Categories
  Encyclosphere.org ENCYCLOREADER
  supported by EncyclosphereKSF

Punjab, Pakistan

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 43 min
This article is about the Pakistani province of Punjab. For the geographical region, see Punjab. For the state of India, see Punjab, India. For other uses of the name, see Punjab (disambiguation).

Punjab
پنجاب
Province
Province of Punjab
Flag of Punjab
Flag
Official seal of Punjab
Seal
Etymology: Panj (means "five") and āb (means "waters")
Location of Punjab within Pakistan
Location of Punjab within Pakistan
Coordinates: 31°N 72°E / 31°N 72°E / 31; 72
Country Pakistan
Established1 July 1970; 54 years ago (1 July 1970)
Before wasPart of West Pakistan
Capital
and largest city		Lahore
Administrative Divisions
11
Government
 • TypeSelf-governing province subject to the federal government
 • BodyGovernment of Punjab
 • GovernorSardar Saleem Haider Khan
 • Chief MinisterMaryam Nawaz
 • Chief SecretaryZahid Akhtar Zaman
 • LegislatureProvincial Assembly
 • High CourtLahore High Court
Area
 • Province
205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi)
 • Rank2nd
Population
 (2023 census)[1]
 • Province
127,333,305
 • Rank1st
 • Density622/km2 (1,610/sq mi)
 • Urban
51,975,967 (40.71%)
 • Rural
75,712,955 (59.29%)
DemonymPunjabi
GDP (nominal)
 • Total (2022)$225 billion (1st)[a]
 • Per Capita$2,003 (2nd)
GDP (PPP)
 • Total (2022)$925 billion (1st)[a]
 • Per Capita$8,027 (2nd)
Time zoneUTC+05:00 (PKT)
ISO 3166 codePK-PB
Languages
Provincial sports teams
List:
HDI (2021)0.567Increase[4]
medium
Literacy rate (2020)71.3%[5]
National Assembly seats183
Provincial Assembly seats371[6]
Divisions11
Districts41
Tehsils148
Union councils7602
Websitepunjab.gov.pk

Punjab (/pʌnˈdʒɑːb/; Punjabi, Urdu: پنجاب, pronounced [pənˈd͡ʒɑːb] ⓘ) is a province of Pakistan. With a population of over 127 million, it is the most populous province in Pakistan and second most populous subnational polity in the world. Located in the central-eastern region of the country, it has the largest economy, contributing the most to national GDP, in Pakistan. Lahore is the capital and largest city. Other major cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala and Multan.

It is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the north-west, Balochistan to the south-west and Sindh to the south, as well as Islamabad Capital Territory to the north-west and Azad Kashmir to the north. It shares an international border with the Indian states of Rajasthan and Punjab to the east and Indian-administered Kashmir to the north-east. Punjab is the most fertile province of the country as the Indus River and its four major tributaries Ravi, Jhelum, Chenab and Sutlej flow through it.

The province forms the bulk of the transnational Punjab region, divided in 1947 among Pakistan and India.[7] The government, legislature, and other institutions of the province are based in the capital, Lahore. The province is represented in the federal parliament through 173, out of 336, seats in National Assembly, the lower house; and 23, out of 96, seats in Senate, the upper house.

Punjab is Pakistan's most industrialized province, with the industrial sector comprising 24 percent of the province's gross domestic product.[8] It is known for its relative prosperity,[9] and has the lowest rate of poverty among all Pakistani provinces.[10][b] However, a clear divide is present between the northern and southern regions of the province;[9] with northern Punjab being more developed than south Punjab.[11][12] Punjab is also one of the most urbanized regions of South Asia, with approximately 40 percent of its population being concentrated in urban areas.[13]

Punjabi Muslims, predominantly adhering to Sunni Islam, are natives of the province, comprising nearly 98 percent of the total population.[14] Punjabis are the third-largest predominantly Islam-adhering Muslim ethnicity in the world, globally,[15] after Arabs[16] and Bengalis.[17] Muhammad Iqbal, the National poet of Pakistan and one of the leading Islamic thought leaders and Islamic revivalists[18] of the 20th century, who is also widely regarded as having animated the pulse for the Pakistan Movement,[19] [20] was born and raised in Punjab.[21][22][23] Punjabi culture has been strongly influenced by Sufism, with numerous Sufi shrines of the likes of Meher Ali Shah, Baba Farid, Bari Imam and Sultan Bahu, spread across the province.[24][25][26][27] Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, was born in the town of Nankana Sahib, near Lahore.[28][29][30] Punjab is also the site of the Katas Raj Temples, which feature prominently in Hindu mythology.[31] Several of the World Heritage Sites listed by UNESCO are located in Punjab, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the archaeological excavations at Taxila, and the Rohtas Fort, among others.[32]

Etymology

[edit]

The name Punjab is of Persian origin, with its two combined words meaning (پنج, panj, 'five' and آب, āb, 'water') and it was introduced and started to be widely used during the Mughal Empire rule over the region.[33] It is considered to be the cognate of the Sanskrit words पञ्‍च, pañca, 'five' and अप्, áp, 'water', of the same meaning.[34][35] The word pañjāb is thus calque of Indo-Aryan pañca-áp and means "The Land of Five Waters", referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.[36] All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the Mahabharata, in which one of the regions is named as Panchanada (Sanskrit: पञ्चनद, romanized: pañca-nada, lit. 'five rivers').[37][38] Earlier, Punjab was known as Sapta Sindhu or Hapta Hendu in Avesta, translating into "The Land of Seven Rivers", with the other two being Indus and Kabul which are included in the greater Punjab region.[39] The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamía (Greek: Πενταποταμία), which has the same meaning as that of Punjab.[40][41][42]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Punjab

Ancient period

[edit]

It is believed that the earliest evidence of human habitation in Punjab traces to the Soan Valley of the Pothohar, between the Indus and the Jhelum rivers, where Soanian culture developed between 774,000 BC and 11,700 BC. This period goes back to the first interglacial period in the second Ice Age, from which remnants of stone and flint tools have been found.[43] The Punjab region was the site of one of the earliest cradle of civilizations, the Bronze Age Harrapan civilization that flourished from about 3000 B.C. and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, following the Indo-Aryan migrations that overran the region in waves between 1500 and 500 B.C.[44] The migrating Indo-Aryan tribes gave rise to the Iron Age Vedic civilization, which lasted till 500 BC. During this era, the Rigveda was composed in Punjab,[45] laying the foundation of Hinduism. Frequent intertribal wars in the post-Vedic period stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas.[44] Achaemenid emperor Darius the Great, in 518 BCE crossed the Indus and annex the regions up to the Jhelum River.[46] Taxila is considered to be site of one of the oldest education centre of south asia and was part of the Achaemenid province of Hindush.[47][48]

One of the early kings in Punjab was Porus, who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great.[49] The battle is thought to have resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative.[49] Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.[49] When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king".[50] Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him.[51][52][53] Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom.[51] The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the syncretism of ancient Greek political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent, yielding works such as Greco-Buddhist art, which continued to have an impact for the ensuing centuries.

Multan was the noted centre of excellence of the region which was attacked by the Greek army led by Alexander the Great. The Malli tribe together with nearby tribes gathered an army of 90,000 personnel to face the Greek army. This was perhaps the largest army faced by the Greeks in the entire Indian subcontinent.[54] During the siege of the city's citadel, Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he faced the Mallians' leader. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured. The city was conquered after a fierce battle.[55][56]

The region was then divided between the Maurya Empire and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom in 302 B.C.E. Menander I Soter conquered Punjab and made Sagala (present-day Sialkot) the capital of the Indo-Greek Kingdom.[57][58] Menander is noted for becoming a patron and converting to Greco-Buddhism and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings.[59]

Medieval period

[edit]

Islamic conquest

Islam emerged as the major power in Punjab after the Umayyad caliphate led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the region in 711 AD.[44] The city of Multan became a center of the Ismaili sect of Islam. After the Umayyads conquered the key cities of Uch and Multan, they ruled the far areas of Punjab and included Kashmir. Islam spread rapidly.[54][60]

In the ninth century, the Hindu Shahi dynasty originating from the region of Oddiyana replaced the Taank kingdom in the Punjab, ruling much of Punjab along with eastern Afghanistan.[44][61][62] In the 10th century, the tribe of the Gakhars/Khokhars, formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian Firishta.[63]

Ghaznavid

The Turkic Ghaznavids in the tenth century attacked the regions of Punjab. Multan and Uch were conquered after 3 attacks and Multan's ruler Abul Fateh Daud was defeated,[64] famous Sun Temple was destroyed. This attack ended the 3 centuries of Islamic rule over Punjab.[54] Ghaznavids overthrew the Hindu Shahis and consequently ruled for 157 years, gradually declining as a power until the Ghurid conquests of key Punjab cities of Uch, Multan and Lahore by Muhammad of Ghor in 1186, deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik.[54][65]

Following the death of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206, the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the Delhi Sultanate and for some time independent sultanates ruled by various Sultans.[54] The Delhi Sultanate ruled Punjab for the next three hundred years, led by five unrelated dynasties, the Mamluks, Khalajis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids and Lodis.

Tughlaqs

Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq, the former governor of Multan and Dipalpur founded the Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi and ruled the subcontinent region. Earlier, he served as the governor of Multan and fought 28 battles against Mongols from there and saved Punjab and Sindh regions from advances of Mongols and survived. After his death, his son Muhammad Tughlaq became the emperor.[54]

Mongol invasion

The 15th century saw the rise of many prominent Muslims from Punjab. Khizr Khan established the Sayyid dynasty, the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Tughlaqs.[66]

Silver copper coin of Khizr Khan, founder of the Sayyid dynasty.[67]

In 1398, Timur attacked the Punjab region. After his invasion, Khizr Khan established the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. According to Richard M. Eaton, Khizr Khan was the son of a Punjabi chieftain.[66] He was a Khokhar chieftain who travelled to Samarkand and profited from the contacts he made with the Timurid society[68] Later on, Delhi Sultanate, weakened by the invasion of Emir Timur, could not control all regions of the Empire and different local kingdoms appeared.

Langah Sultanate

In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, chief of Langah, a Jat Zamindar tribe[69][70][71][72] established the Langah Sultanate in Multan. The Sultanate included regions of southern and central Punjab and some areas of present day Khyber. A large number of Baloch settlers arrived and the towns of Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan were founded.[73]

During the most of 15th century, the Khokhars and Gakhars tribes were in general revolt in the Pothohar region. Jasrath Khokhar was one of their major chiefs who helped Sultan Zain Ul Abideen of Kashmir to gain his throne and ruled over vast tracts of Jammu and North Punjab. He also conquered Delhi for a brief period in 1431 but was driven out by Mubarak Shah.[74]

Modern period

[edit]

Mughal Era

The Mughals came to power in the early sixteenth century and gradually expanded to control all of Punjab.[75] During Mughal period Punjab region was divided into two provinces; Province of Multan and Province of Lahore. The Mughal Empire ruled the region until it was severely weakened in the eighteenth century.[44] As Mughal power weakened, Afghan rulers took control of the region.[44] Contested by Marathas and Afghans, the region was the center of the growing influence of the Sikhs, who expanded and established the Sikh empire as the Mughals and Afghans weakened, ultimately ruling the Punjab and territories north into the Himalayas.[44]

Illustration of Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire.

The Sikh Empire ruled Punjab from 1799 until the British annexed it in 1849 following the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars.[76]

British Rule

Punjab Region on World Map under the British Rule in 1909

Most of the Punjabi homeland formed a province of British India, though a number of small princely states retained local rulers who recognized British authority.[44] The Punjab with its rich farmlands became one of the most important colonial assets.[44] Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture, and Rawalpindi became an important military installation.[44]

Most Punjabis supported the British during World War I, providing men and resources to the war effort even though the Punjab remained a source of anti-colonial activities.[77] Disturbances in the region increased as the war continued.[44] At the end of the war, high casualty rates, heavy taxation, inflation, and a widespread influenza epidemic disrupted Punjabi society.[44] In 1919 a British officer ordered his troops to fire on a crowd of demonstrators, mostly Sikhs in Amritsar. The Jallianwala massacre fueled the Indian independence movement.[44] Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed.[44]

When the Second World War broke out, nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements.[44] Many Sikhs and other minorities supported the Hindus, who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society, and Muslim leaders in Lahore passed a resolution to work for a Muslim Pakistan, making the Punjab region a center of growing conflict between Indian and Pakistani nationalists.[44] At the end of the war, the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan, setting off massive communal violence as Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India.[44]

The British Raj had major political, cultural, philosophical, and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education. During the independence movement, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Ajit Singh Sandhu, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Choudhry Rahmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai.

After Independence

At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. East Punjab (48%) became part of India, while West Punjab (52%) became part of Pakistan.[78] The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following partition, with casualties estimated to be in the millions.[79][80][81][82]

Another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity that occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide-scale migration but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer Tim Dyson, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.[83]

Geography

[edit]

Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province by area after Balochistan with an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles).[84] It occupies 25.8% of the total landmass of Pakistan.[84] Punjab province is bordered by Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory and Azad Kashmir in the north. Punjab borders Jammu and Kashmir in the north, and the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east.

The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the capital of the wider Punjab region since 17th century. Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum, Rahim Yar Khan and Sahiwal. The undivided Punjab region was home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistan's Punjab province. From west to east, the rivers are: the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad.[85][86]

Topography

[edit]
Punjab features mountainous terrain near the hill station of Murree.
The route from Dera Ghazi Khan to Fort Munro

Punjab's landscape mostly consists of fertile alluvial plains of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers which traverse Punjab north to south – the fifth of the "five waters" of Punjab, the Beas River, lies exclusively in the Indian state of Punjab. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province. Punjab also includes several mountainous regions, including the Sulaiman Mountains in the southwest part of the province, the Margalla Hills in the north near Islamabad, and the Salt Range which divides the most northerly portion of Punjab, the Pothohar Plateau, from the rest of the province. Sparse deserts can be found in southern Punjab near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. Punjab also contains part of the Thal and Cholistan deserts. In the South, Punjab's elevation reaches 2,327 metres (7,635 ft)[citation needed] near the hill station of Fort Munro in Dera Ghazi Khan.

Climate

[edit]
Sunset in Punjab, during summer

Most areas in Punjab experience extreme weather with foggy winters, often accompanied by rain. By mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in. The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s, the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.

In early 2007, the province experienced one of the coldest winters in the last 70 years.[87]

Punjab's region temperature ranges from −2° to 45 °C, but can reach 50 °C (122 °F) in summer and can touch down to −10 °C in winter.

Climatically, Punjab has three major seasons:[88]

  • Hot weather (April to early June) when temperature rises as high as 123 °F (51 °C).
  • Rainy season (late June to September). Average annual rainfall ranges between 950–1200 mm sub-mountain region and 500–750 mm in the plains.
  • Cold / Foggy / mild weather (October to March). Temperature goes down as low as 35.6 °F (2.0 °C).

Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well, and feature a much cooler and wetter climate, with snowfall common at higher altitudes.[citation needed]

Demographics

[edit]
See also: Punjabi Muslims and List of populated places in Punjab
Historical population figures[89][90][c][d][e][f][g][h]
Census Population Urban Rural
1881 7,942,399 — —
1901 10,427,765 — —
1911 11,104,585 — —
1921 11,888,985 — —
1931 14,040,798 — —
1941 17,350,103 — —
1951 20,540,762 3,568,076 16,972,686
1961 25,463,974 5,475,922 19,988,052
1972 37,607,423 9,182,695 28,424,728
1981 47,292,441 13,051,646 34,240,795
1998 73,621,290 23,019,025 50,602,265
2017 110,012,615 40,401,164 70,008,451
2023 127,688,922 51,975,967 75,712,955

Population

[edit]

The province is home to over half the population of Pakistan, and is the world's second-most populous subnational entity, and the most populous outside of India and China.

Languages

[edit]
See also: Languages of Pakistan and Punjabi dialects and languages

Languages of Punjab, Pakistan
(2023 Census)[99]

  Punjabi (67%)
  Saraiki (20.64%)
  Urdu (7.18%)
  Pashto (1.87%)
  Balochi (0.83%)
  Mewati (0.81%)
  Hindko (0.6%)
  Others (1.02%)

The major native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi, representing the largest language spoken in the country. The Punjabi language is spoken in the form of many dialects across the province including Majhi, Multani, Pothwari, Thali, Jhangvi, Dhanni, Shahpuri, Derawali, Riasti and others. Many of these dialects are grouped together in the form of varieties such as Saraiki in the south consisting of southern dialects including Multani, Derawali and Riasti; and Hindko in the northwest consisting of a group of northwestern dialects.[100] Saraiki and Hindko varieties of the language have been separately enumerated from Punjabi (general) in Pakistani censuses from 1981 and 2017, respectively.

Pashto is also spoken in some parts of Punjab, especially in Attock, Mianwali and Rawalpindi districts.[101]

Religions

[edit]
See also: Christianity in Punjab, Pakistan; Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan; and Religion in the Punjab

Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (2023 Census)[102][103]

  Islam (97.75%)
  Christianity (1.93%)
  Hinduism (0.19%)
  All Others (0.13%)

According to the 2023 census, the population of Punjab, Pakistan was 127,688,922.[104] With 124,462,897 adherents, Muslims comprise the largest religious group, with a Sunni Hanafi majority and a Shia Ithna 'ashariyah minority, forming approximately 97.75 percent of the population.[104] The largest non-Muslim minority is Christians with 2,458,924 adherents, forming roughly 1.93 percent of the population.[104] Hindus form 249,716 people, comprising approximately 0.20 percent of the population.[104] The other minorities include Sikhs and Parsis.[104]

Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (1881–2023)
Religious
group 		1881[96][97][98][105][h] 1901[95][106][g] 1911[93][94][f] 1921[92][e] 1931[91][d] 1941[107][c] 1951[108]: 12–21  1998[109] 2017[102][110] 2023[104][111]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 6,201,859 78.09% 7,951,155 76.25% 8,494,314 76.49% 8,975,288 75.49% 10,570,029 75.28% 13,022,160 75.06% 20,200,794 97.89% 71,574,830 97.22% 107,541,602 97.77% 124,462,897 97.75%
Hinduism [i] 1,449,913 18.26% 1,944,363 18.65% 1,645,758 14.82% 1,797,141 15.12% 1,957,878 13.94% 2,373,466 13.68% 33,052 0.16% 116,410 0.16% 211,641 0.19% 249,716 0.2%
Sikhism 272,908 3.44% 483,999 4.64% 813,441 7.33% 863,091 7.26% 1,180,789 8.41% 1,530,112 8.82% — — — — — — 5,649 0.004%
Christianity 12,992 0.16% 42,371 0.41% 144,514 1.3% 247,030 2.08% 324,730 2.31% 395,311 2.28% 402,617 1.95% 1,699,843 2.31% 2,063,063 1.88% 2,458,924 1.93%
Jainism 4,352 0.05% 5,562 0.05% 5,977 0.05% 5,930 0.05% 6,921 0.05% 9,520 0.05% — — — — — — — —
Zoroastrianism 354 0.004% 300 0.003% 377 0.003% 309 0.003% 413 0.003% 312 0.002% 195 0.001% — — — — 358 0.0003%
Buddhism 0 0% 6 0.0001% 168 0.002% 172 0.001% 32 0.0002% 87 0.001% 9 0% — — — — — —
Judaism — — 9 0.0001% 36 0.0003% 16 0.0001% 6 0% 7 0% — — — — — — — —
Ahmadiyya — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 181,428 0.25% 158,021 0.14% 140,512 0.11%
Others 21 0.0003% 0 0% 0 0% 8 0.0001% 0 0% 19,534 0.11% 35 0.0002% 48,779 0.07% 15,328 0.01% 15,249 0.01%
Total responses 7,942,399 100% 10,427,765 100% 11,104,585 100% 11,888,985 100% 14,040,798 100% 17,350,103 100% 20,636,702 99.93% 73,621,290 100% 109,989,655 100% 127,333,305 99.72%
Total population 7,942,399 100% 10,427,765 100% 11,104,585 100% 11,888,985 100% 14,040,798 100% 17,350,103 100% 20,651,140 100% 73,621,290 100% 109,989,655 100% 127,688,922 100%

Government and administration

[edit]
Main article: Government of Punjab, Pakistan
See also: Provincial Assembly of the Punjab; Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan; and Governor of Punjab, Pakistan
Punjab assembly, Lahore

The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Maryam Nawaz Sharif, who is also the first ever woman Chief Minister of any province in Pakistan. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.

There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant. The Chief Secretary in turn, reports to the Chief Minister. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary.

Divisions

[edit]
Main article: Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan
Map of the Pakistani Punjab divisions
Sr. No. Division Headquarters Area
(km2)[112] 		Population
(2023)[112]
1 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 45,588 13,400,009
2 Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 38,778 12,892,465
3 Faisalabad Faisalabad 17,918 16,228,526
4 Gujranwala Gujranwala 17,207 18,778,868
5 Gujrat Gujrat New New
6 Lahore Lahore 11,727 22,772,710
7 Multan Multan 15,211 14,085,102
8 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 22,254 11,406,496
9 Sahiwal Sahiwal 10,302 8,533,471
10 Sargodha Sargodha 26,360 9,591,275

Districts

[edit]
Main article: Districts of Pakistan
Sr. No. District Headquarters Area

(km2)[113]

Population

(2023)[113]

Density

(people per km2)[113]

Division
1 Attock Attock 6,858 2,170,423 316.7 Rawalpindi
2 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar 8,878 3,550,342 399.6 Bahawalpur
3 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 24,830 4,284,964 172.3 Bahawalpur
4 Bhakkar Bhakkar 8,153 1,957,470 240.5 Mianwali
5 Chakwal Chakwal 6,524 1,734,854 266.2 Rawalpindi
6 Chiniot Chiniot 2,643 1,563,024 591.3 Faisalabad
7 Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 11,922 3,393,705 285.8 Dera Ghazi Khan
8 Faisalabad Faisalabad 5,856 9,075,819 1,551.7 Faisalabad
9 Gujranwala Gujranwala 3,622 5,959,750 1,644.5 Gujranwala
10 Gujrat Gujrat 3,192 3,219,375 1,007.0 Gujrat
11 Hafizabad Hafizabad 2,367 1,319,909 557.0 Gujrat
12 Jampur Jampur N/A N/A N/A Dera Ghazi Khan
13 Jhang Jhang 6,166 3,065,639 497.6 Faisalabad
14 Jhelum Jhelum 3,587 1,382,308 385.7 Rawalpindi
15 Kasur Kasur 3,995 4,084,286 1,021.4 Lahore
16 Khanewal Khanewal 4,349 3,364,077 774.3 Multan
17 Khushab Jauharabad 6,511 1,501,089 230.8 Sargodha
18 Lahore Lahore 1,772 13,004,135 7,336.6 Lahore
19 Layyah Layyah 6,289 2,102,386 334.5 Dera Ghazi Khan
20 Lodhran Lodhran 2,778 1,928,299 693.5 Multan
21 Mandi Bahauddin Mandi Bahauddin 2,673 1,829,486 683.1 Gujrat
22 Mianwali Mianwali 5,840 1,798,268 307.4 Mianwali
23 Multan Multan 3,720 5,362,305 1,441.1 Multan
24 Muzaffargarh Muzaffargarh 8,249 5,015,325 607.5 Dera Ghazi Khan
25 Nankana Sahib Nankana Sahib 2,216 1,634,871 737.0 Lahore
26 Narowal Narowal 2,337 1,950,954 834.3 Gujranwala
27 Okara Okara 4,377 3,515,490 802.2 Sahiwal
28 Pakpattan Pakpattan 2,724 2,136,170 785.3 Sahiwal
29 Rahim Yar Khan Rahim Yar Khan 11,880 5,564,703 468.2 Bahawalpur
30 Rajanpur Rajanpur 12,319 2,381,049 193.3 Dera Ghazi Khan
31 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 5,286 6,118,911 1,156.5 Rawalpindi
32 Sahiwal Sahiwal 3,201 2,881,811 900.6 Sahiwal
33 Sargodha Sargodha 5,854 4,334,448 740.1 Sargodha
34 Sheikhupura Sheikhupura 3,744 4,049,418 1,080.3 Lahore
35 Sialkot Sialkot 3,016 4,499,394 1,492.5 Gujranwala
36 Toba Tek Singh Toba Tek Singh 3,252 2,524,044 776.2 Faisalabad
37 Vehari Vehari 4,364 3,430,421 787.7 Multan
38 Talagang Talagang N/A N/A N/A Rawalpindi
39 Murree Murree N/A N/A N/A Rawalpindi
40 Taunsa Taunsa N/A N/A N/A Dera Ghazi Khan
41 Kot Addu Kot Addu N/A N/A N/A Dera Ghazi Khan
42 Wazirabad Wazirabad N/A N/A N/A Gujrat

Major cities

[edit]
Main articles: List of cities in Punjab (Pakistan) and List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by population
List of major cities in Punjab
Rank City District Population Image
1 Lahore Lahore 11,126,285
2 Faisalabad Faisalabad 3,204,726
3 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 2,098,231
4 Gujranwala Gujranwala 2,027,001
5 Multan Multan 1,871,843
6 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 762,111
7 Sargodha Sargodha 659,862
8 Sialkot Sialkot 655,852
9 Sheikhupura Sheikhupura 473,129
10 Rahim Yar Khan Rahim Yar Khan 420,419
11 Jhang Jhang 414,131
12 Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 399,064
13 Gujrat Gujrat 390,533
14 Sahiwal Sahiwal 389,605
15 Wah Cantonment Rawalpindi 380,103
Source: pbscensus 2017[114]
This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.

Economy

[edit]
Further information: Dadukhel mine
GDP by Province

Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972.[115] Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also a major manpower contributor because it has the largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions ranging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%.[116] In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8%[117] and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% and 8% per year.[118] and during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.

Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan;[8] its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.[119]

Industrial Zones Punjab, Source:[120]

Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods. Industrial estates are being developed by Punjab government to boost industrialization in province, Quaid e Azam Business Park Sheikhupura is one of the industrial area which is being developed near Sheikhupura on Lahore-Islamabad motorway.[121]

Punjab has the lowest poverty rates in Pakistan, although a divide is present between the northern and southern parts of the province.[9] Sialkot District in the prosperous northern part of the province has a poverty rate of 5.63%,[122] while Rajanpur District in the poorer south has a poverty rate of 60.05%.[12]

Education

[edit]
See also: List of schools in Punjab, Pakistan
Government College University, Lahore

The literacy rate has increased greatly over the last 40 years (see the table below). Punjab has the highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.550.[123]

Year Literacy Rate
1972 20.7%
1981 27.4%
1998 46.56%
2009 59.6%
2021 66.3%[5]

Sources:[124][125]

This is a chart of the education market of Punjab estimated by the government in 1998.

Qualification Urban Rural Total Enrollment Ratio(%)
– 23,019,025 50,602,265 73,621,290 —
Below Primary 3,356,173 11,598,039 14,954,212 100.00
Primary 6,205,929 18,039,707 24,245,636 79.68
Middle 5,140,148 10,818,764 15,958,912 46.75
Matriculation 4,624,522 7,119,738 11,744,260 25.07
Intermediate 1,862,239 1,821,681 3,683,920 9.12
BA, BSc... degrees 110,491 96,144 206,635 4.12
MA, MSc... degrees 1,226,914 764,094 1,991,008 3.84
Diploma, Certificate... 418,946 222,649 641,595 1.13
Other qualifications 73,663 121,449 195,112 0.26

List of universities

[edit]
University Location Established Campuses Specialization Type
1 King Edward Medical University Lahore 1860 Medicine Public
2 Government College University, Lahore Lahore 1864 General Public
3 Forman Christian College Lahore 1864 General Private
4 National College of Arts Lahore 1875 Rawalpindi Art and design Public
5 University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 1882 Jhang, Pattoki, Narowal, Layyah Veterinary and animal sciences Public
6 University of the Punjab Lahore 1882 Gujranwala, Jhelum, Khanspur General Public
7 Punjab Tianjin University of Technology Lahore 2018 Engineering and technology Public
8 University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Faisalabad 1906 Burewala, Toba Tek Singh, Depalpur Agriculture Public
9 Namal Institute Mianwali 2008 Engineering and technology Private
10 Kinnaird College for Women University Lahore 1913 General Public
11 University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Lahore 1921 Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Narowal Engineering and technology Public
12 Lahore College for Women University Lahore 1922 Jhang General Public
13 Government College University, Faisalabad Faisalabad 1897 Layyah, Sahiwal, Chiniot General Public
14 Fatima Jinnah Medical University Lahore 1948 Medicine Public
15 National Textile University Faisalabad 1959 Karachi Textile engineering and design Public
16 Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi 1970 Agriculture Public
17 Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 1975 Layyah, Vehari General Public
18 The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 1975 Bahawalnagar, Rahim Yar Khan General Public
19 University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila Taxila 1975 Engineering and technology Public
20 Lahore University of Management Sciences Lahore 1984 General Private
21 NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology Multan 1985 Engineering and technology Public
22 Institute of Management Sciences, Lahore Lahore 1987 General Private
23 University of Management and Technology, Lahore Lahore 1990 Sialkot General Private
24 National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore 1994 Multan, Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan General Private
25 Lahore School of Economics Lahore 1997 General Private
26 Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi 1998 General Public
27 University of Sargodha Sargodha 2002 Bhakkar General Public
28 University of Health Sciences, Lahore Lahore 2002 Health sciences Public
29 University of Education Lahore 2002 Attock, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad, Jauharabad, Multan, Vehari Education Public
30 GIFT University Gujranwala 2002 General Private
31 Hajvery University Lahore 2002 Sheikhupura General Private
32 University of Central Punjab Lahore 2002 General Private
33 University of Faisalabad Faisalabad 2002 General Private
34 University of Lahore Lahore 1999 Gujrat, Sargodha, Pakpattan General Private
35 Beaconhouse National University Lahore 2003 General Private
36 University of South Asia Lahore 2003 General Private
37 University of Gujrat Gujrat 2004 Lahore, Rawalpindi, Narowal, Mandi Bahauddin General Public
38 Superior University Lahore 2004 General Private
39 Minhaj University, Lahore Lahore 2005 General Private
40 HITEC University Taxila 2007 General Private
41 University of Wah Wah 2009 General Private
42 Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design Lahore 1994 Fashion and design Public
43 Women University Multan Multan 2010 General Public
44 Institute of Southern Punjab Multan 2010 General Private
45 Qarshi University Lahore 2011 General Private
46 Government College Women University, Sialkot Sialkot 2012 General Public
47 Government Sadiq College Women University Bahawalpur 2012 General Public
48 Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan 2012 General Public
49 Government College Women University, Faisalabad Faisalabad 2012 General Public
50 Information Technology University (Lahore) Lahore 2012 General Public
51 Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture Multan 2012 General Public
52 Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology Multan 2012 General Public
53 Virtual University of Pakistan Lahore 2002 Across the entire Pakistan General Public
54 Lahore Garrison University Lahore 2012 General Private
55 Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur 2014 Veterinary and animal sciences Public
56 Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 2014 Engineering and technology Public
57 University of Engineering and Technology, Rasul Mandi Bahauddin 1873 Engineering and technology Public
58 University of Sahiwal Sahiwal 2015 General Public
59 University of Okara Okara 2015 General Public
60 University of Jhang Jhang 2015 General Public
61 NUR International University Lahore 2015 General Private
62 University of Sialkot Sialkot 2013 General Private
63 Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad 1973 Medicine Public
64 Rawalpindi Medical University Rawalpindi 1974 Medicine Public
65 Nishtar Medical University Multan 1951 Medicine Public
66 National University of Medical Sciences Rawalpindi 2015 Medicine Public
67 University of Home Economics Lahore Lahore 1955 Home economics Public
68 Mir Chakar Khan Rind University of Technology Dera Ghazi Khan 2019 Engineering and technology Public
69 Rawalpindi Women University Rawalpindi 1950 General Public
70 Institute for Art and Culture Lahore 2019 Art and design Public
71 University of Narowal Narowal 2014 General Public
72 Al-Qadir University[126][127] Sohawa 2021 Sufism Public
73 Baba Guru Nanak University Nankana Sahib 2021 General Public
74 University of Chakwal Chakwal 2020 General Public
75 University of Mianwali Mianwali 2020 General Public
76 University of Chenab Gujrat 2021 General Private
76 Thal University Bhakkar 2021 General Public
77 Green International University Lahore 2020 General Private
78 Kohsar University Murree Murree 2021 General Public
79 Lahore Institute of Science and Technology Lahore 2022 General Private
80 Grand Asian University Sialkot Sialkot 2022 General Private
81 Government Viqar-un-Nisa Women University Rawalpindi 2022 General Public

Culture

[edit]
Main article: Punjabi culture
Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, Multan (1320 AD)

The culture in Punjab grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization, dating back to 3000 BCE.[128] Agriculture has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership.[128] The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the Green Revolution during the mid-1960's to the mid-1970's, has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan".[128]

Fairs and festivals

[edit]
Main article: Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)

The Islamic festivals are typically observed.[129][130] Non-Islamic festivals include Lohri, Basant and Vaisakhi, which are usually celebrated as seasonal festivals.[131] The Islamic festivals are set according to the lunar Islamic calendar (Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year.[132]

Some Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban the participation of non-Islamic festivals because of the religious basis,[133] and they being declared haram (forbidden in Islam).[134]

Tourism

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Punjab, Pakistan
The Lahore Fort, a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Rohtas Fort, a UNESCO world heritage site, was built upon a hill overlooking the Pothohar Plateau.
Derawar Fort in Cholistan Desert, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Tourism in Punjab is regulated by the Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab.[135] The province has a number of large cosmopolitan cities, including the provincial capital Lahore. Major visitor attractions there include Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens, which are now recognised World Heritage Sites. The Walled City of Lahore, Badshahi Mosque, Wazir Khan Mosque, Tomb of Jahangir and Nur Jahan, Tomb of Asaf Khan, Chauburji and other major sites are visited by tourists each year.

Murree is a famous hill station stop for tourists.[136] The Pharwala Fort, which was built by an ancient Hindu civilisation, is on the outskirts of the city. The city of Sheikhupura also has a number of sites from the Mughal Empire, including the World Heritage-listed Rohtas Fort near Jhelum. The Katasraj temple in the city of Chakwal is a major destination for Hindu devotees. The Khewra Salt Mines is one of the oldest mines in South Asia. Faisalabad's clock tower and eight bazaars were designed to represent the Union Jack.[137]

Noor Mahal, Bahawalpur

The province's southward is arid. Multan is known for its mausoleums of saints and Sufi pirs. The Multan Museum, Multan fort, DHA 360° zoo and Nuagaza tombs are significant attractions in the city. The city of Bahawalpur is located near the Cholistan and Thar deserts. Derawar Fort in the Cholistan Desert is the site for the annual Cholistan Jeep Rally. The city is also near the ancient site of Uch Sharif which was once a Delhi Sultanate stronghold. The Noor Mahal, Sadiq Ghar Palace, Darbar Mall were built during the reign of the Nawabs. The Lal Suhanra National Park is a major zoological garden on the outskirts of the city.[138]

Social issues

[edit]
See also: Punjabi Language Movement
A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore, Pakistan, demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools of the Punjab.

The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that the Punjabi language in the province is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish.[139][140][141][142]

In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.[143][144] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.[145][146] Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day.

Hafiz Saeed, chief of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah (JuD), has questioned Pakistan's decision to adopt Urdu as its national language in a country where majority of people speak Punjabi language, citing his interpretation of Islamic doctrine as encouraging education in the mother-tongue.[147] Some of the organisations and activists that demand the promotion of the Punjabi language include:

  • Cultural and research institutes: Punjabi Adabi Board, the Khoj Garh Research Centre, Punjabi Prachar, Institute for Peace and Secular Studies, Adbi Sangat, Khaaksaar Tehreek, Saanjh, Maan Boli Research Centre, Punjabi Sangat Pakistan, Punjabi Markaz, Sver International
  • Trade unions and youth groups: Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union-Pakistan, Punjabi National Conference, National Youth Forum, Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union, Pakistan, and the Punjabi National Conference.
  • Notable activists include Tariq Jatala, Farhad Iqbal, Diep Saeeda, Khalil Ojla, Afzal Sahir, Jamil Ahmad Paul, Mazhar Tirmazi, Mushtaq Sufi, Biya Je, Tohid Ahmad Chattha and Bilal Shaker Kahaloon, Nazeer Kahut.[148][149][150]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Punjab's contribution to national economy was 60.58%, or $925 billion (PPP) and $225 billion (nominal) in 2022.[2][3]
  2. ^ Islamabad Capital Territory is Pakistan's least impoverished administrative unit, but ICT is not a province. Azad Kashmir also has a rate of poverty lower than Punjab, but is not a province.
  3. ^ a b 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here: [90]
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  4. ^ a b 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here:[91]: 277 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  5. ^ a b 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here:[92]: 29 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  6. ^ a b 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here:[93]: 27 [94]: 27 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  7. ^ a b 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur (inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census), Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here:[95]: 34 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  8. ^ a b 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Montgomery, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), and one princely state (Bahawalpur) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1881 census data here:[96][97][98]
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  9. ^ 1931–1941 census: Including Ad-Dharmis

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Punjab province)" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk). 5 August 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  2. ^ "GDP OF KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA'S DISTRICTS" (PDF). kpbos.gov.pk.
  3. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
  4. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab". Globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  5. ^ a b "KP Achieves Highest Literacy Rate Growth Among All Provinces". Propakistani. 9 June 2022.
  6. ^ "Provincial Assembly – Punjab". Archived from the original on 1 February 2009.
  7. ^ "'Wrong number' couple fight India deportation". BBC News. 4 September 2023.
  8. ^ a b Government of the Punjab – Planning & Development Department (March 2015). "PUNJAB GROWTH STRATEGY 2018 Accelerating Economic Growth and Improving Social Outcomes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2016. The industrial sector of Punjab employs around 23% of the province's labour force and contributes 24% to the provincial GDP
  9. ^ a b c Farooqui, Tashkeel (20 June 2016). "Northern Punjab, urban Sindh people more prosperous than rest of country: report". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  10. ^ Arif, G. M. "Poverty Profile of Pakistan" (PDF). Benazir Income Support Programme. Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. Among the four provinces, the highest incidence of poverty is found in Sindh (45%), followed by Balochistan (44%), Khyber Pakhtukhaw (KP) (37%) and Punjab (21%)
  11. ^ Arif, G. M. "Poverty Profile of Pakistan" (PDF). Benazir Income Support Programme. Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. See Table 5, Page 12 "Sialkot District"
  12. ^ a b Arif, G. M. "Poverty Profile of Pakistan" (PDF). Benazir Income Support Programme. Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. See Table 5, Page 12 "Rajanpur District"
  13. ^ Government of the Punjab – Planning & Development Department (March 2015). "PUNJAB GROWTH STRATEGY 2018 Accelerating Economic Growth and Improving Social Outcomes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2016. Punjab is among the most urbanized regions of South Asia and is experiencing a consistent and long-term demographic shift of the population to urban regions and cities, with around 40% of the province's population living in urban areas
  14. ^ "TABLE 9 – POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN" (PDF). Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  15. ^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. New Delhi, India; Urbana, Illinois: Aleph Book Company. p. 2. ISBN 978-93-83064-41-0.
  16. ^ Margaret Kleffner Nydell Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times, Intercultural Press, 2005, ISBN 1-931930-25-2, page xxiii, 14
  17. ^ roughly 152 million Bengali Muslims in Bangladesh and 36.4 million Bengali Muslims in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million Bangladeshis in the Middle East, 1 million Bengalis in Pakistan, 5 million British Bangladeshi.
  18. ^ Iqbal, Sir Muhammad; Zakaria, Rafiq (1981), Shikwa and Jawab-i-shikwa (in English and Urdu), translated by Singh, Khushwant, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-561324-7, "Iqbal it is true, is essentially a poet of Islam" (from the foreword by Rafiq Zakaria, p. 9)
  19. ^ Justice Dr. Nasim Hasan Shah, "Role of Iqbal in the creation of Pakistan" in The All-Pakistan Legal Decisions, Volume 35, Part 1, 1983, p. 208
  20. ^ Lelyveld, David (2004), "Muhammad Iqbal", in Martin, Richard C. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L, Macmillan, p. 356, ISBN 978-0-02-865604-5, Muhammad Iqbal, South Asian poet and ideological innovator, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and discursive prose, primarily in English, of particular significance in the formulation of a national ethos for Pakistan.
  21. ^ Schimmel 1963, p. 37: Iqbal's mother-tongue was Panjabi, and even in his later poetry now and then a Panjabi-inspired expression occurs.
  22. ^ Jalal, Ayesha (4 January 2002). Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850. Routledge. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-134-59937-0. A Muslim, an Indian and a Punjabi of Kashmiri ancestry, all at the same time, Iqbal's own individuality and sense of community was shaped in equal measure by these multiple affiliations.
  23. ^ Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012). The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-139-53639-4.
  24. ^ Ahmad, Faid; Khān, Muhammad Fāḍil (1998). Mihr-e-munīr: Biography of Ḥaḍrat Syed Pīr Meher Alī Shāh ( in English) – via GoogleBooks website.
  25. ^ Chaudhary, M. Azam. "Barrī Imām". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
  26. ^ Nizami, K.A., "Farīd al-Dīn Masʿūd "Gand̲j̲-I-S̲h̲akar"", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.
  27. ^ Gilmartin, David (1988). Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. University of California Press. pp. 40–41.
  28. ^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur (2004) [1909]. The Sikh Religion – Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. India: Low Price Publications. ISBN 81-86142-31-2.
  29. ^ Singh, Khushwant (2006). The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. India: Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 0-19-567747-1.
  30. ^ Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2008). The History of Pakistan. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  31. ^ "Katas Raj Temples". Temple Darshan. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  32. ^ "Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (Pakistan)". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  33. ^ Canfield, Robert L. (1991). Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 1 ("Origins"). ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5.
  34. ^ H K Manmohan Siṅgh. "The Punjab". The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh. Punjabi University, Patiala. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  35. ^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois: Aleph Book Company. p. 1 ("Introduction"). ISBN 978-93-83064-41-0.
  36. ^ "Punjab." Pp. 107 in Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.), vol. 20.
  37. ^ Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-61530-202-4. The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.
  38. ^ Rajesh Bala (2005). "Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab". In Sukhdial Singh (ed.). Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18–20, 2005: Proceedings. Punjabi University. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-7380-990-3. The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for "Five rivers" the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus.
  39. ^ Grewal, J. S. (2004). "Historical Geography of the Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 11 (1). University of California, Santa Barbara: 1–18. ISSN 0971-5223. OCLC 436148809.
  40. ^ Lassen, Christian. 1827. Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica Archived 18 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine [A Geographical and Historical Commentary on Indian Pentapotamia]. Weber. p. 4: "That part of India which today we call by the Persian name ''Penjab'' is named Panchanada in the sacred language of the Indians; either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Πενταποταμια. The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt, although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian.... But, in truth, that final word is never, to my knowledge, used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way; on the other hand, there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word, e.g., Doab and Nilab. Therefore, it is probable that the name Penjab, which is today found in all geographical books, is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India, among whom the Persian language was mostly in use. That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the most ancient Indian poems, and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians; for Panchála, which English translations of the Ramayana render with Penjab...is the name of another region, entirely distinct from Pentapotamia...."[whose translation?]
  41. ^ Latif, Syad Muhammad (1891). History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time. Calcultta Central Press Company. p. 1. The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, panj (five), an áb (water), having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features."
  42. ^ Khalid, Kanwal (2015). "Lahore of Pre Historic Era" (PDF). Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 52 (2): 73. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2019. The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. [...] In the later period, the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (Penta means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab" for this region. Again, it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet.
  43. ^ Singh 1989, p. 1.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 257–259. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  45. ^ Flood 1996, p. 37.
  46. ^ André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24731-4. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  47. ^ Samad, Rafi U. (2011). The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-859-2.
  48. ^ Minahan, James (30 August 2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1.
  49. ^ a b c Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "The campaign of the Hydaspes". Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–130.
  50. ^ Rogers, p. 200.
  51. ^ a b Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "From the Hydaspes to the Southern Ocean". Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge University Press.
  52. ^ Anson, Edward M. (2013). Alexander the Great: Themes and Issues. Bloomsbury. p. 151. ISBN 9781441193797.
  53. ^ Roy 2004, pp. 23–28.
  54. ^ a b c d e f Amjad 1989, p. [page needed].
  55. ^ "Tareekh-e-Pakistan (Wasti Ahad)". Yahya Amjad. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  56. ^ "Arrian. Indica. English | The Online Books Page". onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  57. ^ Hazel, John (2013). Who's Who in the Greek World. Routledge. p. 155. ISBN 9781134802241. Menander king in India, known locally as Milinda, born at a village named Kalasi near Alasanda (Alexandria-in-the-Caucasus), and who was himself the son of a king. After conquering the Punjab, where he made Sagala his capital, he made an expedition across northern India and visited Patna, the capital of the Mauraya empire, though he did not succeed in conquering this land as he appears to have been overtaken by wars on the north-west frontier with Eucratides.
  58. ^ Ahir, D. C. (1971). Buddhism in the Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Maha Bodhi Society of India. p. 31. OCLC 1288206. Demetrius died in 166 B.C., and Apollodotus, who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B.C. After his death, Menander carved out a kingdom in Punjab. Thus from 161 B.C. onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his death in 145 B.C. or 130 B.C.
  59. ^ "Menander | Indo-Greek king". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  60. ^ Hudud, al-Alam (1970). Hudud Al-Alam, 'the Regions of the World': A Persian Geography, 327A.H. – 982A.D. Luzac.
  61. ^ Rahman, Abdul (2002). "New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis" (PDF). Ancient Pakistan. XV: 37–42. The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi dynasty.
  62. ^ Meister, Michael W. (2005). "The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North" (PDF). Ancient Pakistan. XVI: 41–48. Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".
  63. ^ Rehman 1976, pp. 48–50.
  64. ^ MacLean, Derryl N. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0.
  65. ^ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 76. ISBN 978-81-207-0617-0.
  66. ^ a b Richard M. Eaton (2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. University of California Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0520325128.
  67. ^ Richard M. Eaton (2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. University of California Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0520325128. The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan...
  68. ^ Orsini, Francesca (2015). After Timur left : culture and circulation in fifteenth-century North India. Oxford Univ. Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-945066-4. OCLC 913785752.
  69. ^ Ahmed, Iftikhar (1984). "Territorial Distribution of Jatt Castes in Punjab c. 1595 – c. 1881". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 45. Indian History Congress: 429, 432. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44140224.
  70. ^ Mubārak, A.F.; Blochmann, H. (1891). The Ain I Akbari. Bibliotheca Indica. Vol. 2. Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 321. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  71. ^ Lambrick, H. T. (1975). Sind : a general introduction. Hyderabad: Sindhi Adabi Board. p. 212. ISBN 0-19-577220-2. OCLC 2404471.
  72. ^ Roseberry 1987, p. 177.
  73. ^ Roseberry 1987, p. [page needed].
  74. ^ Elliot & Dowson (1872), Chapter XXI Tárikh-i Mubárak Sháhí, of Yahyá bin Ahmad.
  75. ^ History, Hourly (June 2020). Mughal Empire: A History from Beginning to End. Independently Published. ISBN 979-8-6370-3729-2.
  76. ^ Grewal, J. S. (1998). "The Sikh empire (1799–1849) - Chapter 6". The Sikhs of the Punjab. The New Cambridge History of India (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–128. ISBN 0-521-63764-3.
  77. ^ Hibbert, Christopher (1980). The great mutiny: India 1857. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-14-004752-3.
  78. ^ "Pakistan Geotagging: Partition of Punjab in 1947". 3 October 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.. Daily Times (10 May 2012). Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  79. ^ Talbot, Ian (2009). "Partition of India: The Human Dimension". Cultural and Social History. 6 (4): 403–410. doi:10.2752/147800409X466254. S2CID 147110854. The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims.
  80. ^ D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 978-0415565660.
  81. ^ Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India. Duke University Press.
  82. ^ Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-1134378258.
  83. ^ Dyson 2018, pp. 188–189.
  84. ^ a b "Punjab". Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  85. ^ Ali, Choudhary Rahmat (28 January 1933). "Now or Never. Are we to live or perish forever?". Archived from the original on 30 June 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  86. ^ S. M. Ikram (1 January 1995). Indian Muslims and partition of India. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-81-7156-374-6. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  87. ^ "Mercury drops to freezing point – Dawn Pakistan". 6 January 2007.
  88. ^ "Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India". Archived from the original on 23 November 2005. Retrieved 23 November 2005.
  89. ^ The figures for 1998 are from pop by province – statpak.gov.pk[dead link‍]. The estimates for 2012 are from Population shoots up by 47 percent since 1998 Archived 1 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Thenews.com.pk. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
  90. ^ a b India. Census Commissioner 1941, p. 8.
  91. ^ a b "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. p. 277. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  92. ^ a b "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 29. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  93. ^ a b "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 27. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393788. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  94. ^ a b Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". p. 27. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  95. ^ a b "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 34. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  96. ^ a b "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I." 1881. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057656. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  97. ^ a b "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II". 1881. p. 14. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057657. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  98. ^ a b "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III". 1881. p. 14. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057658. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  99. ^ "TABLE 11 : POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023" (PDF). Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  100. ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
  101. ^ Khan, Muhammad Kamal (8 April 2020). Pashto Phonology: An Evaluation of the Relationship between Syllable Structure and Word Order. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-5275-4925-8. In some cities of Punjab, such as Attock, Mianwali and Rawalpindi, Pashto is spoken among other local languages.
  102. ^ a b "TABLE 9 – POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN" (PDF). Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  103. ^ "Population by Religion" (PDF).
  104. ^ a b c d e f "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  105. ^ "Gazetteers Of Gurdaspur District, 1883-84". 1884. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  106. ^ "Punjab District Gazetteers Gurdaspur District Vol.21 Statistical Tables". 1913. p. 62. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  107. ^ India. Census Commissioner 1941, p. 42.
  108. ^ "Census of Pakistan, 1951 Population According to Religion Table 6". Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  109. ^ "Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census" (PDF). Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  110. ^ "SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  111. ^ "Religious Demographics of Pakistan" (PDF).
  112. ^ a b "TABLE 1 : AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, CENSUS-2023" (PDF).
  113. ^ a b c "TABLE 1 : AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, CENSUS-2023, PUNJAB" (PDF).
  114. ^ "DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017" (PDF). www.pbscensus.gov.pk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2017.
  115. ^ "World Bank Document" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  116. ^ "Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates 1973–2000" (PDF). Retrieved 19 December 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  117. ^ "The News International: Latest, Breaking, Pakistan, Sports and Video News". Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  118. ^ A PricewaterhouseCoopers study released in 2009, surveying the 2008 GDP of the top cities in the world, calculated Faisalabad's GDP (PPP) at $35 billion. The city was third in Pakistan behind Karachi ($78 billion) and Lahore ($40 billion). Faisalabad's GDP is projected to rise to $37 billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5.7%, higher than the growth rates of 5.5% and 5.6% predicted for Karachi and Lahore.[2][ "PricewaterhouseCoopers Media Centre". Ukmediacentre.pwc.com. 1 June 2005.]– Last Paragraph[permanent dead link‍]
  119. ^ "Punjab Gateway" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2007.
  120. ^ IKRAM, ZAHID. "Industrial Zone Punjab, Pakistan". findpk.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011.
  121. ^ "PIEDMC – Punjab Industrial Estate Development and Management Company".
  122. ^ Arif, G. M. "Poverty Profile of Pakistan" (PDF). Benazir Income Support Programme. Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. See Table 5, Page 12
  123. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Table – Global Data Lab". Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  124. ^ "Pakistan: where and who are the world's illiterates?; Background paper for the Education for all global monitoring report 2006: literacy for life; 2005" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2009.
  125. ^ "Rural women uphold Pakistan's literacy rate". The Express Tribune. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  126. ^ "PM Inaugurates Al-Qadir University To Promote Science, Religious Education". 6 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  127. ^ "Al-Qadir University to revive Islamic research culture, says PM | Pakistan Today". www.pakistantoday.com.pk.
  128. ^ a b c Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-4070-5.
  129. ^ Official Holidays 2016, Government of Punjab – Pakistan (2016)
  130. ^ Official Holidays 2016 Archived 1 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Karachi Metropolitan, Sindh, Pakistan
  131. ^ Census of India, 1961: Punjab. Manage of Publications
  132. ^ Jacqueline Suthren Hirst; John Zavos (2013). Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia. Routledge. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-136-62668-5.; Eid ul-Fitar, Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar in India, Festival Dates
  133. ^ The ban on fun, IRFAN HUSAIN, Dawn, 18 February 2017
  134. ^ The barricaded Muslim mind Archived 4 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Saba Naqvi (28 August 2016), Quote: "Earlier, Muslim villagers would participate in Hindu festivals; now they think that would be haraam, so stay away. Visiting dargahs is also haraam"
  135. ^ "Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab Official Website". Tdcp.gop.pk. 9 April 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  136. ^ "Ministry of Tourism: Punjab Attractions". Tourism.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  137. ^ khalid. "Tourism in Punjab, Pakistan". Vista-tourism.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  138. ^ "Lal Suhanra Park Bahawalpur". bahawalpur.org. 18 July 2022.
  139. ^ Sarah Veach, Katy Williamson, Punjabi Culture and Language Manual Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (archived), Texas State University, p. 6, retrieved 14 May 2016.
  140. ^ "Punjabis Without Punjabi". apnaorg.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  141. ^ "Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor". ppinewsagency.com. Pakistan Press International. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  142. ^ "Urdu-isation of Punjab – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 4 May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  143. ^ "Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi". The Nation. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  144. ^ "Sufi poets can guarantee unity". The Nation. 26 August 2015. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015.
  145. ^ "Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above". The Nation. 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  146. ^ "Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP". Business Recorder. 14 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  147. ^ "Pakistan should have adopted Punjabi as national language: Hafiz Saeed" Zee News. 6 March 2016
  148. ^ "Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi". The Herald. 2 September 2106.
  149. ^ "Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". The Times of India. 4 October 2015.
  150. ^ "Rally for Ending the 150-year-old Ban on Education in Punjabi" The Nation. 21 February 2011.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to پنجاب.
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan
26 views |
↧ Download as ZWI file
Encyclosphere.org EncycloReader is supported by the EncyclosphereKSF