Princess Pingyang (Han dynasty)

Princess Pingyang
Princess Pingyang
Grand Princess Yangxin
Spouse	Cao Shi, Marquess of Pingyang; Xiahou Po, Marquess of Ruyin; Wei Qing, Marquess Lie of Changping
Issue	Cao Xiang
Father	Emperor Jing of Han
Mother	Empress Wang Zhi

The tomb of Princess Pingyang in Xianyang, Shaanxi

Princess Pingyang (平陽公主) was a Western Han dynasty princess.^[1]^[2] She was the eldest daughter of Emperor Jing of Han and his second empress Empress Wang Zhi, the most famous sister of Emperor Wu,^[3] and the former master and later wife of renowned military general Wei Qing.^[4]

Her official title was actually Grand Princess Yangxin (陽信長公主), but because she married Cao Shi (曹时, also known as Cao Shou 曹寿), the Marquess of Pingyang (平陽侯), she was generally referred to as Princess Pingyang after her first husband's enfeoffment.^[5]

Life

After her marriage to Cao Shi, Princess Pingyang had a son named Cao Xiang (曹襄). Some suspect that Cao Xiang was an adopted shu son rather than her biological son. Nonetheless, Cao Xiang inherited his father's title in 131 BC.^[6]^[7]

Princess Pingyang maintained a close relationship with her brother Emperor Wu, and he often visited her at her estate. She was instrumental in the union between Emperor Wu and Wei Zifu, who would eventually become his second empress.^[8]^[9] Wei Zifu was working as a singer/dancer at the princess' estate, when Emperor Wu took a liking to her and brought her back to his palace as a concubine.^[10]^[11] Wei Zifu's half-brother Wei Qing, who was also working in Princess Pingyang's estate as a stableboy, was sent along to serve the palace as a royal guard horsekeeper. He would later be promoted by Emperor Wu and achieve great military success in the war effort against Xiongnu.^[12]

After Cao Shi died in 131 BC, widowed Princess Pingyang remarried to Xiahou Po, the Marquis of Ruyin. After Xiahou Po committed suicide in 115 BC for adultery with his father's maid, she considered remarrying again, and her advisors suggested Wei Qing as a suitor. She initially hesitated because Wei Qing was her former servant, but agreed after being reminded that Wei Qing had already become a high-ranking marquis.^[13] After expressing her wishes through Empress Wei, Princess Pingyang married Wei Qing with the blessing from Emperor Wu, and remained his spouse for the remainder of their lives.

References

^ Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government): Modern Chinese Edition edited by Bo Yang (Taipei, 1982–1989).
^ Hung, Hing Ming (2020-05-01). The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62894-418-1.
^ Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2016-09-16). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-46372-6.
^ Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D.; Wiles, Sue (2015-03-26). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. - 618 C.E. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47590-3.
^ Records of the Grand Historian (《史记卷五十四曹相国世家第二十四》)
^ Kinney, Anne Behnke (2004). Representations of Childhood and Youth in Early China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4731-8.
^ Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2015-02-02). Han Material Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-06922-0.
^ Ban Gu's History of Early China. Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-62196-973-0.
^ Doran, Doran (2020-10-26). Transgressive Typologies: Constructions of Gender and Power in Early Tang China. BRILL. ISBN 978-1-68417-087-6.
^ Guang, Sima. Records of Han Dynasty: Zi Zhi Tong Jian 资治通鉴; or Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance; Volume 9-68. DeepLogic.
^ McMahon, Keith (2013-06-06). Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-2290-8.
^ Rouzer, Paul (2020-07-06). The Poetry and Prose of Wang Wei: Volume I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-1-5015-0759-5.
^ WEILIE, GU (2022-05-23). A GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CHINESE CULTURE. American Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-63181-537-9.

[1] Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government): Modern Chinese Edition edited by Bo Yang (Taipei, 1982–1989).

[2] Hung, Hing Ming (2020-05-01). The Magnificent Emperor Wu: China's Han Dynasty. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62894-418-1.

[3] Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2016-09-16). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-46372-6.

[4] Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D.; Wiles, Sue (2015-03-26). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. - 618 C.E. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47590-3.

[5] Records of the Grand Historian (《史记卷五十四曹相国世家第二十四》)

[6] Kinney, Anne Behnke (2004). Representations of Childhood and Youth in Early China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4731-8.

[7] Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2015-02-02). Han Material Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-06922-0.

[8] Ban Gu's History of Early China. Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-62196-973-0.

[9] Doran, Doran (2020-10-26). Transgressive Typologies: Constructions of Gender and Power in Early Tang China. BRILL. ISBN 978-1-68417-087-6.

[10] Guang, Sima. Records of Han Dynasty: Zi Zhi Tong Jian 资治通鉴; or Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance; Volume 9-68. DeepLogic.

[11] McMahon, Keith (2013-06-06). Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-2290-8.

[12] Rouzer, Paul (2020-07-06). The Poetry and Prose of Wang Wei: Volume I. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-1-5015-0759-5.

[13] WEILIE, GU (2022-05-23). A GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CHINESE CULTURE. American Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-63181-537-9.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

Princess Pingyang
Grand Princess Yangxin
Spouse	Cao Shi, Marquess of Pingyang Xiahou Po, Marquess of Ruyin Wei Qing, Marquess Lie of Changping
Issue	Cao Xiang
Father	Emperor Jing of Han
Mother	Empress Wang Zhi