Pro tempore

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Pro tempore (/ˌproʊ ˈtɛmpəri, -ˌreɪ/), abbreviated pro tem or p.t.,^[1][2] is a Latin phrase which best translates to 'for the time being' in English. This phrase is often used to describe a person who acts as a locum tenens ('placeholder') in the absence of a superior, such as the president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, who acts in place of the president of the United States Senate—a position that is held ex officio by the current vice president of the United States. Legislative bodies can have one or more pro tempore for the presiding officer. These positions ostensibly go to legislators experienced in floor debate, who are familiar with the content and application of relevant rules and precedents and who have a reputation for fairness among their colleagues.^{[citation needed]} The phrase is also used to describe officers appointed on a temporary basis, prior to the formalisation of their appointments.^[3]

A common use of pro tempore in the United States is in municipalities such as cities and towns with regard to the position of the mayor. In many cities, the city council appoints one of its members (often its president) to act as mayor pro tempore (pro tem) (or vice mayor) in the absence of the actual mayor.^[4]

In judicial courts, attorneys that volunteer in proceedings are called "judge pro tem" or judge pro tempore, though they may be paid in some circumstances. They typically have to meet some basic criteria to qualify, and often serve as neutrals or mediators in alternative dispute resolution processes.^{[5][6][7][8][9]} Among other things, they can also serve as masters and interim judges.^[10]

Universities sometimes appoint heads of faculties temporarily until ratified by a board of governors or senate committee. These positions are titled "Dean pro tem".^[11]

The Speaker pro tempore of the United States House of Representatives was a position created after 2001, and the first to hold the position was Patrick McHenry in October 2023.

• Ex tempore