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Retinal G protein coupled receptor

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RGR
Identifiers
AliasesRGR, RP44, Retinal G protein coupled receptor
External IDsOMIM: 600342; MGI: 1929473; HomoloGene: 37709; GeneCards: RGR; OMA:RGR - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

5995

57811

Ensembl

ENSG00000148604

ENSMUSG00000021804

UniProt

P47804

Q9Z2B3

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001012720
NM_001012722
NM_002921

NM_001301692
NM_001301694
NM_021340

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001012738
NP_001012740
NP_002912

NP_001288621
NP_001288623
NP_067315

Location (UCSC)Chr 10: 84.23 – 84.26 MbChr 14: 36.76 – 36.77 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

RPE-retinal G protein-coupled receptor also known as RGR-opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RGR gene.[5][6] RGR-opsin is a member of the rhodopsin-like receptor subfamily of GPCR. Like other opsins which bind retinaldehyde, it contains a conserved lysine residue in the seventh transmembrane domain.[7][8] RGR-opsin comes in different isoforms produced by alternative splicing.[6]

Function

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RGR-opsin preferentially binds all-trans-retinal,[8] which is the dominant form in the dark adapted retina, upon light exposure it is isomerized to 11-cis-retinal.[9] Therefore, RGR-opsin presumably acts as a photoisomerase to convert all-trans-retinal to 11-cis-retinal, similar to retinochrome in invertebrates. 11-cis-retinal is isomerized back within rhodopsin and the iodopsins in the rods and cones of the retina. RGR-opsin is exclusively expressed in tissue close to the rods and cones, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Müller cells.[7]

Phylogeny

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The RGR-opsins are restricted to the echinoderms, the hemichordates the craniates.[10] The craniates are the taxon that contains mammals and with them humans. The RGR-opsins are one of the seven subgroups of the chromopsins. The other groups are the peropsins, the retinochromes, the nemopsins, the astropsins, the varropsins, and the gluopsins.[10] The chromopsins are one of three subgroups of the tetraopsins (also known as RGR/Go or Group 4 opsins). The other groups are the neuropsins and the Go-opsins. The tetraopsins are one of the five major groups of the animal opsins, also known as type 2 opsins). The other groups are the ciliary opsins (c-opsins, cilopsins), the rhabdomeric opsins (r-opsins, rhabopsins), the xenopsins, and the nessopsins. Four of these subclades occur in Bilateria (all but the nessopsins).[10][11] However, the bilaterian clades constitute a paraphyletic taxon without the opsins from the cnidarians.[10][11][12][13]

The phylogenetic relationship of the RGR-opsins to the other opsins
  • Phylogenetic reconstruction of the opsins. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors. The frame highlights the tetraopsins, which are expanded in the next image.
    Phylogenetic reconstruction of the opsins. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors. The frame highlights the tetraopsins, which are expanded in the next image.
  • Phylogenetic reconstruction of the tetraopsins. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins. The frame highlights the chromopsins, which are expanded in the next image.
    Phylogenetic reconstruction of the tetraopsins. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins. The frame highlights the chromopsins, which are expanded in the next image.
  • Phylogenetic reconstruction of the chromopsins. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins. The frame highlights the RGR-opsins.
    Phylogenetic reconstruction of the chromopsins. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins. The frame highlights the RGR-opsins.

In the phylogeny above, Each clade contains sequences from opsins and other G protein-coupled receptors. The number of sequences and two pie charts are shown next to the clade. The first pie chart shows the percentage of a certain amino acid at the position in the sequences corresponding to position 296 in cattle rhodopsin. The amino acids are color-coded. The colors are red for lysine (K), purple for glutamic acid (E), orange for arginine (R), dark and mid-gray for other amino acids, and light gray for sequences that have no data at that position. The second pie chart gives the taxon composition for each clade, green stands for craniates, dark green for cephalochordates, mid green for echinoderms, brown for nematodes, pale pink for annelids, dark blue for arthropods, light blue for mollusks, and purple for cnidarians. The branches to the clades have pie charts, which give support values for the branches. The values are from right to left SH-aLRT/aBayes/UFBoot. The branches are considered supported when SH-aLRT ≥ 80%, aBayes ≥ 0.95, and UFBoot ≥ 95%. If a support value is above its threshold the pie chart is black otherwise gray.[10]

Clinical significance

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RGR-opsin may be associated with autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (arRP and adRP, respectively).[14][6]

Interactions

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RGR-opsin has been shown to interact with KIAA1279.[15]

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000148604 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021804 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Chen XN, Korenberg JR, Jiang M, Shen D, Fong HK (June 1996). "Localization of the human RGR opsin gene to chromosome 10q23". Human Genetics. 97 (6): 720–722. doi:10.1007/BF02346179. PMID 8641686. S2CID 6086858.
  6. ^ a b c "Entrez Gene: RGR retinal G protein coupled receptor".
  7. ^ a b Jiang M, Pandey S, Fong HK (December 1993). "An opsin homologue in the retina and pigment epithelium". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 34 (13): 3669–3678. PMID 8258527.
  8. ^ a b Shen D, Jiang M, Hao W, Tao L, Salazar M, Fong HK (November 1994). "A human opsin-related gene that encodes a retinaldehyde-binding protein". Biochemistry. 33 (44): 13117–13125. doi:10.1021/bi00248a022. PMID 7947717.
  9. ^ Hao W, Fong HK (March 1999). "The endogenous chromophore of retinal G protein-coupled receptor opsin from the pigment epithelium". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (10): 6085–6090. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.10.6085. PMID 10037690.
  10. ^ a b c d e Gühmann M, Porter ML, Bok MJ (August 2022). "The Gluopsins: Opsins without the Retinal Binding Lysine". Cells. 11 (15): 2441. doi:10.3390/cells11152441. PMC 9368030. PMID 35954284. Material was copied and adapted from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  11. ^ a b Ramirez M, Pairett A, Pankey M, Serb J, Speiser D, Swafford A, et al. (26 October 2016). "The last common ancestor of most bilaterian animals possessed at least 9 opsins". Genome Biology and Evolution: evw248. doi:10.1093/gbe/evw248. PMC 5521729. PMID 27797948.
  12. ^ Porter ML, Blasic JR, Bok MJ, Cameron EG, Pringle T, Cronin TW, et al. (January 2012). "Shedding new light on opsin evolution". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1726): 3–14. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1819. PMC 3223661. PMID 22012981.
  13. ^ Liegertová M, Pergner J, Kozmiková I, Fabian P, Pombinho AR, Strnad H, et al. (July 2015). "Cubozoan genome illuminates functional diversification of opsins and photoreceptor evolution". Scientific Reports. 5: 11885. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511885L. doi:10.1038/srep11885. PMC 5155618. PMID 26154478.
  14. ^ Morimura H, Saindelle-Ribeaudeau F, Berson EL, Dryja TP (December 1999). "Mutations in RGR, encoding a light-sensitive opsin homologue, in patients with retinitis pigmentosa". Nature Genetics. 23 (4): 393–394. doi:10.1038/70496. PMID 10581022. S2CID 35176366.
  15. ^ Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, et al. (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–1178. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.

Further reading

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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


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