Purity spiral

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A purity spiral is a theory which argues for the existence of a form of groupthink in which it becomes more beneficial to hold certain views than to not hold them, and more extreme views are rewarded while expressing doubt, nuance, or moderation is punished (a process sometimes called "moral outbidding").^[1] It is argued that this feedback loop leads to members competing to demonstrate the zealotry or purity of their views.^[2][3]

A purity spiral is argued to occur when a community's primary focus becomes implementing a single value that has no upper limit, and where that value does not have an agreed interpretation.^[4]

The term purity spiral was coined in one of the first systematic sociological accounts of victimhood culture, The Rise of Victimhood Culture: Microaggressions, Safe Spaces, and the New Culture Wars, where it is described as a form of infighting among both activists and members of victim groups.^[5]

In a 2020 BBC documentary about purity spirals, Gavin Haynes said that purity spirals punish people for "the most minor transgressions," and noted that they make it socially unacceptable to express a preference contrary to the group's.^[1][4] American academic Timur Kuran described this phenomenon in his 1995 book Private Truth, Public Lies, calling it preference falsification, and further noted the lack of incentives and systems to disrupt purity spirals, pointing out that even a small amount of opposition or doubt can lead to a greater wave of questioning within the group. Philosopher René Girard also described many of the principles of the purity spiral, including mimetic rivalry and the scapegoat mechanism, in his 1972 book Violence and the Sacred.^[1]

Some examples of settings, groups, and eras where purity spirals have occurred:^[1][2]

• The Khmer Rouge
• The Cultural Revolution, Mao's Red Guard and mass denunciations
• McCarthyism
• The French revolution
• Instagram knitting circles^[4]
• Stalin's Show Trials^[6]
• Madkhalism

• Chilling effect – Discouragement of exercising rights by threats of legal sanctions
• Group think – Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of peoplePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Herd behavior – Behavior of individuals acting in a group
• Herd mentality – Tendency to adopt group beliefs and behaviors
• Moral panic – Fear that some evil threatens society
• Spiral of silence – Political science and mass communication theory
• The Power of the Powerless – Political essay by Václav Havel
• René Girard – French historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science
• Violence and the Sacred – 1972 book by René Girard