Categories
  Encyclosphere.org ENCYCLOREADER
  supported by EncyclosphereKSF

Olympic sports

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 30 min

Olympic Games
Olympic Rings
Main topics
Games
Regional games
Defunct games
Archery competition held during the Athens 2004 Summer Olympics. Dropped from the Olympic program after the 1920 Antwerp games, it was reinstated in 1972.

Olympic sports are sports that are contested in the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games. The 2024 Summer Olympics included 32 sports;[1] the 2022 Winter Olympics included seven sports.[2][3] Each Olympic sport is represented at the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by an international governing body called an International Federation (IF).[4]

The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo saw the introduction of four new sports, with karate, skateboarding, sport climbing and surfing making their Olympic debuts. Breakdancing made its debut at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, and ski mountaineering will make its debut at the 2026 Winter Olympics in Italy. Flag football and squash will make their debuts at the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, while cricket and lacrosse will return after long absences.

Early history and scope

[edit]

From the 18th century onwards, researchers took a greater interest in the value of traditional games in elucidating cultural values and identities. The modern Olympic Games, founded by Pierre de Coubertin on the basis of "All games, all nations", were influenced by this thinking; at the 1904 Summer Olympics, de Coubertin arranged "Anthropological Days", which allowed athletes from Asia, Africa, and South America to demonstrate their regional games. However, the 1904 organizers marginalized this aspect of the Olympics, and it quickly faded away after a few years, with mainly only Western sports being played.[5]

Olympic sports definitions

[edit]

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) considers an Olympic sport to comprise all disciplines governed by an international sports federation.[4] For example, aquatics is a summer Olympic sport that includes six disciplines: swimming, artistic swimming, diving, water polo, open water swimming, and high diving (a non-Olympic discipline), all of which are governed at international level by World Aquatics.[3][6] Skating is a winter Olympic sport represented by the International Skating Union, and includes four disciplines: figure skating, speed skating, short track speed skating, and synchronized skating (a non-Olympic discipline).[3][7] The sport with the largest number of Olympic disciplines is skiing, with six: alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, snowboarding, and freestyle skiing.

Other notable multi-discipline sports are gymnastics (artistic, rhythmic, and trampoline), cycling (road, track, mountain, and BMX), volleyball (indoors and beach), wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman), canoeing (flatwater and slalom), and bobsleigh (includes skeleton). The disciplines listed here are only those contested in the Olympics—gymnastics has two non-Olympic disciplines, while cycling and wrestling have three each.

The IOC definition of a "discipline" may differ from that used by an international federation. For example, the IOC considers artistic gymnastics a single discipline, but the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) classifies men's and women's artistic gymnastics as separate disciplines.[8] Similarly, the IOC considers freestyle wrestling to be a single discipline, but United World Wrestling classifies women's freestyle wrestling as the separate discipline of "female wrestling".[9]

An event, by IOC definition, is a competition that leads to the award of medals.[10] Therefore, the sport of aquatics includes a total of 46 Olympic events, of which 32 are in the discipline of swimming, eight in diving, and two each in artistic swimming, water polo, and open water swimming. The number of events per sport ranges from a minimum of two (until 2008, there were sports with only one event) to a maximum of 47 in athletics, which despite its large number of diverse events is not divided into separate disciplines like aquatics is.

Criteria for inclusion and thresholds

[edit]

Sports eligible for inclusion in the Olympic programme are only those governed by international federations recognized by the IOC, as stated in Bye-laws 1.3.2 and 1.4.2 to Rule 45 of the Olympic Charter (2023).[11] The opportunity to propose additional sports to the programme is at the full discretion of the respective Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and subject to the final decision of the IOC Session.[12]

In the past, several criteria concerning widely practiced sports, disciplines or events have been abolished.[10] However, the number of sports remains constrained by athlete and event limits. According to Bye-law 3.2 to Rule 45 of the Olympic Charter (2023), Summer Olympics should be approximately limited to 10,500 athletes, 5,000 coaches and support personnel and 310 events, while Winter Olympics should be capped at around 2,900 athletes, 2,000 coaches and support personnel and 100 events, unless agreed to otherwise by the Organizing Committee.[11] These thresholds are likely to be surpassed for the 2028 Summer Olympics; sports director Kit McConnell stated that they would aim to "limit the increase, but limit the impact on the existing sport".[13]

In previous years, sports that depend primarily on mechanical propulsion, such as motor sports, could not be considered for recognition as Olympic sports, though there were power-boating events in 1908 before this rule was enacted by the IOC.[4][14] The rule excluding motorsports[15] was removed from the Olympic Charter in 2016.[16][17] The FIA (governing body for automobile sports),[18] FIM (governing body for motorcycle sports)[19] and FAI (governing body for air sports)[20] are recognised by the International Olympic Committee,[21] and therefore, in theory, could be eligible for inclusion at future Olympic Games.

Changes in Olympic sports

[edit]
Curling was promoted to an official Olympic sport at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.

The list of Olympic sports has changed considerably during the course of Olympic history, and has gradually increased over time. The Olympic Charter decrees that Olympic sports for each edition of the Olympic Games should be decided at an IOC Session no later than seven years prior to the Games.

The only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic program are athletics, aquatics (swimming), cycling, fencing, and gymnastics (artistic gymnastics). The only winter sports that were included in all Winter Olympic Games are skiing (nordic skiing), skating (figure skating and speed skating), and ice hockey. Figure skating and ice hockey were also included in the Summer Olympics (in 1908 and 1920) before the Winter Olympics were introduced in 1924.

Early Olympic Games prior to World War II included eight sports that have since been discontinued from the Olympics: basque pelota, croquet, jeu de paume, polo, rackets, roque, tug of war and water motorsports.[3][22] Organizers were able to decide which sports or disciplines were included on the program from 1896 to 1920, with the IOC taking control of the program in 1924. As a result, a number of sports were on the Olympic program for relatively brief periods: of the eight discontinued early Olympic sports, the only one on the program after 1920 was polo (in 1924 and 1936).[4] These sports were removed because of lack of interest or the absence of an appropriate governing body,[4] and are considered unlikely to ever return.

Five early Olympic sports that were removed by the IOC have managed to return to the Olympic program: archery in 1972, tennis in 1988, curling in 1998, golf in 2016 and cricket in 2028. Further, three other early Olympic sports returned in a different format from which they were originally competed in: handball in 1972 (as indoor handball instead of field handball), rugby in 2016 (as rugby sevens instead of rugby union), and lacrosse in 2028 (as lacrosse sixes instead of field lacrosse).

For most of the 20th century, the Olympics included one or more demonstration sports, normally to promote a local sport from the host country or to gauge interest in an entirely new sport.[23] Some such sports, like baseball and curling, were later added to the official Olympic program (in 1992 and 1998, respectively). The competitions and ceremonies in these sports were identical to official Olympic sports, except that the medals were not counted in the official record. On some occasions, both official medal events and demonstration events have been contested in the same sport at the same Games, such as men's and women's judo in 1988. Due to logistical issues, the International Olympic Committee decided in 1989 to eliminate demonstration sports from the Olympic Games after 1992.[24] An unofficial exception was made in 2008, when the Beijing Organizing Committee received permission to organize a wushu tournament.[25][26]

Women first competed in the 1900 Olympic Games, participating in five sports (croquet, sailing, tennis, golf and equestrian).[27] With the addition of women's boxing in 2012 and women's ski jumping in 2014, women can now compete in all Olympic disciplines except for Greco-Roman wrestling and nordic combined; there are also two women-only disciplines, rhythmic gymnastics and artistic swimming.

Changes since 2000

[edit]

The sports of baseball and softball were both voted off the program by the IOC Session in Singapore on 11 July 2005,[28] a decision that was reaffirmed on 9 February 2006.[29] Baseball and softball, before their reinstatement for the 2020 Olympics,[30] were last included in 2008: therefore, the number of sports in the 2012 Summer Olympics was dropped from 28 to 26. This was the first time a sport or discipline had been removed from the Olympic program since canoe slalom after 1972 (though it returned in 1992).

Two previously long-discontinued sports, golf (last competed in 1904) and rugby (last competed in 1924), returned for the 2016 Summer Olympics. On 13 August 2009, the IOC Executive Board proposed that golf and rugby sevens be added to the Olympic program for 2016.[31] On 9 October 2009, during the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen, the IOC voted to admit both as official Olympic sports and to include them in the 2016 Summer Olympics.[32][33] The IOC voted 81–8 in favor of rugby sevens and 63–27 in favor of golf, thus bringing the number of sports back to 28.[33]

In February 2013, the IOC considered dropping a sport from the 2020 Summer Olympics to make way for a new sport: modern pentathlon and taekwondo were thought to be vulnerable, but instead the IOC recommended removing wrestling.[34] On 8 September 2013, the IOC added wrestling to the 2020 and 2024 Summer Games.[35]

Starting with the 2020 Games, the IOC altered the way it plans the Olympic sports program: rather than basing it on a maximum number of sports, the total number of events are now taken into account, opening the schedule up for the inclusion on a per-Games basis of additional sports to the 28 "core" sports. For the 2020 Summer Olympics, the local organizing committee was thus permitted to add five sports to the program in addition to the existing 28, taking the total to 33.[30][36] Baseball and softball have been treated by the IOC as a single sport since the governing bodies for baseball and softball merged into a single international federation, the World Baseball Softball Confederation, in 2013 (with male athletes competing in baseball and female athletes competing in softball). On 3 August 2016, the IOC voted to add baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding as optional sports for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[30]

On 21 February 2019, the Paris 2024 Organising Committee announced they would propose the inclusion of breakdancing (breaking), as well as skateboarding, sport climbing, and surfing.[37] All four sports were approved during the 134th IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland on 24 June 2019.[38]

On 18 June 2021, the IOC issued a proposal for a new winter sport, ski mountaineering, for the 2026 Winter Olympics. The proposal was approved during the IOC's session in Tokyo on 20 July.[39]

On 3 February 2022, the IOC designated skateboarding, sport climbing and surfing to be core Summer Olympic sports starting in 2028, raising the number of core sports to 31.[40] On 16 October 2023, the IOC approved the addition of five optional sports for the 2028 Summer Olympics: baseball/softball, cricket, flag football, lacrosse and squash, while breakdancing was dropped.[41] Cricket's only previous Olympic appearance was in 1900, while lacrosse was last on the Olympic program in 1908.

Summer Olympics

[edit]
Volleyball has been part of the Summer Olympics since 1964.

At the first Olympic Games, ten sports were contested.[42] Since then, the number of sports contested at the Summer Olympic Games has gradually risen to thirty-six on the program for 2028.[43]

In order for a sport or discipline to be considered for inclusion in the list of Summer Olympic sports, it must be widely practiced in at least 75 countries, spread over four continents.[4]

As of 2013, Summer Olympic sports were divided into categories based on popularity, which determined the share each sport's International Federation received of Olympic revenue.[44][45][46]

Current and discontinued summer program

[edit]

The following sports (and disciplines) make up the current and discontinued Summer Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by the IOC. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport contested at the respective Games; a bullet (•) denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration or unofficial sport.

Eight of the 32 sports at the 2024 Summer Olympics consist of multiple disciplines. Each discipline is marked with a unique 3-character identifier code by the IOC.[47][48]

Sport Discipline Code & Pictogram Body 96 00 04 06 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28
Aquatics Artistic Swimming SWA World Aquatics 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Diving DIV 2 1 2 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Marathon Swimming OWS 2 2 2 2 2 2
Swimming SWM 4 7 9 4 6 9 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 13 15 18 29 29 26 26 29 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 35 35 35
Water Polo WPO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Archery ARC World Archery 7 6 3 10 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5
Athletics ATH World Athletics 12 23 25 21 26 30 29 27 27 29 29 33 33 33 34 36 36 38 37 38 41 42 43 44 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 48
Badminton BDM BWF • • 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Baseball and Softball Baseball BSB WBSC[s 1] • • • • • • • • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Softball SBL 1 1 1 1 1 1
Basketball 3x3 BK3 FIBA 2 2 2
Basketball BKB • • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Boxing BOX No body recognised
AIBA/IBA[s 2][49] 		7 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 13 13 13 13 0[s 3]
Canoeing Sprint CSP ICF • 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 10
Slalom CSL 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6
Cricket CKT ICC 1 2
Cycling BMX Freestyle BMF UCI 2 2 2
BMX Racing BMX 2 2 2 2 2 2
Mountain Bike MTB 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Road CRD 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Track CTR 5 3 7 5 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 6 7 8 12 12 10 10 10 12 12 12
Equestrian Dressage EDR FEI 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Eventing EVE 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Jumping EJP 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Fencing FEN FIE 3 7 5 8 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 12
Field hockey HOC FIH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Flag football AFB IFAF 2
Football FBL FIFA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Golf GLF IGF 2 2 2 2 2 2
Gymnastics Artistic GAR FIG 8 1 11 4 2 4 4 9 8 11 9 9 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Rhythmic GRY 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Trampoline GTR 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Handball Indoor HBL IHF 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Judo JUD IJF 4 6 6 8 8 7 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15
Lacrosse Sixes LAX WL 2
Modern Pentathlon MPN UIPM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Rowing Coastal ROC World Rowing 2
Rowing ROW 0[s 4] 5 5 6 4 4 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 12
Rugby Sevens RU7 World Rugby 2 2 2 2
Sailing SAL World Sailing 0[s 4] 13 4 4 14 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 10 10 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10
Shooting SHO ISSF 5 8 16 15 18 21 10 2 3 4 7 7 6 6 7 8 7 7 11 13 13 15 17 17 15 15 15 15 15 15
Skateboarding SKB World Skate[s 5] 4 4 4
Sport Climbing CLB IFSC 2 4 4
Squash SQU WSF 2
Surfing SRF ISA 2 2 2
Table Tennis TTE ITTF 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5
Taekwondo TKW World Taekwondo • • 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Tennis TEN ITF 2 4 2 4 6 8 5 5 • • 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5
Triathlon TRI World Triathlon 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Volleyball Beach VBV FIVB 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Indoor VVO • 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Weightlifting WLF IWF 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15 15 14 10 10
Wrestling Freestyle WRF UWW 7 5 5 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 11 11 11 12 12 12 12
Greco-Roman WRG 1 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 6
Basque Pelota PEL FIPV 1 • • •
Breaking BKG WDSF 2
Croquet CQT WCF 3
Equestrian Vaulting EVL FEI 2
Driving EDV 2
Handball Field HBL IHF 1 •
Jeu de Paume – – 1
Karate KTE WKF 8
Lacrosse Field LAX WL 1 1 • • •
Polo POL FIP 1 1 1 1 1
Rackets RQT – 2
Roque – – 1
Rugby Union RUG World Rugby 1 1 1 1
Tug of War TOW TWIF 1 1 1 1 1 1
Water Motorsports PBT UIM • 3
Skating Figure FSK ISU 4 3 Included in winter games (see below)
Ice Hockey IHO IIHF 1
Total events 43 95 95 78 110 102 156 126 109 117 129 136 149 151 150 163 172 195 198 203 221 237 257 271 300 301 302 302 306 339 329 TBD
Total sports 10 21 18 14 25 18 29 23 20 20 25 23 23 23 23 25 24 28 27 27 29 31 34 37 40 40 42 40 42 50 48 TBD
  1. ^ The World Baseball Softball Confederation, which currently governs both baseball and softball, was created by a 2013 merger of two former governing bodies – the International Baseball Federation and the International Softball Federation. Baseball and softball were governed separately at all Olympics before 2013.
  2. ^ AIBA/IBA was the recognised body of boxing until 2023.
  3. ^ Boxing is currently not on the program of the 2028 Summer Olympics due to governance issues. A decision on its reinstatement will come by 2025.[50]
  4. ^ a b Sailing and rowing were included in the program of the 1896 Games, but were cancelled due to bad weather.[51]
  5. ^ At the time skateboarding was announced as part of the 2020 Summer Games, the sport was governed by the International Skateboarding Federation. That body merged with Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports in September 2017 to form the current World Skate.

Feats and artistic events

[edit]

Art competitions were held between the 1912 and 1948 Games, and medals were awarded.[52] In 1952, art competition medals were removed from the official national medal counts.[53] Olympic medals have also been awarded for feats of alpinism[54] and aeronautics.[55]

Demonstration summer sports

[edit]
Further information: Demonstration sport § Summer Olympics

Between 1924 and 1992, the IOC officially recognized demonstration sports, allowing host countries to organize demonstrations of non-Olympic sports during the Games; no demonstration sports were held in 1976 or 1980 due to the IOC temporarily eliminating them.[56]

The following sports or disciplines have been demonstration sports at the Summer Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the Olympic program as a medal event.[56]

American football (1904) and Korfball (1920) first appeared as unofficial sports before becoming demonstration sports.

Gliding was promoted from a demonstration sport to an official Olympic sport for the 1940 Summer Olympics, but the Games were cancelled due to World War II.[57][58] Flag football, a non-contact version of American football, will make its Olympic debut in 2028.

Unofficial summer sports

[edit]

Several sports, while not officially recognized by the IOC as demonstration sports, have nonetheless been held alongside or as part of the Olympic program. Events held during Games prior to 1924 are considered demonstration sports by some scholars,[59][60] though not by the IOC.[56] Bowling at the 1988 Games (along with badminton) was considered an exhibition sport in that it was not part of the official Olympic schedule and did not require IOC approval for staging, unlike demonstration sports.[61]

Organizers of the 1900 and 1904 Olympic Games, which were staged in conjunction with the 1900 and 1904 World's Fairs, included numerous sporting events on an equal footing under their programmes.[62][63][64] Historians generally regard many of these as not satisfying retrospective inclusion criteria to qualify as "official".[65] Through 1995, the IOC never made a determination regarding which events were Olympic and which were not,[62] although the present IOC website generally conforms to historians' views.

Winter Olympics

[edit]
Ice hockey was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics and then moved to the Winter Games in 1924.

Before 1924, ice sports like figure skating and ice hockey were held at the Summer Olympic Games.[66] These two sports made their debuts at the 1908 and the 1920 Summer Olympics respectively, but in 1924 they were moved to the first edition of the Winter Olympic Games and became permanent fixtures on the sports program for the Winter Olympics from then on.

The 1924 International Winter Sports Week, later dubbed the first Olympic Winter Games and retroactively recognized as such by the IOC, consisted of nine disciplines in six sports.[67]

A sport or discipline must be widely practised in at least 25 countries, and on three continents, to be eligible for inclusion on the Olympic program for the Winter Games.[4]

Current winter program

[edit]

The following sports (or disciplines of a sport) make up the current Winter Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically, according to the name used by the IOC. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport that were contested at the respective Games (the red cells indicate that those sports were held at the Summer Games); a bullet (•) denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration or unofficial sport.

Three out of the eight sports consist of multiple disciplines.[48]

Sport Discipline Code & Pictogram Body 08 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 22 26
Biathlon BTH IBU   1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 6 6 6 8 10 10 11 11 11 11
Bobsleigh Bobsleigh BOB IBSF   1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
Skeleton SKN   1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
Curling CUR World Curling   1 • • • 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Ice Hockey IHO IIHF   1[w 1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Luge LUG FIL   3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5
Skating Figure FSK ISU 4[w 1] 3[w 1] 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
Short Track Speed STK   • 4 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 9 9
Speed SSK   5 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 14 14 14
Skiing Alpine ALP FIS   2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 10[w 2]
Cross-Country CCS   2 2 2 3 3 4 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Freestyle FRS   • 2 4 4 4 4 6 10 10 13 15
Nordic Combined NCB   1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Ski Jumping SJP   1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6
Snowboarding SBD   4 4 6 6 10 10 11 11
Ski Mountaineering SMT ISMF   3
Military Patrol[w 3] – –   1 • • •
Total events 16 14 14 17 22 22 24 27 34 35 35 37 38 39 46 57 61 68 78 84 86 98 102 109 116
Total sports 9 8 7 8 9 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 16
  1. ^ a b c Figure skating and ice hockey were featured as part of the Summer Olympics program before the Winter Olympics were inaugurated in 1924.
  2. ^ Men's and women's Alpine Combined events have been included in the 2026 program on a provisional basis, subject to further review.[73]
  3. ^ Military Patrol is considered to be the precursor to biathlon,[68] however the official website of the Olympic Movement designates military patrol as a separate sport.[69][70] The Official Report of the 1924 Games regards it as an event within the sport of skiing.[71][72]

Demonstration winter sports

[edit]
Further information: Demonstration sport § Winter Olympics

The following sports or disciplines have been demonstration sports at the Winter Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the Olympic program as a medal event.[74]

Unofficial winter sports

[edit]

Sports frequency

[edit]
Olympic sports by frequency (as of 2024)
Sport Discipline Number of times held
(at summer or winter olympics,
including demonstration) 		Number of medal events
Aquatics Artistic Swimming 11 21
Diving 29 139
Marathon Swimming 5 10
Swimming 31 624
Water Polo 29 36
Archery 18 76
Athletics 31 1095
Badminton 11 44
Basketball 3x3 2 4
Basketball 23 34
Boxing 27 278
Breaking 1 2
Canoeing Sprint 22 216
Slalom 10 42
Cycling BMX Freestyle 2 4
BMX Racing 5 10
Mountain Bike 8 16
Road 28 73
Track 30 190
Equestrian Dressage 26 48
Driving 1 2
Eventing 26 52
Jumping 27 55
Vaulting 1 2
Fencing 31 243
Field hockey 25 37
Football 29 37
Golf 5 10
Gymnastics Artistic 31 348
Rhythmic 11 19
Trampoline 7 14
Handball Field 2 1
Indoor 14 27
Judo 15 167
Modern Pentathlon 26 44
Rowing 31 288
Rugby Sevens 3 6
Union 4 4
Sailing 29 205
Shooting 29 318
Skateboarding 2 8
Sport Climbing 2 6
Surfing 2 4
Table Tennis 10 42
Taekwondo 9 56
Tennis 20 80
Triathlon 7 16
Volleyball Beach 9 16
Indoor 17 32
Weightlifting 28 239
Wrestling Freestyle 27 240
Greco-Roman 29 210
Baseball and Softball Baseball 14 6
Softball 5 5
Basque Pelota 4 1
Cricket 1 1
Croquet 1 3
Jeu de Paume 1 1
Karate 1 8
Lacrosse 5 2
Polo 5 5
Rackets 1 2
Roque 1 1
Tug of War 6 6
Water Motorsports 2 3
Biathlon 17 96
Bobsleigh Bobsleigh 23 51
Skeleton 8 14
Curling 11 17
Ice Hockey 25 32
Luge 16 51
Skating Figure 26 95
Short Track Speed 10 65
Speed 24 202
Skiing Alpine 21 164
Cross-Country 24 181
Freestyle 10 57
Nordic Combined 24 40
Ski Jumping 24 54
Snowboarding 7 51
Ski Mountaineering 0 0
Military Patrol 4 1

Recognized international federations

[edit]
Tug of war was contested at the 1904 Summer Olympics. It was later dropped from the Olympic program but remains a recognized sport.

Many sports have their governing bodies recognized by the IOC, but are not contested at the Olympics.[75]

Such sports, if eligible under the terms of the Olympic Charter, may apply for inclusion in the program at future Games, through a recommendation by the IOC Olympic Programme Commission, followed by a decision of the IOC Executive Board and a vote of the IOC Session. When Olympic demonstration sports took place, a sport usually appeared as such before being officially admitted.[23]

An International Sport Federation (IF) is responsible for ensuring that the sport's activities follow the Olympic Charter. When a sport is recognized by the IOC, the IF becomes an official Olympic sport federation and joins either the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF, for summer Olympic sports), the Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations (AIOWF, for winter Olympic sports), or the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF, for non-Olympic sports).[3]

A number of recognized sports are included in the program of the World Games, a multi-sport event run by the International World Games Association, an organization that operates under the patronage of the IOC. Since the start of the World Games in 1981, 16 sports and disciplines that have been competed there – badminton and baseball (1992), beach volleyball and softball (1996), taekwondo, trampoline, triathlon, women's water polo and women's weightlifting (2000), rugby sevens (2016), karate and sport climbing (2020), breakdancing (2024), and flag football, lacrosse sixes and squash (2028) – have subsequently been added to the Olympic program.

The governing bodies of the following sports currently not contested at the Olympic Games are recognized by the IOC:[76]

1 Official sport at the World Games.
2 Discontinued Olympic sport.
3 Water skiing and wakeboarding share the same governing body.

A sport can be contested at the Olympics even if most of its disciplines are not. For example, roller sports (governed by World Skate) are represented at the Olympics by skateboarding, but other disciplines such as inline skating or roller skating have not yet been added.

In addition, though not a sporting federation, the International Paralympic Committee, which hosts the annual Paralympic Games following the Olympics, is recognized by the IOC.[77]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "2024 Olympics final medal count: Here's where Team USA finished as Paris Games conclude". NBC Chicago. 11 August 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  2. ^ Merrell, Chloe (17 August 2021). "Beijing 2022: Here's what you need to know about the next Winter Olympic Games". olympics.com. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 16 September 2021. A total of 109 medal events across seven Olympic winter sports will be held...
  3. ^ a b c d e "Olympic Sports". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Olympic Sports, Disciplines & Events". HickokSports.com. 4 February 2005. Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
  5. ^ Hardman, Ken; Green, Ken (2011). Contemporary Issues in Physical Education: International Perspectives. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. p. 162-163. ISBN 978-1-84126-312-0.
  6. ^ "Aquatics". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
  7. ^ "Skating". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
  8. ^ "Disciplines". gymnastics.sport. International Gymnastics Federation. Retrieved 3 October 2015. Clicking on the "Disciplines" tab in the main menu bar brings up a list of FIG disciplines; men's and women's artistic gymnastics are listed separately.
  9. ^ "Disciplines". uww.org. United World Wrestling. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  10. ^ a b The Olympic programme evolution / The Olympic Studies Centre. Lausanne: The Olympic Studies Centre. 2018. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  11. ^ a b "Olympic Charter" (PDF). IOC. 2021. p. 88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2021.
  12. ^ "How can a sport be included in the Olympic Games programme". International Olympic Committee. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  13. ^ Burke, Patrick (13 October 2023). "IOC approves five additional sports for Los Angeles 2028 but boxing back on hold". insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  14. ^ "What Events are Olympic?". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
  15. ^ Review of the Olympic Programme and the Recommendations on the Programme of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, Beijing 2008 (PDF). Olympic Programme Commission. August 2002. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2016.
  16. ^ "Motorsports & the Olympics Games: 1900, IOC, Regulations,..." Sportsver. 31 May 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  17. ^ Bradley, Charles (11 August 2016). "Analysis: Why isn't F1 in the Olympics?". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  18. ^ "International Automobile Federation". International Olympic Committee. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  19. ^ "International Motorcycling Federation". International Olympic Committee. 10 August 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  20. ^ "World Air Sports Federation". International Olympic Committee. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  21. ^ "Recognised Federations". International Olympic Committee. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  22. ^ "Olympic Sports of the Past". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 7 March 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
  23. ^ a b Wood, Robert (2010). "Demonstration, Exhibition and Unofficial Sports at the Olympics". TopendSports.com. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  24. ^ "Albertville 1992". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
  25. ^ "Wushu to be part of Beijing Olympic Games". NEWSGD.com. Guangdong. 14 October 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
  26. ^ "Rogge says wushu no "Olympic sport" in 2008". chinaview.cn. Shanghai. Xinhua News Agency. 16 October 2005. Archived from the original on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
  27. ^ "Q3 When did women first compete in the Olympic Games?". Olympics.com. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  28. ^ "They'rrre out! Olympics drop baseball, softball". NBC Sports. Associated Press. 9 July 2005. Archived from the original on 12 August 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2008. Rogge has basically conspired against the sports to get them removed.
  29. ^ "Strike 3 for Olympic Baseball". CBS News. Turin, Italy. Associated Press. 9 February 2006. Archived from the original on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
  30. ^ a b c "IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020". olympics.com. International Olympic Committee. 3 August 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  31. ^ Wilson, Stephen (13 August 2009). "Golf, rugby backed by IOC board for 2016 Games". The Seattle Times. Berlin. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  32. ^ Klein, Jeff Z. (14 August 2009). "I.O.C. Decision Draws Cheers and Complaints From Athletes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012.
  33. ^ a b "Golf & rugby voted into Olympics". BBC Sport. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  34. ^ "Wrestling to be dropped from 2020 Olympic Games". BBC Sport. 12 February 2013.
  35. ^ "Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games". olympics.com. International Olympic Committee. 8 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  36. ^ "You're in! Baseball/softball, 4 other sports make Tokyo cut". USA Today. Rio de Janeiro. Associated Press. 3 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  37. ^ "Olympic Games: Paris organisers propose breakdancing to IOC as a new sport for 2024". BBC.com. 21 February 2019.
  38. ^ "Gender equality and youth at the heart of the Paris 2024 Olympic Sports program". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  39. ^ Sharma, Hritika (21 July 2021). "Ski mountaineering added to 2026 Winter Olympic program". Infobae. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  40. ^ Wharton, David (3 February 2022). "IOC approves proposal to include skateboarding, surfing and rock climbing at 2028 LA Olympics". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  41. ^ "Cricket among five sports confirmed on Los Angeles 2028 programme at IOC Session". www.insidethegames.biz. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  42. ^ "Athens 1896". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  43. ^ "Cricket among five sports confirmed on Los Angeles 2028 programme at IOC Session". www.insidethegames.biz. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  44. ^ "Athletics to share limelight as one of top Olympic sports". The Queensland Times. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  45. ^ Murray, Callum (29 May 2013). "Winners Include Gymnastics, Swimming - and Wrestling - as IOC Announces New Funding Distribution Groupings". ASOIF.com. St Petersburg: Association of Summer Olympic International Federations. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  46. ^ "Olympics-IOC sports revenue rankings". reuters.com. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  47. ^ "IOC ODF Sport Codes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2017.
  48. ^ a b "Olympic Data Feed (Olympic Movement Sport Codes)". Olympic Data Feed. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  49. ^ "IOC Session withdraws recognition of International Boxing Association". International Olympic Committee. 22 June 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  50. ^ "Boxing's inclusion in LA 2028 Games to be decided next year". NBC Olympics. 9 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  51. ^ The Olympic Studies Centre (2022). History of the sports at the Olympic Summer Games. The Olympic Studies Centre. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  52. ^ Stromberg, Joseph (24 July 2012). "When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  53. ^ McGillivray, Mary (31 July 2024). "ABC TV's The Art Of explores the surprising history of art competitions at the Olympics". ABC News. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  54. ^ Kluge, Volker; Lippert, Thomas (2013). "The Olympic Alpinism Prize and a promise redeemed" (PDF). International Society of Olympic Historians. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  55. ^ Borja, Elizabeth (5 August 2016). "The Year Aeronautics Was an Olympic Event". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  56. ^ a b c "Demonstration sports : history at the Olympic Summer Games / The Olympic Studies Centre". Olympic World Library. 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  57. ^ Welch, Ann (1980). The Story of Gliding (2nd ed.). John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-3659-6.
  58. ^ "DFS-Olympia-Meise". Deutsches Museum. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  59. ^ Yttergren, Leif (16 November 2018). "Baseball, glima and Gotlandic sport : An analysis of the demonstration sports in the 1912 Stockholm Olympics". Diagoras: International Academic Journal on Olympic Studies. 2: 103–122. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  60. ^ Bill Mallon, Jeroen Heijmans (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Scarecrow Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780810875227.
  61. ^ "Competition Management by Sport" (PDF). library.la84.org. 25 July 2018. p. 362. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  62. ^ a b Lennartz, Karl; Teutenberg, Walter (1995). Olympische Spiele 1900 in Paris. Kassel, Germany: Agon-Sportverlag. p. 147. ISBN 3-928562-20-7. In many works, it is read that the IOC later met to decide which events were Olympic and which were not. This is not correct and no decision has ever been made. No discussion of this item can be found in the account of any Session.
  63. ^ "Demonstration and unofficial sports". GBRathletics.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  64. ^ Soltis, Greg (27 July 2012). "Olympic Events Through History". Live Science. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  65. ^ Mallon, Bill (1998). The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-4064-1.
  66. ^ "A History of Winter Olympic Games: Celebration and Contrariety". saltlakecity.coolattractions.com. WorldWeb Travel Guide. 2000. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  67. ^ "Chamonix 1924". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  68. ^ "A Quick Look at Biathlon through the Years". International Biathlon Union - IBU. 4 January 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  69. ^ "Chamonix 1924 Results". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  70. ^ "Chamonix 1924 Military Patrol Men Results". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  71. ^ Official Report (1924), p 646: Le Programme ... II. — Epreuves par équipes - 12. Ski : Course militaire (20 à 30 kilomètres, avec tir). (The Programme ... II. — Team events - 12. Skiing : Military Race (20 to 30 kilometres, with shooting)).
  72. ^ Official Report (1924), p 664: CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE. (Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race)
  73. ^ "Milano Cortina 2026 set to become the most gender-balanced Olympic Winter Games in history". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  74. ^ "Demonstration sports : history at the Olympic Winter Games / The Olympic Studies Centre". Olympic World Library. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  75. ^ "IOC Recognised International Sports Federations". arisf.sport. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  76. ^ "Recognised Federations". olympics.com. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  77. ^ "Who organises the Paralympic Games?". Olympics. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic sports.
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_sports
22 views |
↧ Download as ZWI file
Encyclosphere.org EncycloReader is supported by the EncyclosphereKSF