Rio Puerco (Rio Grande tributary)

Rio Puerco
Rio Puerco
	The Rio Puerco where it crosses the eastern edge of the Tohajiilee Indian Reservation, just west of Albuquerque's West Mesa, Petroglyph National Monument, and Double Eagle II Airport
	Map of the Rio Grande watershed, showing the Rio Puerco joining the Rio Grande near Albuquerque.
Location
Country	United States
State	New Mexico
County	Socorro, Valencia, Bernalillo, Sandoval, Rio Arriba
Physical characteristics
Source	San Pedro Peaks
• location	Nacimiento Mountains
• coordinates	36°7′28″N 106°49′53″W / 36.12444°N 106.83139°W
• elevation	10,500 ft (3,200 m)
Mouth	Rio Grande
• coordinates	34°22′23″N 106°50′33″W / 34.37306°N 106.84250°W
• elevation	4,711 ft (1,436 m)
Length	230 mi (370 km)
Basin size	7,350 sq mi (19,000 km2)
Discharge
• location	USGS gage 08353000, 3 miles above mouth
• average	39.5 cu ft/s (1.12 m3/s)
• minimum	0 cu ft/s (0 m3/s)
• maximum	35,000 cu ft/s (990 m3/s)

The Rio Puerco is a tributary of the Rio Grande in the U.S. state of New Mexico. From its source on the west side of the Nacimiento Mountains, it flows about 230 miles (370 km),^[3] generally south to join the Rio Grande about 20 miles (32 km) south of Belen and about 50 miles (80 km) south of Albuquerque. Its drainage basin is about 7,350 square miles (19,000 km²) large, of which probably about 1,130 square miles (2,900 km²) are noncontributing.^[4]

The Rio Puerco is ephemeral, with no streamflow for part of the year. Its discharge averages 39.5 cubic feet per second (1.12 m³/s). The maximum officially recorded discharge was 5,980 cubic feet per second (169 m³/s), in 1941. The greatest flood since about 1880 occurred on September 23, 1929, with an estimated discharge of 35,000 cubic feet per second (990 m³/s). Another flood, on August 12, 1929, reached an estimated 30,600 cubic feet per second (870 m³/s).^[4]

Name

Although Rio Puerco means River of Pigs in Spanish, this usage in the southwestern United States is better translated as Muddy River.^[5]

Course

The Rio Puerco arises in the San Pedro Peaks area of the Nacimiento Mountains, in the San Pedro Parks Wilderness area of the Santa Fe National Forest. It flows generally south and southwest, leaving the mountains and national forest near the village of Cuba. From there the river flows generally south. It flows along the west side of the Jemez Indian Reservation. Arroyo Chico joins from the west, between Mesa San Luis and Mesa Chivato. The Rio Puerco continues south, passing west of Mesa Prieta, then through the Laguna Indian Reservation and the Tohajiilee Indian Reservation. Near the Bernalillo–Valencia county line and the Isleta Indian Reservation the river is joined by the Rio San Jose, which flows from the west near Grants through the Laguna Reservation. The Rio Puerco continues south through the Albuquerque Basin to the Rio Grande about 20 miles (32 km) south of Belen and about 50 miles (80 km) south of Albuquerque.^[2]

History

The Rio Puerco Valley is notable for once hosting a significant numbers of ancestral Puebloan (descendants of the Basketmaker II) people, many of them fleeing the collapse of the Chacoan civilization.

In the 1860s the US Army moved strongly against Native American raiding west of the Rio Grande. By the late 1860s the Navajo were no longer a chronic threat and the Apache had been pushed back into the high mountains. The Hispanos living along the Rio Grande were able to move west with some security for the first time. Hispano colonists from Albuquerque and Bernalillo quickly occupied every irrigable patch of land along the Rio Puerco. By the middle of the 20th century decades of overgrazing and flash flooding had rendered the Rio Puerco country virtually uninhabitable and it was abandoned.^[6]

Sediment and erosion

As it carries high levels of sediment, the Rio Puerco is a major source of suspended particulate matter.^[7] Overgrazing has made the Rio Puerco Basin of central New Mexico one of the most eroded river basins of the western United States and has increased the high sediment content of the river.^[8] The USGS collects suspended-sediment samples at its stream gage three miles (5 km) above the river's mouth. A maximum daily mean of sediment concentration of 417,000 mg/L was recorded on July 25, 2008. The maximum recorded daily sediment load was 2,240,000 tons, recorded on August 7, 1957.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Rio Puerco
^ ^a ^b USGS topographic maps
^ ^a ^b Calculated in Google Earth
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08353000, Rio Puerco near Barnardo, NM" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
^ Garland D. Bills, Neddy A. Vigil (2008). The Spanish Language of New Mexico and Southern Colorado: A Linguistic Atlas. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826345493.
^ Meinig, Donald W. (1971). Southwest: Three Peoples in Geographical Change, 1600-1970. Oxford University Press. pp. 34, 97. ISBN 978-0-19-501289-7.
^ Aby S, Gellis A, Pavich M. The Rio Puerco Arroyo Cycle and the History of Landscape Changes. USGS Earth Surface Dynamics Program.
^ "Desertification", United States Geological Survey (1997)

[gnis-1] U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Rio Puerco

[topo-2] USGS topographic maps

[gearth-3] Calculated in Google Earth

[wdr-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08353000, Rio Puerco near Barnardo, NM" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 21 July 2010.

[name-5] Garland D. Bills, Neddy A. Vigil (2008). The Spanish Language of New Mexico and Southern Colorado: A Linguistic Atlas. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826345493.

[6] Meinig, Donald W. (1971). Southwest: Three Peoples in Geographical Change, 1600-1970. Oxford University Press. pp. 34, 97. ISBN 978-0-19-501289-7.

[7] Aby S, Gellis A, Pavich M. The Rio Puerco Arroyo Cycle and the History of Landscape Changes. USGS Earth Surface Dynamics Program.

[8] "Desertification", United States Geological Survey (1997)

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