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Religion in the European Union

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Religion in the European Union (2021)[1]

  Catholic (45.3%)
  No religion/Agnostic (15%)
  Atheist (10.4%)
  Eastern Orthodox (10%)
  Protestant (8.3%)
  Other religion (5.6%)
  Other Christian (2.6%)
  Muslim (1.4%)
  Don't know and refusal to answer (1.4%)
Photo.
St. Peter's Basilica from Castel Sant'Angelo showing the dome rising behind Maderno's facade.
Santa Maria della Salute, Venice.
Cathedral Basilica of St. Stanislaus Kostka in Łódź, Poland.
Curtea de Argeș Monastery in Romania.
Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Mary in Cologne.
Frauenkirche, Lutheran church of Dresden.
Great Synagogue in Plzeň.
Central Mosque of Cologne.
A Hindu temple in Germany (Hamm, Westphalia).

Religion in the European Union is diverse. The largest religion in the EU is Christianity, which accounted for 72.8% of EU population as of 2018.[2] Smaller groups include those of Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, Hinduism, and some East Asian religions, most concentrated in Germany and France. Also present are revival movements of pre-Christianity European folk religions including Heathenism, Rodnovery, Romuva, and Druidry.[3]

Over the last several decades, religious practice has been on the decline in a process of secularisation.[4] Eurostat's Eurobarometer survey in 2010 showed that 20% of EU citizens don't believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force.[5] Many countries have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years.[6]

The countries with the most people reporting no belief in any sort of spirit, god, or higher power are France (40%), Czech Republic (37%), Sweden (34%), Netherlands (30%), Estonia (29%), Germany (27%), Belgium (27%) and Slovenia (26%).[5] The most religious countries are Romania (1% non-believers) and Malta (2% non-believers).[5] Across the EU, belief is more common with older age and is higher amongst women, those with only basic education, and those "positioning themselves on the right of the political scale (57%)".[7]

Church and state

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The EU is a secular body with a separation of church and state. There are no formal ties to any religion and no mention of any specific religion in any current or proposed treaty.[8] Discussion over the European Constitution's draft texts and later the Treaty of Lisbon have included proposals to mention Christianity and/or God in the preamble of the document. This call has been supported by Christian religious leaders, most notably the Pope.[9] However, the explicit inclusion of a link to religion faced opposition from secularists, and the final Constitution referred to Europe's "Religious and Humanist inheritance". A second attempt to include Christianity in the treaty was undertaken in 2007 with the drafting of the Treaty of Lisbon. Angela Merkel promised the Pope that she would use her influence during Germany's presidency to try to include a reference to Christianity and God in the treaty. This has provoked opposition, not least in the German press,[10] and as this inclusion may have caused problems in reaching a final agreement, this attempt was given up.[11] Of the Union's 27 states, only three have an official state religion, these being Denmark (Church of Denmark), Greece (Church of Greece), and Malta (Catholic Church). Some other churches have a close relationship with the state.[12] Until 2000, the Church of Sweden was the state church of Sweden.

In the secularising EU, the Vatican has been vocal against a perceived "militant atheism". It based this on a number of events, for example: the rejection of religious references in the Constitution and Treaty of Lisbon, the rejection by Parliament of Rocco Buttiglione as Justice Commissioner in 2004,[13] while at the same time Parliament approved Peter Mandelson (who is gay[14]) as Trade Commissioner, and the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Spain.[13] The European Parliament has also been calling for same-sex marriages to be recognised across the EU.[citation needed] Meanwhile, states such as Latvia and Poland[15] have rejected legislation designed to stop discrimination against homosexuals. This has been stated to be on religious grounds, with homosexual behaviour described as "unnatural", and the Catholic Church influencing public opinion. The difference of opinion between these countries and Brussels has been damaging relations.[16][17]

Due to the rise of other religions, and some intolerance towards them, the EU Commission now regularly meets with different religious leaders.[18] In November 2005, a delegation from the European Humanist Federation was invited to a meeting by Commissioner-President Barroso. This was the first time a humanist group had been consulted in this manner by the Commission. President Romano Prodi has refused such meetings, despite meeting various religious leaders, causing some resentment by humanists.

Secularisation

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Atheism and agnosticism have increased among the general population in Europe, with falling church attendance and membership in many countries.[19][20] The countries where the most people reported no religious belief were France (40%), Czech Republic (37%), Sweden (34%), Netherlands (30%), Estonia (29%), Germany (27%), Belgium (27%) and Slovenia (26%).[5] The most religious societies are those in Romania with 1% non-believers and Malta with 2% non-believers. Across the EU, belief was higher among: the elderly, those with strict upbringings, those with the lowest levels of formal education, those leaning towards right-wing politics, and those more concerned with moral and ethical issues in science and technology over risk-benefit analysis.[7]

In 2012, the highest ever number of births outside of marriage were recorded in the European Union, at 40%,[21] with first-births out of wedlock and cohabitation figures being even higher. Seven EU countries recorded a majority of births outside of marriage – Estonia (59% in 2014[22]), Bulgaria (58.8% in 2014[23]), Slovenia (58.3% in 2014[24]), France (57.4% in 2014[25]), Sweden (54.4% in 2013[26]), Belgium (52.3% in 2012[26]), and Denmark (51.5% in 2013[26]). These countries tend to be some of the less religious ones.[27]

Religiosity

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Most EU countries have experienced a decline in church attendance, as well as a decline in the number of people professing belief. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the EU Member States state that they believe there is a god, 26% state that they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% state that they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, god or life force. 3% declined to answer.[5] According to a recent study (Dogan, Mattei, Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline), 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. The situation of religion varies between countries in European Union. A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in Western Europe (especially in the Netherlands, Belgium, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Luxembourg and Czech Republic) has been noted and called "Post-Christian Europe". There has also been a sharp reduction in church attendance since 2005 in Poland, the most populous Eastern European EU member state, although with church attendance at 41.5% in 2009,[28] it is still well above the single-digit figures that are so typical for Sunday service attendance in other EU countries.

Belief in God, spirit/life force, or no belief per country (Eurobarometer 2010)
Belief in God.
Belief in spirit or life force.
No belief at all.

The following is a list of European countries ranked by religiosity, based on the rate of belief, according to the 2010 Eurobarometer survey. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey asked whether the person "believes there is a God", "believes there is some sort of spirit or life force" or "doesn't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".

Eurobarometer survey 2010[5]
Country "I believe
there is a God" 		"I believe there is some
sort of spirit or life force" 		"I don't believe there is any sort
of spirit, God or life force" 		"Declined to answer"
Malta Malta 94% 4% 2% 0%
Romania Romania 92% 7% 1% 0%
Cyprus Cyprus 88% 8% 3% 1%
Greece Greece 79% 16% 4% 1%
Poland Poland 79% 14% 5% 2%
Italy Italy 74% 20% 6% 0%
Republic of Ireland Ireland 70% 20% 7% 3%
Portugal Portugal 70% 15% 12% 3%
Croatia Croatia 69% 22% 7% 2%
Slovakia Slovakia 63% 23% 13% 1%
Spain Spain 59% 20% 19% 2%
Lithuania Lithuania 47% 37% 12% 4%
Luxembourg Luxembourg 46% 22% 24% 8%
Hungary Hungary 45% 34% 20% 1%
Austria Austria 44% 38% 12% 6%
Germany Germany 44% 25% 27% 4%
Latvia Latvia 38% 48% 11% 3%
United Kingdom United Kingdom 37% 33% 25% 5%
Belgium Belgium 37% 31% 27% 5%
Bulgaria Bulgaria 36% 43% 15% 6%
Finland Finland 33% 42% 22% 3%
Slovenia Slovenia 32% 36% 26% 6%
Denmark Denmark 28% 47% 24% 1%
Netherlands Netherlands 28% 39% 30% 3%
France France 27% 27% 40% 6%
Estonia Estonia 18% 50% 29% 3%
Sweden Sweden 18% 45% 34% 3%
Czech Republic Czech Republic 16% 44% 37% 3%
European Union EU28 51% 26% 20% 3%

Religious affiliation

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Largest (non-)religious group by EU member state (and other selected states)[29] according to Eurobarometer survey 2010.[5]
  More than 75% Catholic
  50–75% Catholic
  No majority (Germany, Switzerland); relative Catholic majority (France)
  50–75% Protestant
  More than 75% Orthodox
  50–75% non-religious
  Relative non-religious majority
  More than 75% Muslim
Largest (non-)religious group by EU member state according to Eurobarometer survey 2019.[30] (The U. K. subsequently left the European Union in 2020.)
  More than 75% Catholic
  50–75% Catholic
  Relative Catholic majority
  50–75% Protestant
  More than 75% Orthodox
  50–75% non-religious
  Relative non-religious majority
  Protestant, Catholic, non-religious split (Germany)
Eurobarometer survey 2015 – Religious affiliation in the EU[31]
Region Catholic Orthodox Protestant Other Christian Total Christians Non-Believer / Agnostic Atheist Muslim
Austria Austria 66.5% 2.2% 7.2% 1.9% 77.8% 15.4% 4.1% 1.5%
Belgium Belgium 52.9% 1.6% 2.1% 4.1% 60.7% 17.1% 14.9% 5.2%
Bulgaria Bulgaria 1.6% 83.3% 0.1% 0.8% 85.8% 3.3% 2.3% 7.7%
Cyprus Cyprus 1.3% 96.3% 0.0% 0.8% 98.4% 1.1% 0.5% 0.0%
Croatia Croatia 84.2% 2.3% 0.2% 0.0% 86.7% 6.6% 3.6% 1.3%
Czech Republic Czech Republic 27.1% 0.2% 1.0% 3.2% 31.5% 38.6% 25.8% 0.0%
Denmark Denmark 1.2% 2.2% 60.0% 8.8% 72.2% 12.5% 13.2% 0.8%
Estonia Estonia 2.8% 23.2% 9.0% 23.6% 58.6% 16.6% 22.2% 0.2%
Finland Finland 0.1% 2.0% 69.7% 7.4% 79.2% 12.7% 6.5% 0.5%
France France 47.8% 0.6% 1.8% 4.1% 54.3% 17.6% 22.8% 3.3%
Germany Western Germany 37.1% 0.6% 36.5% 7.2% 81.4% 6.7% 7.4% 2.8%
Germany Eastern Germany 7.1% 2.1% 19.2% 8.8% 37.2% 27.0% 34.1% 0.0%
Germany Total Germany[32] 31.1% 0.9% 33.1% 7.5% 72.6% 10.7% 12.8% 2.2%
Greece Greece 0.4% 92.9% 0.1% 1.0% 94.4% 1.9% 1.6% 1.2%
Hungary Hungary 60.3% 1.1% 5.1% 8.1% 74.6% 18.5% 2.7% 0.3%
Republic of Ireland Ireland 80.7% 0.7% 1.8% 4.3% 87.5% 5.8% 4.6% 0.8%
Italy Italy 77.8% 4.9% 0.6% 1.3% 84.6% 8.1% 4.3% 0.1%
Latvia Latvia 26.2% 24.0% 16.6% 9.9% 76.7% 17.3% 4.7% 1.2%
Lithuania Lithuania 87.7% 3.6% 0.5% 0.9% 92.7% 4.2% 2.6% 0.0%
Luxembourg Luxembourg 64.8% 3.5% 3.6% 0.7% 69.8% 11.2% 10.3% 2.1%
Malta Malta 95.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.4% 95.9% 1.1% 3.0% 0.0%
Netherlands Netherlands 21.9% 1.9% 17.8% 6.2% 47.8% 39.6% 9.2% 1.4%
Poland Poland 90.7% 0.2% 1.0% 0.4% 92.3% 2.2% 3.6% 0.2%
Portugal Portugal 85.8% 0.2% 1.1% 1.6% 88.7% 8.2% 2.3% 0.1%
Romania Romania 5.3% 89.9% 3.4% 1.0% 99.6% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%
Slovakia Slovakia 73.1% 2.2% 6.2% 2.2% 83.7% 5.0% 7.4% 0.0%
Slovenia Slovenia 66.6% 0.9% 1.5% 0.2% 69.2% 6.6% 16.5% 2.7%
Spain Spain 64.2% 1.4% 0.8% 2.2% 68.6% 17.0% 10.9% 0.6%
Sweden Sweden 1.6% 0.9% 36.5% 8.6% 47.6% 31.0% 19.0% 1.2%
United Kingdom Great Britain 12.7% 9.6% 14.7% 19.2% 56.2% 20.6% 11.8% 4.7%
United Kingdom Northern Ireland 33.3% 1.3% 14.7% 42.4% 91.7% 7.6% 2.4% 0.7%
European Union EU28 45.3% 9.6% 11.1% 5.6% 71.6% 13.6% 10.4% 1.8%

Diversity

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It was estimated that the Union's Muslim population in 2009 was 13 million people.[33] The country with the largest number of Muslims in western Europe is believed to be France with an estimated 6–7 million (though the French census does not ask religious questions) followed by Germany (4.5 million), the United Kingdom (2.7 million)[34] and Italy (1.5 million).[35] Aside from Turkey, the other possible future member to have a majority of Muslims is Albania, although other Balkan states like Bosnia (where Muslims enjoy a plurality), Montenegro and North Macedonia also have sizeable Muslim populations. Kosovo is also a Muslim majority state (but doesn't enjoy universal diplomatic recognition). A series of clashes and incidents connected to the religion have occurred in recent years, including: the murder of Theo van Gogh, the 2004 Madrid train bombings, the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, and the 7 July 2005 London bombings.[36] In response to extremism, some figures, such as Justice Freedom & Security Commissioner Franco Frattini, have suggested creating a "European Islam" – a branch of the Islamic faith that is compatible with European values.[37]

Judaism has had a long history in Europe going back to the Roman Empire. Prior to the Holocaust, the area of the European Union had a Jewish population of 5,375,000 but they were largely exterminated in Nazi concentration camps. In 2002, the EU had a Jewish population of barely over a million, including about 519,000 in France and about 273,500 in the United Kingdom. This can be compared with about 5.8 million Jews living in Israel.[38] In view of the history of persecution of Jews in Europe, antisemitism remains a matter of attention within the EU.[39]

Following the nationalization of the former British colonies in the 1960s and 1970s, many Hindus migrated to Europe from India and East Africa, often with British passports allowing them to pursue a future in Britain (which is no longer part of the EU). The Netherlands has also been a top destination for migrating Hindus, worldwide. Many Hindus who originally arrived in the country did not come directly from places like India, however. Hindus began arriving in the Netherlands in larger numbers beginning in the 1970s. This group came from Suriname, which was a Dutch colony up until 1975. Many more Hindus came in another wave of migration starting in the early 1980s spurred by the conflict in Sri Lanka that targeted Tamils. Hindus in Europe originate from different countries and practice their faith in different ways, depending on the group of Hinduism they belong to.[40] As of 2021, there are greater than 450,000 Hindus in various EU member states.[41]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Special Eurobarometer 516 : European citizens' knowledge and attitudes towards science and technology". European Union: European Commission. September 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2023 – via European Data Portal (see Volume B: EU/socio-demographics: Question D90.2. "Do you consider yourself to be...").
  2. ^ "Eurobarometer 90.4 (December 2018): Attitudes of Europeans towards Biodiversity, Awareness and Perceptions of EU customs, and Perceptions of Antisemitism", Special Eurobarometer, European Union: European Commission, 2019, retrieved 9 August 2019 – via GESIS
  3. ^ Strmiska, Michael F. (2005). Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
  4. ^ Lilla, Mark (31 March 2006). "Europe and the legend of secularization". The New York Times.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, page 204" (PDF). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2010.
  6. ^ Ford, Peter (22 February 2005). "What place for God in Europe". USA Today. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
  7. ^ a b "Eurobarometer 225: Social values, Science & Technology" (PDF). Eurostat. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006.
  8. ^ "Consolidated Treaties on European Union and establishing the European Community". Eur-Lex. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
  9. ^ "Vatican resists European secularism". BBC News. 11 February 2005. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
  10. ^ "European press review: God and the EU Constitution". BBC News/Süddeutsche Zeitung. 12 September 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
  11. ^ Rettman, Andrew (12 September 2006). "Merkel gives up on God in EU treaty". EU Observer. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
  12. ^ Ferrari, Silvio. "Silvio Ferrari on "Church and State in Europe"". Concordat Watch. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  13. ^ a b "Vatican resists European secularism". BBC News. 11 February 2005. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
  14. ^ Shoffman, Marc (3 June 2006). "Ian McKellen ranked most influential gay man". Pink News. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  15. ^ "Poland urged to drop new law banning 'homosexual propaganda' in schools". European Parliament. 23 April 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
  16. ^ Easton, Adam (10 May 2006). "Fears of Poland's gay community". BBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  17. ^ Sheeter, Laura (16 May 2006). "Latvia defies EU over gay rights". BBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  18. ^ "José Manuel Barroso meets European religious leaders". Europa (web portal). 12 July 2005. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  19. ^ Cline, Austin (28 February 2005). "Secularism in Europe". About.com. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
  20. ^ Zuckerman, Phil (2005). "Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
  21. ^ "Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table". European Commission. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  22. ^ "Among the Baltic States the greatest birth rate growth in 2014 was registered in Latvia | Latvijas statistika". Csb.gov.lv. 24 July 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  23. ^ "Population and Demographic Processes in 2014: (Final Data)" (PDF). Nsi.bg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  24. ^ "Births, Slovenia, 2014". Stat.si. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  25. ^ "Naissances hors mariage – Naissance, fécondité – France – Les chiffres – Ined – Institut national d'études démographiques". Ined.fr. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  26. ^ a b c Riché, Preface xviii, Pierre Riché reflects: "[H]e enjoyed an exceptional destiny, and by the length of his reign, by his conquests, legislation and legendary stature, he also profoundly marked the history of Western Europe."
  27. ^ "Report Evolution on the Family in Europe 2009 – Euro – Ethnicity, Race & Gender" – via Scribd.
  28. ^ "Dominicantes 2009" (in Polish). ISKK. 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  29. ^ 5 non-EU countries were included in the survey: Croatia (EU member since 1 June 2013), Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey. The U. K. has since left the European Union.
  30. ^ "Discrimination in the European Union". Special Eurobarometer. 493. European Commission. 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  31. ^ "Discrimination in the EU in 2015", Special Eurobarometer, 437, European Union: European Commission, 2015, retrieved 2 March 2019 – via GESIS
  32. ^ "GESIS: ZACAT". zacat.gesis.org.
  33. ^ Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population (PDF). Pew Research Center. pp. 31–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  34. ^ "Ian Birrell: We have nothing to fear from our Muslim citizens". 11 December 2012.[unreliable source?]
  35. ^ "Muslims in Europe: Country guide". BBC News. 23 December 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  36. ^ "Muslims in the European Union" (PDF). EU FRA. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  37. ^ Goldirova, Renata (6 July 2007). "Brussels questions EU capitals over approach to Islam". EU Observer. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  38. ^ Jewish population figures may be unreliable. These estimates are taken from: Sergio DellaPergola. "World Jewish Population (2002)". American Jewish Year Book. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 22 December 2004. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
  39. ^ EUMC (December 2006). "Anti-Semitism Summary overview of the situation in the European Union" (PDF). EUMC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2007.
  40. ^ "European Countries With The Highest Number Of Hindus: 2010 To 2050". WorldAtlas. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  41. ^ "data.europa.eu". data.europa.eu. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
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