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Protectorate General to Pacify the North
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| Protectorate General to Pacify the North | |||||||||
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| Common name (669–757) | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 安北都護府 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 安北都护府 | ||||||||
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| Alternate Name (647–663) | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 燕然都护府 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 燕然都护府 | ||||||||
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| Alternate Name (663–669) | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 瀚海都護府 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 瀚海都护府 | ||||||||
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| Alternate Name (757–784) | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 鎮北都護府 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 镇北都护府 | ||||||||
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| History of Mongolia |
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The Protectorate General to Pacify the North or Grand Protectorate General to Pacify the North (647–784) was a Chinese military government established by the Tang dynasty in 647 to pacify the former territory of Xueyantuo, which extended from Lake Baikal to the north, the Gobi Desert to the south, the Khingan Mountains to the east, and the Altay Mountains to the west. It controlled the Mongolian Plateau from 647 to 682.
It was first established as Yanran at Shanyu Tai, southwest of present-day Urat Middle Banner, the northern slope of Lang Shan. This was later shifted to Hanhai a short period before it was changed to Anbei. The seat of governance remained there until the year 687.
History
[edit]In 646 the Tang dynasty conquered the Xueyantuo and on 9 January 647, thirteen Tiele and Uyghur tribes surrendered to the Tang. Tang Taizong organized them into six commanderies and seven tributary prefectures under the Jimi system. The six commanderies were Hanhai (翰海府), Jinwei (金微府), Yanran (燕然府), Youling (幽陵府), Guilin (龜林府), and Lushan (盧山府). The seven prefectures were Gaolan (皐蘭州), Gaoque (高闕州), Jilu (雞鹿州), Jitian (雞田州), Yuxi (榆溪州), Dailin (蹛林州), and Douyan (竇顏州). Collectively these were known as the "Cantian Khan Circuit." On 10 April the Yanran Protectorate was created at the foothills of the Shanyu Plateau, southwest of present-day Urad Middle Banner, and governorship of the 13 tribes was handed over to the protector general, Li Suli (李素立), who served from 647 to 649.
In 650, the Tang set up Wolf Mountain Prefecture where the Karluks lived under the jurisdiction of Hanhai.[1]
On 5 February 663 the Yanran Protectorate (on the northern bank of the Wujia River[2]) was renamed Hanhai Protectorate.[3]
In 663, the Yunzhong Protectorate was created from Hanhai. The Yunzhong Protectorate was renamed to Chanyu Protectorate in 664 and located northwest of Horinger and south of Hohhot.[4]
In August 669 the Hanhai Protectorate was renamed the Protectorate General to Pacify the North, otherwise known as the Anbei Duhufu.[5]
In 679, Ashide Wenfu and Ashide Fengzhi rebelled against the Chanyu Protectorate and backed Ashina Nishufu as their khagan.[6]
In 683, Ilterish Qaghan besieged the Chanyu Protectorate and killed the adjutant Zhang Xingshi.[7]
In 686, the status of the Chanyu Protectorate was downgraded to zhenshou shi (defense commissioner).[8][9]
In 687 the seat of Anbei was moved to the east of Tsetserleg, then Tongcheng southeast of Ejin Banner (one source gives this a date of 685), then Xi'an northwest of Minle and southeast of Zhangye.[5][10]
In 698 the seat was moved to the old town of Yunzhong to the northwest of Horinger.[5]
In 708 the seat of Anbei was moved to the Western Shouxiang city near modern Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia.[5]
In 714 the Chanyu Protectorate was revived in Yunzhong while Anbei was re-located to the Middle Shouxiang city, near modern Baotou.[11]
In 749 the seat was moved to the military settlement of Hengsai, near modern-day Urad Middle Banner.[5]
Due to unfavorable farming conditions near the Hengsai settlement, Guo Ziyi resettled the army near modern Urad Front Banner in 755 and renamed it Da'an and then Tiande Army.[5]
Following the An Lushan Rebellion from 755-763, the Chanyu and Anbei protectorates lost any real authority and survived in name only. Due to the taboo of An Lushan's name, the Anbei Protectorate was renamed the Zhenbei Protectorate in 757, which meant "Protectorate General to Suppress the North."[5] In 758, it was relocated to Western Shouxiang city.[12] The Chanyu Protectorate came under control of the Zhenwu Jiedushi (758-764).[13]
In 840 a group of Uyghurs attacked the Tiande Army.[14]
In 843 the Chanyu Protectorate was renamed back to Anbei Protectorate.[8]
List of protector generals
[edit]- Li Suli (李素立) 647-649
- Jiang Jian (姜簡)
- Ren Yaxiang (任雅相)
- Liu Shenli (劉審禮) 661
- Jiang Xie (姜協)
- Zang Shan'an (臧善安)
- Pang Tongfu (龐同福)
- Li Dazhi (李大志) after 672
- Sun Jun (孫俊) 694
- Li Dan (李旦), otherwise known as Emperor Ruizong of Tang, 699-702
- Zang Huailiang (臧懷亮)
- Wang Jun (王晙) before 714
- Li Sizhi (李嗣直)
- Zhang Zhiyun (張知運) around 716
- Zang Huaike (臧懷恪)
- Zang Xizhuang (臧希莊) 729
- Tian Wan (田琬)
- Li Guangbi (李光弼) 745-746
- Li Wan (李琬) 749
- Guo Ziyi (郭子儀) 749-754
- Li Linfu (李林甫)
- Zang Fangzhi (臧方直)
- Pugu Huai'en (僕固懷恩) 762
Jiedushi
[edit]- Li Zhongshun (李忠順) 843-845
- Qi Bitong (契苾通) 852-854
- Gao Chenggong (高承恭) 861-863
- Shi Shanyou (石善友) 893-903
- Li Cunjin (李存進) 923
See also
[edit]- Protectorate General to Pacify the East
- Protectorate General to Pacify the West
- Protectorate General to Pacify the South
- History of Mongolia
- Chinese military history
- Horses in East Asian warfare
- Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
- Epitaph of Pugu Yitu
- Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Hao 2021, p. 17.
- ^ Wang 2013, p. 46.
- ^ Xiong 2008, p. 203.
- ^ Xiong 2008, p. 652.
- ^ a b c d e f g Xiong 2008, p. 41.
- ^ Hao 2021, p. 16.
- ^ Hao 2021, p. 29.
- ^ a b Xiong 2008, p. 82.
- ^ Hao 2021, p. 35.
- ^ Hao 2021, p. 33.
- ^ Xiong 2008, p. 41, 82.
- ^ Xiong 2008, p. 504.
- ^ Xiong 2008, p. 679.
- ^ Drompp 2005, p. 39.
Sources
[edit]- Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7.
- Asimov, M.S. (1998), History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting, UNESCO Publishing
- Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell
- Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), The Woman Who Discovered Printing, Great Britain: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12728-7 (alk. paper)
- Beckwith, Christopher I (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages, Princeton University Press
- Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill
- Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History, Brill
- Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-66991-X (paperback).
- Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-618-13384-4
- Golden, Peter B. (1992), An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN
- Graff, David A. (2002), Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900, Warfare and History, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415239559
- Graff, David Andrew (2016), The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-46034-7.
- Hao, Chen (2021), A History of the Second Türk Empire (ca. 682–745 AD), Brill
- Haywood, John (1998), Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492, Barnes & Noble
- Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2, Macmillan
- Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8
- Millward, James (2009), Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press
- Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3
- Rong, Xinjiang (2013), Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang, Brill
- Shaban, M. A. (1979), The ʿAbbāsid Revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29534-3
- Sima, Guang (2015), Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, ISBN 978-957-32-0876-1
- Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012), Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires), Oxford University Press
- Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press
- Wilkinson, Endymion (2015). Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674088467.
- Yuan, Shu (2001), Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, ISBN 957-32-4273-7
- Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies), U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES, ISBN 0892641371
- Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537
- Xue, Zongzheng (1992), Turkic peoples, 中国社会科学出版社
Further reading
[edit]- Ai, Chong. Tangdai Anbei Duhufu Qianxi Kaolun (A Study on the Change of Seats of the Anbei Protectorate During the Tang Dynasty). Journal of Shaanxi Normal University. 2001.4. ISSN 1000-5293.
- Li, Dalong. Youguan Tang Anbei Duhufu De Jige Wenti (On the Several Questions of the Tang Dynasty's Anbei Protectorate). Northern Cultural Relics. 2004.2. ISSN 1001-0483
- Wang, Jilin, "Anbei Duhufu" ("Protectorate General to Pacify the North"). Chinese Encyclopedia (Historiography Edition), 1st ed.
- Zhou, Weiyan, "Duhufu" ("Protectorate"). Encyclopedia of China (Chinese History Edition), 1st ed
- Xue, Zongzheng (1992). A History of Turks. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8. p. 404-429.
- Pulleyblank, Edwin G (2002). Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-86078-859-8. II, p. 35-42.
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