Origenism

Origenism refers to a set of beliefs attributed to the Christian theologian Origen.^[1] The main principles of Origenism include allegorical interpretation of scripture, pre-existence, and subordinationism.^[2] Origen's thought was influenced by Philo the Jew, Platonism and Clement of Alexandria.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[1]

Principles

Creation

Origen taught that creation is eternal, claiming that God created from eternity. He argued that God created four categories of intellectual beings: angels, luminaries, humans and demons.^[2] He interpreted the book of Genesis allegorically and was influenced by Philo the Jew.^[6]

Trinity

Origen believed that the persons of the trinity are immaterial and that the Son is the Wisdom of God and subordinate to the Father, for Origen the Father has the highest rank over the other persons of the Trinity.^[2]^[7]

Exegesis

Origen believed that the words of the scriptures have multiple meanings, arguing that some parts of the Bible would be unworthy of God if they would be taken only literally.^[2]

Soteriology

Origen theorized that all rational beings benefit from the redemption, stating: "We think that the goodness of God, through the mediation of Christ, will bring all creatures to one and the same end", resulting in universal restoration.^[2]

The main error^{[neutrality is disputed]}, according to Catholic doctrine, of Origenism includes denying the eternity of Hell "...by a general rehabilitation of the damned, including, apparently, Satan."^[8] This error, while not considered a formal heresy, was condemned at a synod in 548 AD, which was subsequently confirmed by Pope Vigilius.^[9]

Sacramentology

Origen believed in the necessity of infant baptism.^[2] Origen did not mention that the eucharist is a means of forgiveness.^[10]

Canon

Eusebius also records 22 canonical books of the Hebrews given by Origen of Alexandria: The twenty-two books of the Hebrews are the following: That which is called by us Genesis; Exodus; Leviticus; Numbers; Jesus, the son of Nave (Joshua book); Judges and Ruth in one book; the First and Second of Kings (1 Samuel and 2 Samuel) in one; the Third and Fourth of Kings (1 Kings and 2 Kings) in one; of the Chronicles, the First and Second in one; Esdras (Ezra–Nehemiah) in one; the book of Psalms; the Proverbs of Solomon; Ecclesiastes; the Song of Songs; Isaiah; Jeremiah, with Lamentations and the epistle (of Jeremiah) in one; Daniel; Ezekiel; Job; Esther. And besides these there are the Maccabees.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Some suspect that epistle of Jeremiah is interpolated to the canon list or also includes the book of Baruch.^[13]

Origen refers to doubts about the author of the book of Hebrews but accepted it as inspired, he also refers to doubts concerning the canonicity of the Book of Wisdom and 2 Peter.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Other

Origen advocated for pacifism,^[17] amillennialism,^[18] perpetual virginity of Mary^[19] and iconoclasm.^[20]^[21]

History

Origenism influenced Rufinus,^[22] Arius,^[23] Jerome (although later wanting to condemn Origen),^[24] Firmillian, Pamphilus, Eusebius,^[25] Gregory of Nazianzus^[26] and Athanasius of Alexandria.^[27] Some have argued that iconoclasm was influenced by Origenism.^[28] Origenism in Egypt was condemned by Theophilus and later by the anathemas of the second council of Constantinople.^[29]

References

^ ^a ^b "Definition of ORIGENISM". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Origen and Origenism". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
^ Heine, Ronald E.; Torjesen, Karen Jo (2022-02-17). The Oxford Handbook of Origen. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-150696-3.
^ Hanson, R. P. C. (2015-12-03). Origen's Doctrine of Tradition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-58601-7.
^ Ludlow, Morwenna (2008-12-17). The Early Church: The I.B.Tauris History of the Christian Church. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85773-559-1.
^ Scott, Mark S. M. (July 2015). Journey Back to God: Origen on the Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-025883-2.
^ "subordinationism | Christianity | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
^ Cristiani, Msgr. Leon (1959). Heresies and Heretics. Hawthorn Books. p. 50.
^ Cristiani, Msgr. Leon (1959). Heresies and Heretics. Hawthorn Books. p. 51.
^ Ferguson, Everett (2013-10-08). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity: Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-61158-2. Origen failed to include the eucharist among the things that bring forgiveness of sin
^ Eusebius, of Caesarea. Ecclesiastical History Book 6 Chapter 25:1–2. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
^ Eusebius. "Ecclesiastical History 6.25.1–2".
^ ^a ^b "Origen on the Canon of Scripture". www.bible-researcher.com. Retrieved 2022-06-21. It is strange that the apocryphal Epistle of Jeremiah is listed without any mention of the book of Baruch, which it followed. The Epistle was often subsumed under Baruch as a sixth chapter. Some scholars surmise that "the Epistle" here may refer to Baruch and the Epistle together. Others suspect that this is a later addition to the list.
^ Coogan, Michael; Brettler, Marc; Newsom, Carol; Perkins, Pheme (2018-03-01). The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha: New Revised Standard Version. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-027613-3.
^ "Origen on the Canon of Scripture". www.bible-researcher.com. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
^ Bauckham, Dr Richard (2017-10-10). Jude-2 Peter, Volume 50. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0-310-58632-6.
^ Brock, Peter (2015-03-08). Pacifism in Europe to 1914. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6749-3.
^ Akin, Dr Daniel L. (2014-06-01). A Theology for the Church. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4336-8214-8.
^ Ferguson, Everett (1999). Christianity and Society: The Social World of Early Christianity. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-3068-4.
^ O'Gorman, Ned (2016). The Iconoclastic Imagination: Image, Catastrophe, and Economy in America from the Kennedy Assassination to September 11. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31023-7. Tertullian and Origen warned against the use of images in piety.
^ Strezova, Anita (2013-11-25). "Overview on Iconophile and Iconoclastic Attitudes toward Images in Early Christianity and Late Antiquity". Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies. Clement of Alexandria and Origen opposed the use of images.
^ Demers, Patricia (2016-01-04). An Apology or Answer in Defence of The Church Of England: Lady Anne Bacon's Translation of Bishop John Jewel's 'Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae'. MHRA. ISBN 978-1-78188-126-2.
^ Lohse, Bernhard (1966). A Short History of Christian Doctrine. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-0423-4.
^ McGuckin, John Anthony (2004-01-01). The Westminster Handbook to Origen. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22472-1.
^ Origen (2012). The Sacred Writings of Origen (Annotated ed.). Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8496-2145-2.
^ Beeley, Christopher A. (2008-06-27). Gregory of Nazianzus on the Trinity and the Knowledge of God: In Your Light We Shall See Light. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988613-5.
^ Carey, Patrick W.; Lienhard, Joseph T. (2000). Biographical Dictionary of Christian Theologians. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29649-9.
^ Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (1993). Ascetica. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-6831-519-6. Florovsky to his celebrated suggestion that the roots of iconoclasm were Origenist
^ Davis, Leo D. (2017-03-15). The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787): Their History and Theology. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-8381-1.

[:0-1] "Definition of ORIGENISM". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-06-21.

[newadvent.org-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Origen and Origenism". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2022-06-21.

[3] Heine, Ronald E.; Torjesen, Karen Jo (2022-02-17). The Oxford Handbook of Origen. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-150696-3.

[4] Hanson, R. P. C. (2015-12-03). Origen's Doctrine of Tradition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-58601-7.

[5] Ludlow, Morwenna (2008-12-17). The Early Church: The I.B.Tauris History of the Christian Church. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85773-559-1.

[6] Scott, Mark S. M. (July 2015). Journey Back to God: Origen on the Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-025883-2.

[:4-7] "subordinationism | Christianity | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-06-20.

[8] Cristiani, Msgr. Leon (1959). Heresies and Heretics. Hawthorn Books. p. 50.

[9] Cristiani, Msgr. Leon (1959). Heresies and Heretics. Hawthorn Books. p. 51.

[10] Ferguson, Everett (2013-10-08). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity: Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-61158-2. Origen failed to include the eucharist among the things that bring forgiveness of sin

[11] Eusebius, of Caesarea. Ecclesiastical History Book 6 Chapter 25:1–2. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.

[12] Eusebius. "Ecclesiastical History 6.25.1–2".

[:1-13] "Origen on the Canon of Scripture". www.bible-researcher.com. Retrieved 2022-06-21. It is strange that the apocryphal Epistle of Jeremiah is listed without any mention of the book of Baruch, which it followed. The Epistle was often subsumed under Baruch as a sixth chapter. Some scholars surmise that "the Epistle" here may refer to Baruch and the Epistle together. Others suspect that this is a later addition to the list.

[14] Coogan, Michael; Brettler, Marc; Newsom, Carol; Perkins, Pheme (2018-03-01). The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha: New Revised Standard Version. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-027613-3.

[15] "Origen on the Canon of Scripture". www.bible-researcher.com. Retrieved 2022-06-21.

[16] Bauckham, Dr Richard (2017-10-10). Jude-2 Peter, Volume 50. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0-310-58632-6.

[17] Brock, Peter (2015-03-08). Pacifism in Europe to 1914. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6749-3.

[18] Akin, Dr Daniel L. (2014-06-01). A Theology for the Church. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4336-8214-8.

[19] Ferguson, Everett (1999). Christianity and Society: The Social World of Early Christianity. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-3068-4.

[20] O'Gorman, Ned (2016). The Iconoclastic Imagination: Image, Catastrophe, and Economy in America from the Kennedy Assassination to September 11. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31023-7. Tertullian and Origen warned against the use of images in piety.

[21] Strezova, Anita (2013-11-25). "Overview on Iconophile and Iconoclastic Attitudes toward Images in Early Christianity and Late Antiquity". Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies. Clement of Alexandria and Origen opposed the use of images.

[22] Demers, Patricia (2016-01-04). An Apology or Answer in Defence of The Church Of England: Lady Anne Bacon's Translation of Bishop John Jewel's 'Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae'. MHRA. ISBN 978-1-78188-126-2.

[23] Lohse, Bernhard (1966). A Short History of Christian Doctrine. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-0423-4.

[24] McGuckin, John Anthony (2004-01-01). The Westminster Handbook to Origen. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22472-1.

[25] Origen (2012). The Sacred Writings of Origen (Annotated ed.). Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8496-2145-2.

[26] Beeley, Christopher A. (2008-06-27). Gregory of Nazianzus on the Trinity and the Knowledge of God: In Your Light We Shall See Light. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988613-5.

[27] Carey, Patrick W.; Lienhard, Joseph T. (2000). Biographical Dictionary of Christian Theologians. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29649-9.

[28] Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (1993). Ascetica. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-6831-519-6. Florovsky to his celebrated suggestion that the roots of iconoclasm were Origenist

[29] Davis, Leo D. (2017-03-15). The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787): Their History and Theology. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-8381-1.

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