Parliament of Poland

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Parliament of Poland Parlament Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate
Type
Type	Bicameral
Houses	Senate (upper) Sejm (lower)
Term limits	4 years
Leadership
Marshal of the Senate	Małgorzata Maria Kidawa- Błońska, PO since 13 November 2023
Marshal of the Sejm	Szymon Hołownia, PL2050 since 13 November 2023
Structure
Seats	560 consisting of 100 senators 460 deputies
Senate political groups	Government (60)   KO (41)   PO (36)   T!DP (1)   Independent (4)   TD (12)   PL2050 (5)   PSL (4)   UED (1)[a]   CdP (1)[b]   Independent (1)[c]   The Left (7)   NL (5)   UP (1)[d]   PPS (1)[e] Confidence and supply (6)   Independent and Self-Governing (4)   The Left (2)   LR (2) Opposition(34)   ZP (34)   PiS (29)   SP (1)[f]   Independent (4)
Sejm political groups	Government (241)   KO (157)   PO (127)   .N (6)   iPL (4)   Greens (3)   T!DPL (2)   Au (1)   Independent (14)   PL2050 – TD (33)   PSL – TD (32)   PSL (28)   CdP (3)   Independent (1)   The Left (19)   NL (19) Confidence and supply (7)   The Left (7)   LR (7) Opposition (210)   ZP (189)   PiS (164)   SP (18)   ONRP (5)   Independent (2)   KWiN (18)   NN (8)   RN (6)   KKP (4)   K15 (3)   Vacant (2)
Elections
Senate voting system	First-past-the-post voting
Sejm voting system	Proportional representationa
Last Senate election	15 October 2023
Last Sejm election	15 October 2023
Next Senate election	2027
Next Sejm election	2027
Meeting place
Sejm chamber, Warsaw
Senate chamber, Warsaw
Footnotes
a Open-list proportional representation in 41 constituencies (5% national electoral threshold, 8% national electoral threshold for coalitions).

The parliament of Poland is the bicameral legislature of Poland. It is composed of an upper house (the Senate) and a lower house (the Sejm). Both houses are accommodated in the Sejm and Senate Complex in Warsaw. The Constitution of Poland does not refer to the Parliament as a body, but only to the Sejm and Senate.

Members of both houses are elected by direct election, usually every four years. The Sejm has 460 members, while the Senate has 100 senators. To become law, a bill must first be approved by both houses, but the Sejm can override a Senate refusal to pass a bill.

On certain occasions, the Marshal of the Sejm summons the National Assembly, a joint session of the members of both houses. It is mostly ceremonial in nature, and it only convenes occasionally, such as to witness the inauguration of the President. Under exceptional circumstances, the constitution endows the National Assembly with great responsibilities and powers, such as to bring the President before the State Tribunal (impeachment). The largest party in the Sejm is Law and Justice (PiS) with 194 out of 460 seats in Sejm. Senate Pact 2023 is leading in the Senate with 66 out of 100 seats. The two debating halls have designated seats for the deputies, senators and the single Marshal (speaker) of each. Senators and deputies are equipped with voting devices.

After election deputies and senators will remain or splinter into deputy or senatorial groupings, or have no affiliations and sit as "independents". In both chambers, there are two formal sizes of groups: Clubs (Polish: kluby, klub (sg.) which are the entire party groups of the elected, where none have splintered away or defected to another klub) and circles (Polish: koła, koło (sg.)). The primary difference between these is the degree of right to join and contribute to the relevant Seniors' Konwent (Polish: Konwent Seniorów), the procedural committee that determines the drafting of agendas and chamber workings.

In the Sejm,^[1]

• Clubs consist of at least 15 deputies;
• Groups consist of at least 3 deputies.

In the Senate,^[2]

• Clubs consist of at least 7 senators;
• Groups consist of at least 3 senators.

The National Assembly (Polish: Zgromadzenie Narodowe) is the name of a joint sitting of the Sejm and the Senate. It is headed by the Marshal of the Sejm (or by the Marshal of the Senate when the former is absent).

Under the 1997 Constitution of Poland the National Assembly has the authority to

• declare the President's permanent incapacity to exercise his duties due to the state of his health (by a majority vote of at least two-thirds of the statutory number of members),
• bring an indictment against the President to the State Tribunal (by a majority of at least two-thirds of the statutory number of members, on the motion of at least 140 members),
• adopt its own rules of procedure.

The National Assembly is also called in order to

• receive the President's oath of office,
• hear a presidential address (however, the President may choose to deliver his address to either the Sejm or the Senate).

In the periods 1922–1935 and 1989–1990, it was this joint sitting which elected the President of the Republic of Poland by an absolute majority of votes. In and from 1935, it was replaced by an Assembly of Electors, which consisted of the Marshal of the Senate (as president of the Assembly of Electors), the Marshal of the Sejm, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the General Armed Forces Inspector, 50 electors elected by the Sejm, and 25 electors elected by the Senate. The Senate was abolished in 1946 so in 1947 Bolesław Bierut was elected President only by the Sejm. There were no presidents from 1952 until 1989 when the Senate was restored and the National Assembly elected Wojciech Jaruzelski as President.

Since 1990, the President has been elected by the people. However, the President is still sworn in before the National Assembly, which is also the only organ which can declare the President's permanent incapacity to perform his duties, or bring an indictment against him before State Tribunal.

From 1992 to 1997, the National Assembly drafted and passed a new Constitution, which was approved by a national referendum on 25 May 1997.