Racial nationalism

Racial nationalism is an ideology that advocates a racial definition of national identity. Racial nationalism seeks to preserve "racial purity" of a nation through policies such as banning race mixing and the immigration of other races. To create a justification for such policies, racial nationalism often promotes eugenics, and advocates political and legislative solutions based on eugenic and other racial theories.^[1]

Nationalism in Northeast Asia (China, Korea and Japan)^[2] is partly related to 'racial nationalism' (民族主義),^[3][4] it was influenced by the German ethnonationalist tradition (Völkisch movement and Blood and soil) of the 19th century, which was imported from Japan during the Meiji period.^[2][5] This kind of nationalism is related to the term 民族 similar to the German word Volk.^[6][7][8][9]

Chinese nationalism (中国民族主义 or 中华民族主义) claimed by the Chinese Communist Party in mainland China is multi-ethnic nationalism based on the concept of Zhonghua minzu (中华民族, lit: "Chinese folk"). Zhonghua minzu is translated as "Chinese nation", "Chinese people", "Chinese ethnicity" and "Chinese race".^[10][11][12] Some critics have referred to Chinese nationalism as "racial nationalism".^[4]

Some argue that the term Zhonghua minzu is intended to justify the Han race (汉族 or 汉民族)^[2] based "assimilationist" policy. Jamil Anderlini, an editor for the Financial Times, said that the concept of "Chinese race" nominally includes 56 officially recognized ethnicities (including Tibetans and Uyghurs) in China, but is "almost universally understood to mean the majority Han ethnic group, who make up more than 90 per cent of the population."^[11]

Korean racial nationalism is related to the concept of minjok, which often translates as "race" in the English-speaking world. In the 20th century, racial nationalist sentiment was shared on all political spectrums in South Korea, including not just right-wing dictatorships, but liberals and leftists who resisted it.^[13][14] When the racialist expressions were removed from South Korea's Pledge of Allegiance in 2007, it is opposed by some left-wing nationalists who wished for Korean reunification.^[15] According to Brian Reynolds Myers, racial nationalism in North Korea is the main ideology of maintaining the system.^[16]

Many modern Korean nationalists deny the connection to "race" by limiting the meaning of minjok to the meanings of "nation", "people" and "ethnic group",^[17][18] because minjok (민족, lit: "folk") and injong (인종, lit: race) are distinct concepts in Korean language.^[18][19][20] However, many non-Korean observers actually recognize minjok as meaning of "race" because "Korean minjok" (한민족 or 조선민족) is defined by 'pure Korean blood'.^{[17][21][22][23][24]}

• Anti-immigration
• Black nationalism
• Black separatism
• Ethnic nationalism
• Race (human categorization)
• Separatism
• White nationalism
• White separatism

• Turda, Marius; Weindling, Paul J., eds. (2007). Blood and Homeland: Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 9789637326813.