian "СССР" acronym, meaning "USSR" and "Soviet Union" in English and other languages.^[3] By September 1991, support for continuing the Soviet system had transitioned into reforming the Soviet Union into a confederation of sovereign states. The final draft renamed the proposed state as the Union of Sovereign States (Russian: Союз Суверенных Государств, romanized: Soyuz Suverennykh Gosudarstv).^{[citation needed]} Following the August coup, the new union treaty was further reformed into the Commonwealth of Independent States.^[6]

With the new Treaty of the Union Gorbachev sought to keep the Union from splitting apart arguing that its dismantling would end only in bloodshed.^[7] The text of the Treaty contains an introduction of basic principles followed by 26 Articles:^[3]

• Union of Sovereign States: The treaty proposed to set up a Union of Sovereign and Equal States based on democracy and rule-of-law as successor to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This new polity was envisioned as a voluntary association of sovereign republics with a common federal government.^[3]
• Presidential Council: The treaty proposed the creation of a Presidential Council that would consist of the leaders of the republics and the president of the Union. This council would be responsible for making important decisions and coordinating policies at federal level.^[3]
• A Union Constitutional Court would be created to settle disputes over questions of the exercise of the powers of Union organs.^[3]
• The legislative power of the Union would be exercised by the USSR Supreme Soviet, which consists of two chambers: the Soviet of the Republics, elected by the population of the whole country, and the Soviet of the Union.^[3]
• Decentralization of Power: The treaty aimed to decentralize political power by granting greater autonomy to the Republics giving them general guarantees about the right to control their own resources and legislate including the right to freely secede from the Union.^[3]
• Division of Powers: The central government would handle issues of defence, foreign affairs, financial system, energy resources and overall coordination along with issuing its currency. The republics would determine their own national-state and administrative territorial structure. The republics would also be given ownership of their natural resources, except gold and diamond resources, along with the right to establish direct diplomatic and trade relations with foreign states. The Republics and the central government would jointly determine military and foreign policy and work out policies on economy, fuel, and energy resources.^[3]

Although the treaty was intended to save the union, hardliners feared that it would encourage some of the smaller republics to follow the lead of Lithuania and press for full independence. On 18 August, the hardliners took control of the government after confining Gorbachev in his Crimean dacha in order to stop him from returning to Moscow to sign the treaty. The August Coup collapsed in the face of overwhelming opposition not only from the smaller republics but from larger ones, especially Russia. Because the treaty was ultimately not signed, even in the aftermath of Ukrainian independence in December, the leaders of the republics organized the Commonwealth of Independent States, an alliance of 12 newly independent states. The Baltic states never joined the CIS. Ukraine, which never formally became a member, ended its participation in CIS statutory bodies in 2018 due to the Russo-Ukrainian War.^[8] Georgia was not a member until 1993 and withdrew in 2008 following the Russo-Georgian War.^[9] The signing of the Belovezha Accords on 8 December 1991 by Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus marked the official dissolution of the Soviet Union, converting the Republics as independent states.

• Russia (Russian SFSR)
• Byelorussia (Byelorussian SSR)
• Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR)
• Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan SSR)^[a]
• Kazakhstan (Kazakh SSR)
• Kirghizia (Kirghiz SSR)
• Tajikistan (Tajik SSR)
• Turkmenia (Turkmen SSR)
• Uzbekistan (Uzbek SSR)
• Union of Cossack Republics of Southern Russia^[10]

• Abkhazia (former Abkhaz ASSR)
• South Ossetia (former South Ossetian AO)
• Gagauzia (Gagauz Republic)
• Transnistria (Pridnestrovian SSR)

• Armenia (former Armenian SSR)
• Georgia (former Georgian SSR)^[b]
• Moldova (former Moldavian SSR)^[c]
• Estonia (former Estonian SSR)
• Latvia (former Latvian SSR)
• Lithuania (former Lithuanian SSR)

• Nagorno-Karabakh (former Nagorno-Karabakh AO)