Peder Severin Krøyer

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Peder Severin Krøyer
Self portrait, 1897
Born	Peder Severin Krøyer (1851-07-23)23 July 1851 Stavanger, Sweden-Norway
Died	21 November 1909(1909-11-21) (aged 58) Skagen, Denmark
Nationality	Danish
Education	Royal Danish Academy of Art
Known for	Painting
Notable work	Summer Evening at Skagen. The Artist's Wife and Dog by the Shore
Movement	Impressionism
Patron(s)	Heinrich Hirschsprung

Peder Severin Krøyer (Danish: [ˈpʰe̝ːðɐ ˈse̝vəˌʁiˀn ˈkʰʁʌjˀɐ]; 23 July 1851 – 21 November 1909), also known as P. S. Krøyer, was a Danish painter.

Krøyer was born in Stavanger, Norway, on 23 July 1851 to a single mother, Ellen Cecilie Gjesdal. He was raised by Gjesdal's sister, Bertha Cecilie (born 1817) and brother-in-law, the Danish zoologist Henrik Nikolai Krøyer, after his mother was judged unfit to care for him. Krøyer moved to Copenhagen to live with his foster parents soon afterward. Having begun his art education at the age of nine under private tutelage, he was enrolled in Copenhagen's Technical Institute the following year.^{[citation needed]}

In 1870, at the age of 19, Krøyer completed his studies at the Royal Danish Academy of Art (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi), where he had studied with Frederik Vermehren. In 1873 he was awarded the gold medal, as well as a scholarship.^{[citation needed]}

His official debut as a painter was in 1871 at Charlottenborg with a portrait of a friend, the painter Frans Schwartz [da]. He exhibited regularly at Charlottenborg throughout his life.

In 1874 Heinrich Hirschsprung bought his first painting from Krøyer, establishing a long-standing patronage. Hirschsprung's collection of art forms the basis of the Hirschsprung Museum in Copenhagen.

Between 1877 and 1881, Krøyer travelled extensively in Europe, meeting artists, studying art, and developing his skills and outlook. He stayed in Paris and studied under Léon Bonnat, and undoubtedly came under the influence of contemporary impressionists – Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Édouard Manet.

He continued to travel throughout his life, constantly drawing inspiration from foreign artists and cultures. Hirschsprung provided financial support during the early travels, and Krøyer continued exhibiting in Denmark throughout this period.

In 1882 he returned to Denmark. He spent June–October at Skagen, then a remote fishing village on the northern tip of Denmark, painting themes from local life, as well as depictions of the artistic community there. He would continue to be associated with the developing art and literary scene at Skagen. Other artists at Skagen included writers Holger Drachmann, Georg Brandes and Henrik Pontoppidan, and artists Michael Ancher and Anna Ancher.

Krøyer divided his time between rented houses in Skagen during the summer, a winter apartment in Copenhagen where he worked on his large commissioned portraits, and travel outside of the country.

On a trip to Paris in 1888 he encountered Marie Martha Mathilde Triepcke, whom he had known in Copenhagen. They fell in love and, after a whirlwind romance, married on 23 July 1889 at her parents' home in Germany. Marie Krøyer, who was also a painter, became associated with the Skagen community, and after their marriage was often featured in Krøyer's paintings. The couple had one child, a daughter named Vibeke, born in January 1895. They were divorced in 1905 following a prolonged separation.

Krøyer's eyesight failed him gradually over the last ten years of his life until he was totally blind. Ever the optimist, he painted almost to the end, in spite of health obstacles. In fact, he painted some of his last masterpieces while half-blind, joking that the eyesight in his one working eye had become better with the loss of the other eye.

Krøyer died in 1909 in Skagen at 58 years of age after years of declining health. He had also been in and out of hospitals, suffering from bouts of mental illness.

Krøyer's best known and best-loved work is entitled Summer Evening on Skagen's Southern Beach with Anna Ancher and Marie Krøyer (Sommeraften ved Skagen Sønderstrand med Anna Ancher og Marie Krøyer), 1893. He painted many beach scenes featuring both recreation life on the beach (bathers, strollers), and local fishermen.

Another popular work is Midsummer Eve Bonfire on Skagen Beach (Sankthansbål på Skagen strand), 1906. This large-scale work features a great crowd of the artistic and influential Skagen community gathered around a large bonfire on the beach on Saint John's Eve (Midsummer Eve).

Both of these works are in the permanent collection of the Skagens Museum which is dedicated to that community of artists, including those who gathered around Krøyer, a great organizer and bon vivant.

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  The Hirschsprung family portrait, 1881
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  In the store when there is no fishing, 1882
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  Artists' Luncheon at Skagen, 1883
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  Fishermen hauling nets, North Beach, Skagen, 1883
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  Summer Day on Skagen's Southern Beach 1884
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  Committee for the French Art Exhibition in Copenhagen 1888, 1888
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  Osteria in Ravello, 1890
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  Loggia in Ravello, 1890
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  Marie Krøyer, 1891
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  Summer Evening at Skagen. The Artist's Wife and Dog by the Shore, 1892
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  A breakfast. The artist, his wife and the writer Otto Benzon, 1893
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  Roses, 1893
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  From the Bourse of Copenhagen, 1895
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  The Benzon daughters, 1897
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  Summer Evening at Skagen Beach – The Artist and his Wife, 1899
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  Midsummer Eve Bonfire on Skagen Beach, 1906

• List of Danish painters
• List of paintings by Peder Severin Krøyer
• Skagen Painters

• KID Kunst Index Danmark ("Art Index Denmark")
• Danish Biographical Encyclopedia ("Dansk Biografisk Lexikon")

• Halkier, Katrine (2011). Krøyer: An International Perspective. Hirschsprung Collection. ISBN 978-87-90597-17-7.
• Hornung, Peter Michael (2005). Peder Severin Krøyer (in Danish). Fogtdal. ISBN 978-87-7248-551-5.
• Krøyer, Peder Severin (1992). P. S. Krøyer: Tradition, Modernity. Aarhus Kunstmuseum. ISBN 978-87-88575-31-6.
• Olsen, Claus; Ireland, National Gallery of (1998). Krøyer and the artists' colony at Skagen. National Gallery of Ireland. ISBN 9780903162777.

• Skagens Museum
• P. S. Krøyer in Hirschsprungske Samling
• Another selection of his paintings
• Jennifer A. Thompson, "Interior of a Tavern by Peter Severin Krøyer (cat. 1015)," in The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works^{[permanent dead link‍]}, a Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication.

• Media related to Peder Severin Krøyer at Wikimedia Commons