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November 1972

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November 7, 1972: Republican Nixon, Democrat McGovern
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November 19, 1972: Chancellor Brandt's SPD wins West German election over Barzel's CDU/CSU

November 1, 1972 (Wednesday)

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November 2, 1972 (Thursday)

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November 3, 1972 (Friday)

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  • A group of 132 sailors on board the USS Constellation, mostly African-American, began what has been described as "the first mass mutiny in the history of the U.S. Navy".[7] The men refused to leave the mess deck in protest over announcements, the day before, that 250 black sailors would be discharged, six of them less than honorably, and demanded to meet with ship Captain J.D. Ward. The next day, the men disobeyed a direct order to report to the flight deck, and on November 9, the men refused orders to return to the ship while in San Diego. None of the sailors were ever arrested. Some were discharged early, and most were reassigned to shore duty.

November 4, 1972 (Saturday)

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  • The CIA spy ship Glomar Explorer was launched on its first voyage. Although the 170-member crew was ostensibly conducting mining exploration on the ocean floor, the ship's true mission was to attempt recovery of the contents of a Soviet submarine that had sunk on April 11, 1968.[8]
  • Gusty Spence, leader of the Ulster Volunteer Force, was recaptured by British authorities four months after his escape on furlough from a prison in Northern Ireland. Between his rearrest and his release in 1984, Spence renounced violence and worked towards reconciling Catholics and Protestants in Ireland.[9]
  • Born: Luís Figo, Portuguese footballer with 127 appearances for Portugal's national team, in Almada[10]
  • Died: Yuri Galanskov, 33, Soviet dissident poet, in a labor camp[11]

November 5, 1972 (Sunday)

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November 6, 1972 (Monday)

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  • A fire broke out in the dining car of an express train in Japan while it was traveling through an eight-mile-long tunnel near Fukui. The smoke killed 29 people and injured another 678.[13]
  • The first intercollegiate game of ultimate frisbee was played between Rutgers University and Princeton University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, on the site of the first intercollegiate football game (and the 103rd anniversary of that game) which had matched Princeton and Rutgers. Rutgers won, 29–27.[14]
  • The comic strip Frank and Ernest, by Bob Thaves, made its debut. In the first strip, Frank's punchline was "Maybe the battery's getting weak, Ernie", and the sight gag was a curved flashlight beam.[15]
  • Born:
  • Died: Edward V. Long, 64, U.S. Senator for Missouri, 64. Long's personal secretary would later tell prosecutors in Clarksville, Missouri, that Long had told her that he believed that he had been poisoned by candy which had been sent to him in the mail, although no box of candy was found and no charges were ever filed arising from Long's death.[18] An autopsy would determine later that no traces of poison had been found, and concluded Long had died of natural causes.[19]

November 7, 1972 (Tuesday)

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Nixon won 49 of the 50 U.S. states

November 8, 1972 (Wednesday)

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  • HBO (Home Box Office), the first "pay cable" television channel, was launched in the United States at 7:30 pm ET. The first evening of programming was a National Hockey League (NHL) game between the New York Rangers and the Vancouver Canucks from Madison Square Garden (part of a long-term agreement to broadcast sports events based at the Manhattan arena), followed by the film Sometimes a Great Notion, and was broadcast to 365 subscribers in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Each household paid an additional $6.00 per month to Service Electric Cable TV for the service.[21]
  • On the day after his re-election as President of the United States, Richard Nixon announced that he had asked for the resignations of his cabinet and everyone he had appointed to office, with plans for "restructuring and reorganizing" the entire Executive Branch.[22]

November 9, 1972 (Thursday)

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November 10, 1972 (Friday)

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  • Southern Airways Flight 49 from Birmingham, Alabama, to Montgomery was seized by three hijackers at 7:22 p.m. local time, and flown from one airport to the next, going to Jackson, Mississippi, for refueling, then to Detroit, where the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 circled while the three men negotiated their demands, including a $10,000,000 ransom.[26] At one point the hijackers threatened to crash the airplane into the nuclear installation at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. After two days, the DC-9 landed in Havana, Cuba, where the hijackers were jailed by Fidel Castro.
  • Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, the U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, assembled the highest-ranking admirals of the United States Navy in Washington, and told them, "The Navy has made unacceptable progress in the equal opportunity area. The reason for this failure was not the programs, but the fact that they were not being used". Beginning on November 14, the U.S. Navy accelerated programs to combat racism within the service.[27] President Richard Nixon was unhappy with Zumwalt's handling of the recent African American revolt in the Navy. Presidential Advisor Bob Haldeman wrote in his daily diary that day "The President considered Zumwalt and his Navy officers had failed to act on the blacks that refused to sail on the Constellation. The President has told Henry Kissinger to have Melvin Laird order all the men court-martialed and to be given dishonorable discharges. However instead, Zumwalt gave them active shore stations with Coca-Colas and ice cream and now he wanted John Ehrlichman to let Zumwalt know that the President was terribly displeased."[28]
  • Born: Shawn Green, American MLB player, in Des Plaines, Illinois[29]

November 11, 1972 (Saturday)

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November 12, 1972 (Sunday)

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  • The hijacking of Southern Airways Flight 49 ended after 29 hours as the DC-9 made an emergency landing in Havana, after several of its tires had been shot out on takeoff by FBI agents hours before. One passenger noted later that "Everyone believed they would be dead in an hour" after the airplane took off on the damaged tires. The three hijackers – Henry Jackson, Lewis Moore and Melvin Cale – were arrested by Cuban authorities. Another Southern Airways jet flew the 27 passengers and four crew back to the United States.[34]
  • Born: Vassilios Tsiartas, Greece National Team footballer, in Alexandreia
  • Died: Rudolf Friml, 92, Czech composer of operettas and musicals[35]

November 13, 1972 (Monday)

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  • In London, delegates from 79 nations signed the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, banning the dumping of oil, mercury, cadmium, and radioactive materials into the ocean.[36]
  • At 8:00 in the morning, the Michigan Lottery was inaugurated as Michigan became the fourth U.S. state (after New York, New Jersey and Connecticut) to begin the legal sale of lottery tickets. The "Green Ticket" game was introduced, with each 50 cent ticket having two three-digit numbers, after which drawings were held on November 24 for two sets of three-digit numbers. "A ticket which matches one of the drawn numbers entitles the holder to $25," a press release noted, "and if both numbers match, the bearer gets a chance at a 'super drawing,' in which he can win as much as $200,000. After hopeful winners have purchased 30 million tickets, a 'Million Dollar Drawing' will give previous winners a chance to line their pockets with $50,000 a year for the next 20 years.".[37] Hundreds of ticket holders won on November 24 if they had a ticket with either "130" or "544".[38]
  • Born: Takuya Kimura, Japanese actor, in Tokyo[citation needed]

November 14, 1972 (Tuesday)

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  • The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed above 1,000 (at 1,003.16) for the first time in its history.[39] The Dow had fluctuated above 1,000 five other times, but had never finished the day at four figures.[40]
  • One week after his re-election as Vice-President of the United States, Spiro T. Agnew, who had been described in the press as the front-runner for the Republican nomination in 1976, was being undercut by his boss, President Richard M. Nixon. In orders to H.R. Haldeman, Nixon said "We don't want him to have the appearance of heir apparent, but we also don't want to appear to push him down."[41]
  • Born:
  • Died: Martin Dies, Jr., 72, Congressman from Texas (1931–45, 1953–59) and first chairman of House Un-American Activities Committee (1937–1944)

November 15, 1972 (Wednesday)

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  • In the first-ever aircraft hijacking in Australia, Ansett Airlines Flight 232 from Adelaide to Alice Springs, with 28 passengers and a crew of four, was taken over by a lone gunman.
  • In Rome, Pope Paul VI inspired a debate within the Roman Catholic Church about whether Satan was a real being, or a metaphor for evil. In addressing an audience in a speech entitled "Liberaci dal male" ("Deliver us from evil"), the Pontiff spoke in Italian, and was quoted in one translation as saying "The evil which exists in the world is the result and an effect of the attack upon us and our society by a dark and hostile agent, the devil. Evil is not only a privation, but a living, spiritual, corrupt and corrupting being".[42]
  • India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi responded in writing to a parliamentary question from the Lok Sabha, suggesting that the Indian Atomic Energy Commission was considering the "potential economic benefits and possible environmental hazards" of developing the country's nuclear capability.[43]
  • The U.S. city of Denver, Colorado, canceled its plans to host the 1976 Winter Olympics, after having been awarded them by the International Olympic Committee on May 12, 1970. The withdrawal followed the state referendum where Colorado voters rejected a proposition to partially fund the games.[44] On February 4, 1973, the games would be awarded to the Austrian city of Innsbruck.
  • Born: Jonny Lee Miller, English actor; in Kingston upon Thames, London[45]

November 16, 1972 (Thursday)

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  • At the 17th convention of UNESCO, United Nations members signed the "Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage", otherwise known as the World Heritage Convention. In the years since 1972, UNESCO has designated areas all over the planet as World Heritage Sites subject to protection.[46]
  • The infamous Tuskegee syphilis experiment came to an end as the U.S. Public Health Service ceased further operations of "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male".[47]
  • A protest by 100 students at historically black Southern University, in Louisiana, was broken up with tear gas by 55 sheriff's deputies and 30 state troopers. Two students, Leonard Brown and Denver Smith, both 20, were killed by a shotgun blast, apparently by one of the deputies, but the shooter was never identified.[48][49]
  • The Pepsi Cola Company announced a deal with Soyuzplodimport for Pepsi to be bottled and sold in the Soviet Union, making the drink the first American cola (and consumer product) to be made in the U.S.S.R.[50] The Soviet-manufactured Pepsi would not reach consumers until May 15, 1974, when the first bottle was sold at the Black Sea resort of Sochi in the Russian SFSR.[51]
  • Died: Vera Karalli, 83, Russian ballerina, choreographer and actress

November 17, 1972 (Friday)

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  • After 17 years in exile, Juan Perón returned to Argentina, where he had been President from 1946 to 1955, accompanied by his wife Isabel Perón. The next day, he addressed a rally of his followers, the "Peronistas".[52] Mr. and Mrs. Perón would become President and Vice-President in 1973, and Isabel would become President after Juan's death in 1974.

November 18, 1972 (Saturday)

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  • The USS Sanctuary became the first U.S. Navy ship to transport women sailors assigned to sea duty, with 40 enlisted women and 30 nurses assigned to work with the 480 men. The recommissioning of the ship was carried out as "part of a pilot program to evaluate the utilization of women for shipboard duty." [53]
  • The women's national soccer football teams for England and Scotland both made their international debuts, with England overcoming a 2-1 deficit to beat Scotland 3-2 in a game in Scotland at Greenock in Renfrewshire. Midfielder Sylvia Gore scored England's first national goal.[54]
  • Died: Danny Whitten, 29, guitarist for the band Crazy Horse and later for Neil Young, died of an overdose of alcohol and Valium, on the same day that he was fired by Young, who had given him fifty dollars and an airplane ticket.[55]

November 19, 1972 (Sunday)

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West Germany's north/south election day split SPD (red, pink) and CDU/CSU (blue, light blue)
  • In elections in West Germany, the Social Democrat Party led by Chancellor Willy Brandt, in coalition with the Free Democrats, regained a majority (230 SPD, 41 FDP) of 271 seats in the 496 member Bundestag. Rainer Barzel's Christian Democrats (CDU) and its partner the Christian Socialists won 177 and 48 seats, respectively.[56]

November 20, 1972 (Monday)

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November 21, 1972 (Tuesday)

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  • The Fourth Republic of South Korea era began with a 91.5% approval of the Yusin Constitution in a national referendum, giving President Park Chung-hee dictatorial powers, including the right to appoint legislators. The Yusin Constitution would be abandoned after Park's assassination in 1979.[58]
  • The second phase of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between the United States and the Soviet Union (SALT II, and in Russian "OCB-II") began in Geneva. A treaty was signed in 1979, but was not ratified by the United States.[59][60]
  • In Epping, British daredevil Stephen Ladd successfully rode his motorcycle through a 50-yard (46 m) tunnel of fire created by blazing bales of hay, but then persuaded organizers to let him try again as the flames got fiercer. On his second run, Ladd's motorcycle failed inside the tunnel, and he died of his burns.[61]
  • The 1970 convictions of five members of the Chicago 7 (on charges of crossing state lines to incite a riot) were reversed by an appellate court, which concluded that Judge Julius J. Hoffman had committed numerous errors.[62] The cases were never retried.[63]
  • Born: Krzysztof Szafrański, Polish racing cyclist, in Prudnik, Poland[64]

November 22, 1972 (Wednesday)

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  • An American Boeing B-52 Stratofortress was shot down, the first to be downed by enemy fire in the Vietnam War.[65]
  • After his death penalty sentence was set aside, mass murderer Richard Speck was re-sentenced to 1,200 years in prison, at the time the longest American jail term ever ordered.[66]

November 23, 1972 (Thursday)

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  • The Soviet Union's fourth and final attempt at launching a rocket powerful enough to carry a crewed lunar orbiter failed. The N1 rocket, similar to the American Saturn V, was launched successfully in a secret test, but exploded at an altitude of 40 km (25 mi). "As pieces fell from the sky across the Kazakhstan steppes", wrote one observer later, "so did Russia's dreams of flying cosmonauts to the Moon".[67]
  • A sinkhole in Crystal River, Florida "swallowed" a home. The house was destroyed as it sank, over a matter of hours, into a 100-foot-deep (30 m) pit on Thanksgiving morning.[68]
  • Born: Alfie Haaland, Norwegian footballer, in Stavanger
  • Died: Marie Wilson, 56, American radio and television comedian who portrayed Irma Patterson, the title character of My Friend Irma

November 24, 1972 (Friday)

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  • In Alaska, the search by the United States Air Force for missing U.S. Congressmen Hale Boggs (House Majority Leader from Louisiana) and Nick Begich (Alaska) was halted after 39 days. The Congressmen, a pilot, and Begich's aide had disappeared on October 16 during a flight from Anchorage to Juneau.[69]

November 25, 1972 (Saturday)

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November 26, 1972 (Sunday)

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  • Norway's Defense Minister Johan Kleppe announced that a foreign submarine, hunted for two weeks in the 124-mile (200 km) Sognefjord, had escaped back to sea. It was speculated that the object had been a Soviet sub, and that it had been allowed to slip away to avoid further tensions.[71]
  • Born:

November 27, 1972 (Monday)

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  • In the first episode of the fourth season of Sesame Street, the character of "The Count" (officially Count von Count) was introduced. True to his name, the friendly children's show puppet vampire (performed by Jerry Nelson) helped children count.

November 28, 1972 (Tuesday)

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November 29, 1972 (Wednesday)

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November 30, 1972 (Thursday)

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References

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  1. ^ Montgomery, Kathryn C. (1989). Target Prime Time: Advocacy Groups and the Struggle over Entertainment Television. Oxford University Press. p. 75.
  2. ^ Editors of Chase's Calendar of Events (18 September 2012). Chase's Calendar of Events 2013 with CD-ROM. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 537. ISBN 978-0-07-180117-1.
  3. ^ Carpenter, Humphrey (1988). A Serious Character: The Life of Ezra Pound. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 910. ISBN 978-0-395-41678-5.
  4. ^ "Trudeau Says He'll Stay", Oakland Tribune, November 3, 1972, p5
  5. ^ "Indians Arrested In BIA Takeover", Oakland Tribune, November 24, 1972, p1; Bruce E. Johansen, ed., The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History (Greenwood Press, 1999), p226
  6. ^ "Grigorii Plaskov". www.yadvashem.org. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  7. ^ David Cortright, Soldiers in Revolt: GI Resistance During the Vietnam War (Haymarket Books, 2005), pp122–123
  8. ^ Richelson, Jeffrey T. (1995). A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. pp. 351–352.
  9. ^ Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood Press. p. 309.
  10. ^ "Luis Figo". FIFA. Archived from the original on 2015-09-04. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  11. ^ New Times. New Times Publishing House. July 1994.
  12. ^ William Lockeretz, Organic Farming: An International History (CABI, 2007), pp176–177
  13. ^ "Japan Train Fire Kills 29", Oakland Tribune, November 6, 1972, p2
  14. ^ Pasquale Anthony Leonardo and Adam Zagoria, Ultimate: The First Four Decades (USAsia Press, 2005), pp 13–14
  15. ^ "Meet Frank and Ernest", Albuquerque Tribune, November 6, 1972, p1
  16. ^ A Taste of My Life, Series 4 (BBC Two, 4 June 2008) Thandie Newton – Quote: "Nigel Slater (host): You were born in London but you didn't stay here for long did you? You went down to Cornwall? Thandiwe Newton (answers): Actually I don't know how my mum and dad managed to do this. But we lived in Zambia, and my mum was pregnant with me. And I was born on a two-week trip back to London, and then we went back to Zambia and my brother was born there. And we ended up coming to England finally when I was three years old. So my dad could help out with the family antique business."
  17. ^ Editors of Chase's (27 October 2020). Chase's Calendar of Events 2021: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 546. ISBN 978-1-64143-424-9.
  18. ^ "Secretary Says Poison May Have Killed Long— Tells Inquiry of Candy That Came in Mail", Los Angeles Times, April 21, 1973, p. I-2
  19. ^ "Ex-Sen. Long Not Poisoned, Autopsy Shows", Los Angeles Times, May 11, 1973, p. I-1
  20. ^ Steinberg, Blema (1996). Shame and humiliation : presidential decision making on Vietnam. Montreal Que. Buffalo: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 305. ISBN 9780773513914.
  21. ^ Kerry Segrave, Movies at home: how Hollywood came to television (McFarland 1999), p160
  22. ^ "Appointees' Resignations To Be Asked", Oakland Tribune, November 8, 1972, p1
  23. ^ Ralph Nader, Nadia Milleron and Duff Conacher, Canada Firsts (McClelland & Stewart, 1992), p53; Telesat
  24. ^ "Eric Dane Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 18, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  25. ^ Alternative, Country, Hip-Hop, Rap, and More: Music from the 1980s to Today. Britannica Educational. December 2012. ISBN 9781615309108.
  26. ^ "Skyjackers Demand $10 Million", Oakland Tribune, November 11, 1972, p1
  27. ^ Robert J. Schneller, Jr., Blue & Gold and Black: Racial Integration of the U.S. Naval Academy (Texas A&M University Press, 2008), p135
  28. ^ https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/documents/haldeman-diaries/37-hrhd-audiocassette-ac26b-19721110-pa.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  29. ^
    • Career statistics from MLB
  30. ^ "FBI's shooting of hijacked plane criticized", Tucson Daily Citizen, November 13, 1972, p1
  31. ^ https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/beach-adam-1972 [bare URL]
  32. ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame website; "Allman Brothers' Berry Oakley Killed", Wisconsin State Journal (Madison), November 13, 1972, II-4
  33. ^ Natalie Robins and Steven M. L. Aronson, Savage Grace: The True Story of Fatal Relations in a Rich and Famous American Family (Simon & Schuster, 2007)
  34. ^ "Skyjack Plane's Last Stop: Cuba", Pacific Stars and Stripes, November 14, 1972, p1
  35. ^ Who's who in the Theatre. Pitman. 1977. p. 1382.
  36. ^ "Ocean-dumping pact signed by 79 nations, including U.S.", Tucson Daily Citizen, November 13, 1972, p1
  37. ^ "Dream Tickets on Sale Today", Lansing (MI) State Journal, November 13, 1972, p. 1
  38. ^ "100—Plus Have $hot at Million", Lansing (MI) State Journal, November 25, 1972, p. 1
  39. ^ Rik W. Hafer and Scott E. Hein, The Stock Market (Greenwood Press, 2007), p. xxii.
  40. ^ "Dow Closes Above 1,000", Oakland Tribune, November 14, 1972, p1
  41. ^ James Cannon, Time and Chance: Gerald Ford's Appointment with History (University of Michigan Press, 1998), p136
  42. ^ Benedict XVI with Vittorio Messori, The Ratzinger Report: An Exclusive Interview on the State of the Church (Ignatius Press, 1985), pp 136–137
  43. ^ George Perkovich, India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1999) p.170
  44. ^ "IOC moves toward site for Olympics", Eugene (Oregon) Register-Guard, November 16, 1972
  45. ^ LastName, FirstName (2019). Chase's calendar of events. the ultimate go-to guide for special days, weeks and months. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 557. ISBN 9781641433167.
  46. ^ "World Heritage Sites", National Geographic Visual Atlas of the World (National Geographic Society, 2009), pp92–97; UNESCO site
  47. ^ Daniel E. Wueste, "Biomedical Ethics", in Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering p285
  48. ^ Adam Fairclough, Race & Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915–1972 (University of Georgia Press, 2008), p460
  49. ^ "Deputy Fired Shot Killing 2 On Campus— 'No Doubt' Now, Says Governor", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 19, 1972, p1
  50. ^ "Russians to Get Pepsi-Cola Plant", New York Times, November 17, 1972, p1
  51. ^ "Soviets give cool reception to Pepsi", AP report in Arizona Republic (Phoenix), May 22, 1974, p. B-10
  52. ^ "Peron's Return Marred by Mutiny", San Antonio Light, November 18, 1972, p1
  53. ^ "Women sailors begin duties aboard ship", The Courier-Journal (Louisville KY), November 19, 1972, B-10
  54. ^ "Women's Euros 2013: Women's football's forgotten heroines", by Emily Croydon, BBC Sport, July 7, 2013
  55. ^ Jimmy McDonough, Shakey: Neil Young's Biography (Vintage Canada, 2002), p388
  56. ^ Michael Balfour, West Germany: A Contemporary History (Routledge, 1982), p240; Psephos – Adam Carr's Election Archive
  57. ^ Christopher Andrew, For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (HarperPerennial, 1997), p387
  58. ^ Kleiner, Jürgen (2001). Korea: A Century of Change. World Scientific. p. 154.
  59. ^ Jessup, John E. (1998). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996. Greenwood Press. p. 694.
  60. ^ Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis. 2003.
  61. ^ "Flames—Death". Oakland Tribune. November 22, 1972. p. 1.
  62. ^ "Chicago 7 Convictions Reversed". Pittsburgh Post Gazette. November 22, 1972. p. 1.
  63. ^ Langer, Howard (2005). The Vietnam War: An Encyclopedia of Quotations. Greenwood Press. p. 224.
  64. ^ "Krzysztof Szafranski". www.procyclingstats.com. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  65. ^ "Reds Down First B52, Crew Saved", Oakland Tribune, November 22, 1972, p1
  66. ^ Jay Robert Nash, The Great Pictorial History of World Crime (Scarecrow Press, 2004), p983
  67. ^ Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler, Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft (Springer, 2003), p33
  68. ^ "Earth Devours House, but No One's Home", Oakland Tribune, November 25, 1972, p1
  69. ^ "Boggs Search Called Off", St. Petersburg (Florida) Times, November 25, 1972, p1
  70. ^ Inter-Parliamentary Union website
  71. ^ "Foreign Sub Slips From Norwegians". Salt Lake Tribune. November 27, 1972. p. 1.
  72. ^ Aviation Safety Network
  73. ^ "Japanese Plane Crashes". Oakland Tribune. November 28, 1972. p. 1.
  74. ^ Wollman, Elizabeth L. (2006). The Theater Will Rock: A History of the Rock Musical from Hair to Hedwig. University of Michigan Press. pp. 82–83.
  75. ^ Reilly, Edwin D. (2003). Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology. Greenwood Press. p. 57.
  76. ^ ArmchairArcade.com Archived 2006-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ "UPI Almanac for Friday, Nov. 29, 2019". United Press International. November 29, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  78. ^ Thomas A. Green, Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1 (ABC-CLIO 2001), p298
  79. ^ Rev. Albert Joseph Mary Shamon, The Masterworks of God: The Sacraments (CMJ Publishers, 2003), p25
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