Nike of Paionios

Nike of Paionios
Nike of Paionios
Artist	Paionios
Year	425–420 BC
Medium	Parian marble
Dimensions	198 cm (78 in)
Location	Archaeological Museum of Olympia

The Nike of Paionios is an ancient statue of the Greek goddess of victory, Nike, made by sculptor Paionios (Paeonius of Mende) between 425 BC and 420 BC. Made of Parian marble, the medium gives the statue a translucent and pure white look to it. Found in pieces, the statue was restored from many fragments but is lacking face, neck, forearms, part of left leg, toes, and some fragments of drapery. It also had wings. The goddess is shown landing gently on her left foot, with the drapery blown against her body.^[1]

Dedicatory inscription

History

The statue was installed to commemorate the victory of a land battle between Athens and Sparta^[1] in efforts to recapture the small island of Sphacteria from the Spartans in 425 BC, and then erected in 420 BC a few years after the victory. It was common for statues of Nike to be commissioned and put up after significant victories and achievements. The sculpture's location, on top of a tall plinth directly outside the Temple of Zeus would have ensured that it was seen by all Greeks who visited the sanctuary.^[2] It has the inscription:

Μεσσάνιοι καὶ Ναυπάκτιοι ἀνέθεν Διὶ
Ὀλυμπίωι δεκάταν ἀπὸ τῶμ πολεμίων.
Παιώνιος ἐποίησε Μενδαῖος
καὶ τἀκρωτήρια ποιῶν ἐπὶ τὸν ναὸν ἐνίκα.

The Messenians and the Naupaktians dedicated this to Zeus
Olympios as a tithe from the enemies.
Paeonius of Mende made it
and in making the acroteria for the temple he was victorious.

—Inschriften von Olympia 259

—James Whitley^[3]

Vermeule et al. propose that in this competition, the winner would be the one to carve the sculpture of Nike, and it went to Paeonius. His victory in the competition was likely the result of devising not only the most aesthetically pleasing option but also the most financially feasible.^[4] The second century AD travel writer Pausanias mentions the work in his description of Olympia, noting that it was "by Paeonius, a native of Mende in Thrace".^[5]

Original location

The statue was excavated at Olympia in 1875–76, in the area of Elis, Greece.^[6] The statue originally stood near the temple of Zeus on a triangular 6-metre high pillar.^[7] It would have been placed at the southwest corner of the temple, above the Sacred Way. The pedestal that this figure would have originally sat on is still in situ in Olympia.^[6] Including the pillar, the statue stood at 8 metres, ^[8] without the pillar the statue stands at 198 cm tall. The placement of this dedicatory statue at Olympia, considered Spartan ground, is most often interpreted by scholars as a deliberate and assertive act of dominance.^[9]

Description

Nike was by far the most common winged goddess portrayed in Classical art, and aside from her wings, her most consistently recognisable attribute, in both Athens and elsewhere, seems to have been her flying drapery. This sculpture was designed to stand atop a column and be seen from below, as one would walk up along the path to the temple. Nike stands on a cloud of marble, furthering the idea that she is in the sky and among the clouds, coming down to Earth. Nike is of the Classical period/style, which we can see through her drapery, in what is called florid style, evident in how tightly the material is folded and clinging to her body.^[10] Nike carries her himation, while she wears a chiton. Her long peplos garment has had one of the pins at the shoulders come undone, letting the drapery slip revealing her left breast. In combination with the wind blowing around her, the drapery clings to her eluding to the shape of her torso and delicate maiden body. For this time, the amount of skin that Paeonius chose to reveal on this figure was "shockingly erotic" for the society it was created in.^[11] The fabric billows around and in between the legs, covering them but also enhancing them to the viewer. Her drapery gains substance only off the body, in which billowing folds are the heart of the composition and its meaning. Her draperies, blown by the wind, form a background for her figure. The goddess is represented in descending flight, positioned upon a triangular pedestal about thirty feet high, she seems all but independent of support. Below Nike's feet and flying to the viewer's left is an eagle, a bird closely associated with Zeus and directly referencing the god. The eagle at her feet suggests the element through which she moves. It inspires a sense of buoyancy, speed, and grace, shown through how the rapid flight throws back her drapery to reveal her form.

Paeonius combined both Ionian and Doric traditions in this monument. The erection of an offering on a high pillar is of Ionian origin, as the Dorians tended to use lower bases. By placing a well-known, generic image of triumph upon a pillar to symbolise a specific Victory, Paeonius added to this tradition. The Ionians also favoured marble more often, yet the Nike wears a Dorian peplos.^[12] Her left arm is and would have been raised upholding her himation, and her right would have been lowered. To those walking up to this statue along the sacred way, she may have been holding her hand out to the viewer in an uplifting and inspiring manner. Her wings, large and mostly missing in the original, would have extended up and back, which we can see from pieces still attached at her shoulders.^[13] This is a key feature that most, if not all depictions of Nike had. Like her iconic drapery, Nike's wings were just as tied to her image. There are other Nike sculptures still with wings, like Nike of Samothrace.

She is in the round, meaning that the viewer would be able to walk around on all sides of the statue. This is evident in that all sides of Nike show a different feature, and that viewing it from all sides gives you a complete picture. This Nike statue itself would have originally stood at about 1.96 m, or 6 ft 6 in tall,^[14] making her over life-size. This would have been important as she would have been high up on the pedestal, and away from the viewer's direct line of sight. By making her larger than life, this makes her more legible from the ground while also placing emphasis on her importance. The stance that this Nike takes marks a transition from older depictions of Nike that had her kneeling sideways^[13] to having her coming forwards towards the viewer, engaging directly.

Like many sculptures of this time period, there is evidence that this sculpture would have been painted. The painted colours of the drapery would have contrasted with her white flesh, which would have emphasised just how much of her skin was out in view (i.e. her leg and her left breast).^[11] The paint also adds a way of defining the features, as in some spots the drapery lies flat against the body, and the paint along the ridges would have defined the fabric and the skin.^[11] The pedestal that Nike sits atop of would have originally been painted blue, so that Nike would appear that she was flying down, amplified by the windswept appearance of her clothes, cloud, and Eagle. Her chiton, or peplos, shows evidence that it would have been painted red.

Copies

There have been many copies made of this, and many recreations. For example, there has been a full-body recreation of this sculpture, which was a cast of an original. This example of a plaster cast can be seen at the Wilcox Classical Museum, with her face, wings, and legs intact.^[14]

There has been another recreation, in which a full 3D model of this has been created and open to explore online. This allows for viewing of all sides of this, as one could in person, and get the full roundabout picture. ^[15]

Front of 2004 Athens Olympic Medal.
Back of 2004 Athens Olympic Medal.

On the medals used for the 2004 Summer Olympics hosted in Athens, the front side of the medal presents the statue of Nike of Paionios with ancient Olympia in the backdrop, while the other side of the medal features the eternal flame, framed by the first verse of the eighth Olympic Hymn (Olympic Anthem) by Pindar, along with the logo of the Athens Games.^[16] Both sides were designed by Greek jewelry designer Elena Votsi, and Votsi's design for the front side has been used for every instance of the Summer Olympics ever since, albeit with minor alterations (the medal design for the 2024 Summer Olympics held in Paris, for example, had the Eiffel Tower located on the left side of Nike of Paionios).

Until the 1990s, Paionios' Nike was used on Panionios football club shields.^[17]

The Nike of Samothrace is another statue which shows a depiction of Nike and how she may have been seen.

References

^ ^a ^b "Nike of Paionios". Joy of Museums Virtual Tours. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
^ Whitley, James (2011). "Hybris and Nike". In Lambert, Stephen (ed.). Sociable man : essays on ancient Greek social behaviour in honour of Nick Fisher. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales. p. 163. ISBN 9781910589212.
^ Whitley, James (2011). "Hybris and Nike". In Lambert, Stephen (ed.). Sociable man : essays on ancient Greek social behaviour in honour of Nick Fisher. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales. p. 164. ISBN 9781910589212.
^ Vermeule, Cornelius; Schefold, Karl; Foster, J. R. (1968). "The Art of Classical Greece". The Classical World. 61 (8): 357. doi:10.2307/4346530. JSTOR 4346530.
^ Walston, Charles (2014). Alcamenes and the establishment of the classical type in greek art. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. ISBN 978-1-107-66302-2. OCLC 922510043.
^ ^a ^b "Nike of Paionios | Museum of Classical Archaeology Databases". museum.classics.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
^ "Nike of Paionios". University of Cambridge Museum of Classical Archaeology Databases. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ "Olympia Nike of Paionios (Sculpture)". Perseus Project. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ Waldstein, Charles (1926). Alcamenes and the establishment of the classical type in Greek art. University press.
^ Stansbury-O'Donnell, Mark (2015). A history of Greek art. Chichester, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 978-1-4443-5014-2. OCLC 881910204.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Neer, Richard T. (2010). The emergence of the classical style in Greek sculpture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-57065-5. OCLC 689524085.
^ Schefold, Karl (1961). Art of Classical Greece. Holland: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
^ ^a ^b Kallet, Lisa (2016). Naupaktos, Naupaktians, and Messenians in Naupaktos in the Peloponnesian War. Ναύπακτος: η αρχαία πόλη και η σημασία της κατά τον Πελοποννησιακό Πόλεμο και τα ελληνιστικά χρόνια. ISBN 9786188108622.
^ ^a ^b "Nike of Paionios · Wilcox Classical Museum". wilcox.ku.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
^ "Nike of Paionios (reconstruction by Grüttner) | Rome Reborn". www.romereborn.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
^ The victory column in Olympia: The Nike of Paionios
^ Kouneni, Lenia (2013). The Legacy of Antiquity : New Perspectives in the Reception of the Classical World. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-6774-0. OCLC 892243522.

External links

[Joy-1] "Nike of Paionios". Joy of Museums Virtual Tours. Retrieved 2021-12-06.

[2] Whitley, James (2011). "Hybris and Nike". In Lambert, Stephen (ed.). Sociable man : essays on ancient Greek social behaviour in honour of Nick Fisher. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales. p. 163. ISBN 9781910589212.

[3] Whitley, James (2011). "Hybris and Nike". In Lambert, Stephen (ed.). Sociable man : essays on ancient Greek social behaviour in honour of Nick Fisher. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales. p. 164. ISBN 9781910589212.

[4] Vermeule, Cornelius; Schefold, Karl; Foster, J. R. (1968). "The Art of Classical Greece". The Classical World. 61 (8): 357. doi:10.2307/4346530. JSTOR 4346530.

[5] Walston, Charles (2014). Alcamenes and the establishment of the classical type in greek art. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. ISBN 978-1-107-66302-2. OCLC 922510043.

[MCAD-6] "Nike of Paionios | Museum of Classical Archaeology Databases". museum.classics.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-12-06.

[uc-7] "Nike of Paionios". University of Cambridge Museum of Classical Archaeology Databases. Retrieved 20 March 2017.

[8] "Olympia Nike of Paionios (Sculpture)". Perseus Project. Retrieved 20 March 2017.

[9] Waldstein, Charles (1926). Alcamenes and the establishment of the classical type in Greek art. University press.

[10] Stansbury-O'Donnell, Mark (2015). A history of Greek art. Chichester, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 978-1-4443-5014-2. OCLC 881910204.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Neer-11] Neer, Richard T. (2010). The emergence of the classical style in Greek sculpture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-57065-5. OCLC 689524085.

[12] Schefold, Karl (1961). Art of Classical Greece. Holland: Methuen & Co. Ltd.

[Kallet-13] Kallet, Lisa (2016). Naupaktos, Naupaktians, and Messenians in Naupaktos in the Peloponnesian War. Ναύπακτος: η αρχαία πόλη και η σημασία της κατά τον Πελοποννησιακό Πόλεμο και τα ελληνιστικά χρόνια. ISBN 9786188108622.

[Wilcox-14] "Nike of Paionios · Wilcox Classical Museum". wilcox.ku.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-06.

[15] "Nike of Paionios (reconstruction by Grüttner) | Rome Reborn". www.romereborn.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.

[16] The victory column in Olympia: The Nike of Paionios

[17] Kouneni, Lenia (2013). The Legacy of Antiquity : New Perspectives in the Reception of the Classical World. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-6774-0. OCLC 892243522.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

v t e Sculptures of Nike-Victoria
Greek	Athena Parthenos Nike Fixing her Sandal Nike of Callimachus Nike of Epidaurus Nike of Megara Nike of Paionios Nike of Paros Statue of Zeus at Olympia Winged Victory of Samothrace
Roman	Las Incantadas Varvakeion Athena Victoria Romana
Modern	Angel of Independence Berlin Victory Column Gëlle Fra Ivar Huitfeldt Column Nike Assists the Wounded Warrior Nike Crowns the Hero Nike Instructs the Boy in Heroic History Nike (Kougioumtzis) Nike of Marathon Victoria Alada (Madrid) Wellington Arch William Tecumseh Sherman Winged Victory (Lewis)