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Roy Cohn

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This article is about the American lawyer. For the Israeli neuroscientist and businessman, see Roy Cohen.

Roy Cohn
Cohn in 1964
Born
Roy Marcus Cohn

(1927-02-20)February 20, 1927
New York City, New York, U.S.
DiedAugust 2, 1986(1986-08-02) (aged 59)
Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
EducationColumbia University (BA, LLB)
OccupationLawyer
Known for
Political partyDemocratic[1]
ParentAlbert C. Cohn
FamilyJoshua Lionel Cowen (great-uncle)[2]

Roy Marcus Cohn (/koʊn/ KOHN; February 20, 1927 – August 2, 1986) was an American lawyer and prosecutor who came to prominence for his role as Senator Joseph McCarthy's chief counsel during the Army–McCarthy hearings in 1954, when he assisted McCarthy's investigations of suspected communists. In the 1970s and during the 1980s, he became a prominent political fixer in New York City.[3][4] He also represented and mentored New York City real estate developer and later U.S. President Donald Trump during his early business career.[5]

Cohn was born in the Bronx in New York City and educated at Columbia University. He rose to prominence as a U.S. Department of Justice prosecutor at the espionage trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, where he successfully prosecuted the Rosenbergs, which led to their conviction and execution in 1953. After his time as prosecuting chief counsel during the McCarthy trials, his reputation deteriorated during the late 1950s to late 1970s after McCarthy's downfall.

In 1986, Cohn was disbarred by the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court for unethical conduct after attempting to defraud a dying client by forcing the client to sign a will amendment leaving him his fortune.[6] He died five weeks later from AIDS-related complications, having vehemently denied that he was HIV-positive.[7]

Early life and education

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Born to an affluent Jewish family in the Bronx, New York City, Cohn was the only child of Dora (née Marcus; 1892–1967)[8] and Justice Albert C. Cohn (1885–1959); Cohn's father was an Assistant District Attorney of Bronx County at the time, who was appointed as a judge of the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court, later in his life.[9][1] His maternal great-uncle was Joshua Lionel Cowen, the founder and long-time owner of the Lionel Corporation, a manufacturer of toy trains.[2]

Cohn and his mother were close; they lived together until her death in 1967 and she was constantly attentive to his grades, appearance and relationships.[10] When Cohn's father insisted that his son be sent to a summer camp, his mother rented a house near the camp and her presence cast a pall over his experience. In personal interactions, Cohn showed tenderness which was absent from his public persona, but he was vain and deeply insecure.[10]

Cohn's maternal grandfather Joseph S. Marcus founded the Bank of United States in 1913. The bank failed in 1931 during the Great Depression, and its then-president Bernie Marcus, Cohn's uncle, was convicted of fraud. Bernie Marcus was imprisoned at Sing Sing, and the young Cohn frequently visited him there.[11]

After attending Fieldston School and the Horace Mann School and completing studies at Columbia University in 1946, Cohn graduated from Columbia Law School at the age of 20.[12][13][14]

Early career

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After his graduation from law school, Cohn worked as a clerk for the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York for two years. In May 1948, at age 21, he was old enough to be admitted to the state bar. He became an assistant U.S. attorney later that month.[15][16] That same year, Cohn also became a board member of the American Jewish League Against Communism.[17]

As an Assistant U.S. Attorney, Cohn helped to secure convictions in a number of well-publicized trials of accused Soviet moles. One of the first began in December 1950 with the prosecution of William Remington, a former Commerce Department employee and member of the War Production Board who had been charged with espionage following the defection of former KGB handler Elizabeth Bentley.[18] Although an indictment for espionage could not be secured, Remington had denied his long-time membership in the Communist Party USA under oath on two separate occasions and was later convicted of perjury in two separate trials.[18]

While working in Irving H. Saypol's office for the Southern District of New York, Cohn assisted with the prosecutor's case against 11 senior members of the American Communist Party for advocating for the violent overthrow of the U.S. Federal Government, under the Smith Act.[19]

Rosenberg trial

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Main article: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg after their jury conviction in 1951

Cohn played a prominent role in the 1951 espionage trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Cohn's direct examination of Ethel's brother, David Greenglass, produced testimony that was central to the Rosenbergs' conviction and subsequent execution. Greenglass testified that he had assisted the espionage activities of his brother-in-law by acting as a courier of classified documents that had been stolen from the Manhattan Project by Klaus Fuchs.

Greenglass would later change his story and allege that he committed perjury at the trial in order "to protect himself and his wife, Ruth, and that he was encouraged by the prosecution to do so."[20] Cohn always took great pride in the Rosenberg verdict and claimed to have played an even greater part than his public role. He said in his autobiography that his own influence had led to both Chief Prosecutor Saypol and Judge Irving Kaufman being appointed to the case. Cohn further said that Kaufman imposed the death penalty based on his personal recommendation.[21] Cohn denied, however, participation in any illegal ex parte discussions.[22][23]

Consensus among historians is that Julius Rosenberg was guilty of being a highly valued NKVD spymaster against the United States, but that his trial was marred by prosecutorial misconduct – mainly by Cohn – and that the Rosenbergs should not have been executed.[24][25] Distilling this consensus, Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz wrote that the Rosenbergs were "guilty – and framed."[26]

Work with Joseph McCarthy

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Main article: Army–McCarthy hearings
Roy Cohn, Joseph McCarthy, and G. David Schine in 1953

The Rosenberg trial brought the 24-year-old Cohn to the attention of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Hoover. With support from Hoover and Cardinal Spellman, Hearst columnist George Sokolsky convinced Joseph McCarthy to hire Cohn as his chief counsel, choosing him over Robert F. Kennedy.[27][28] Cohn assisted McCarthy with his work for the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, becoming known for his aggressive questioning of suspected Communists. Cohn preferred not to hold hearings in open forums, which went well with McCarthy's preference for holding "executive sessions" and "off-the-record" sessions away from the Capitol to minimize public scrutiny and to question witnesses with relative impunity.[29] Cohn was given free rein in pursuit of many investigations, with McCarthy joining in only for the more publicized sessions.[30]

Cohn played a major role in McCarthy's anti-Communist hearings.[31] During the Lavender Scare, Cohn and McCarthy alleged that Soviet Bloc intelligence services had blackmailed multiple U.S. Federal Government employees into committing espionage in return for not exposing their closeted homosexuality.[31] In response, President Dwight Eisenhower signed Executive Order 10450 on April 27, 1953, to ban homosexuals, whom he considered a national security risk, from being employed by the federal government. According to David L. Marcus, Cohn's cousin, many Federal employees in Washington, D.C., who were exposed as homosexuals by Cohn and McCarthy committed suicide. As time went on, it became well known that Cohn was himself gay, although he always denied it.[32] McCarthy and Cohn were responsible for the firing of many gay men from government employment, and strong-armed opponents into silence using rumors of their homosexuality.[33] Former U.S. Senator Alan K. Simpson wrote: "The so-called 'Red Scare' has been the main focus of most historians of that period of time. A lesser-known element…and one that harmed far more people was the witch-hunt McCarthy and others conducted against homosexuals."[34]

Senator Joseph McCarthy chats with Cohn at the Army–McCarthy hearings in 1954

Sokolsky introduced G. David Schine, an anti-Communist propagandist, to Cohn, who invited him to join McCarthy's staff as an unpaid consultant.[28] When Schine was drafted into the US Army in 1953, Cohn made extensive efforts to procure special treatment for him, even threatening to "wreck the Army" if his demands were not met.[35] That conflict, along with McCarthy's claims that there were Communists in the Defense Department, led to the Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954, during which the Army charged Cohn and McCarthy with using improper pressure on Schine's behalf, and McCarthy and Cohn countercharged that the Army was holding Schine "hostage" in an attempt to squelch McCarthy's investigations into Communists in the Army. The Army-McCarthy hearings ultimately contributed to McCarthy's censure by the Senate later that year. After resigning from McCarthy's staff, Cohn returned to New York and entered private practice as an attorney.[36]

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After resigning from McCarthy's staff, Cohn had a 30-year career as an attorney in New York City. His clients included Donald Trump;[37] New York Yankees baseball club owner George Steinbrenner;[5] Aristotle Onassis;[38] Mafia figures Tony Salerno, Carmine Galante, John Gotti and Mario Gigante; Studio 54 owners Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager; the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York; Texas financier and philanthropist Shearn Moody Jr.;[39] and business owner Richard Dupont. Dupont, then 48, was convicted of aggravated harassment and attempted grand larceny for his attempts at coercing further representation by Cohn for a bogus claim to property ownership in a case against the actual owner of 644 Greenwich Street, Manhattan, where Dupont had operated Big Gym, and from where he had been evicted in January 1979.[40] Cohn's other clients included retired Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz, who has referenced Cohn as "the quintessential fixer".[41] Following federal investigations during Cohn's legal career in the 1970s and 1980s, Cohn was charged three times with professional misconduct, including perjury and witness tampering, and he was accused in New York of financial improprieties related to city contracts and private investments. He was acquitted on all charges.[1]

Political activities

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Cohn with President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan at the White House in 1982
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In 1979, Cohn became a member of the Western Goals Foundation; he served on the board of directors with Edward Teller.[42] Although he was registered as a Democrat, Cohn supported most of the Republican presidents of his time and Republicans in major offices across New York.[1] He maintained close ties in conservative political circles, serving as an informal advisor to Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan.[43] While aligning himself with Republicans he simultaneously forged close ties to Democrats including New York mayor Ed Koch,[42] Secretary of State Carmine DeSapio,[38] and Brooklyn party boss Meade Esposito.[44]

In 1972, he helped Nixon discredit the candidacy of George McGovern's Vice Presidential running mate Thomas Eagleton by leaking Eagleton's medical records to the press. Eagleton's medical record unveiled that he had been treated for depression.[45][46]

During the years of debate over the passage of New York's first gay rights bill, Cohn would align himself with the Archdiocese of New York and express his conviction that "homosexual teachers are a grave threat to our children".[47][48][49]

Association with Ronald Reagan

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President Reagan meets with Rupert Murdoch, Roy Cohn, and Thomas Bolan at the White House in 1983

Cohn worked on the 1980 Reagan campaign, where he befriended Roger Stone.[50] Cohn aided Roger Stone in Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign in 1979–1980, helping Stone arrange for John B. Anderson to get the nomination of the Liberal Party of New York, a move that would help split the opposition to Reagan in the state. Stone said Cohn gave him a suitcase that Stone avoided opening and, as instructed by Cohn, he dropped it off at the office of a lawyer influential in Liberal Party circles. Reagan carried the state with 46% of the vote to Carter's 44%, with Anderson taking over 7% of the vote. Speaking after the statute of limitations for bribery had expired, Stone said, "I paid his law firm. Legal fees. I don't know what he did for the money, but whatever it was, the Liberal Party reached its right conclusion out of a matter of principle."[51]

Rupert Murdoch was a client, and Cohn repeatedly pressured President Ronald Reagan to further Murdoch's interests. He is credited with introducing Trump and Murdoch, in the mid-1970s, marking the beginning of what was to be a long association between the two.[52]

Representation of Donald Trump

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Main articles: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump and List of lawsuits involving Donald Trump

In 1971, Donald Trump first undertook large construction projects in Manhattan.[53] In 1973, the Justice Department accused Trump of violating the Fair Housing Act in 39 of his properties.[54] The government alleged that Trump's corporation quoted different rental terms and conditions and made false "no vacancy" statements to African Americans for apartments it managed in Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.[55] Representing Trump, Cohn filed a countersuit against the government for $100 million, asserting that the charges were "irresponsible and baseless".[54][56] The countersuit was unsuccessful.[57] Trump settled the charges out of court in 1975, saying he was satisfied that the agreement did not "compel the Trump organization to accept persons on welfare as tenants unless as qualified as any other tenant."[54] The corporation was required to send a bi-weekly list of vacancies to the New York Urban League, a civil rights group, and give the league priority for certain locations.[55] In 1978, the Trump Organization was again in court for violating terms of the 1975 settlement; Cohn called the new charges "nothing more than a rehash of complaints by a couple of planted malcontents." Trump denied the charges.[55][57][58] Cohn had represented mobsters in the past like Carmine Galante and Anthony Salerno. Salerno and Paul Castellano at the time controlled the concrete unions in Manhattan and, when Donald Trump needed concrete, he received it from union leader John Cody who was linked to mob boss Castellano.[59]

Lionel trains

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Cohn was the grand-nephew of Joshua Lionel Cowen, founder of the Lionel model train company. By 1959, Cowen and his son Lawrence had become involved in a family dispute over control of the company. In October 1959, Cohn and a group of investors stepped in and gained control of the company, having bought 200,000 of the firm's 700,000 shares, which were purchased by his syndicate from the Cowens and on the open market over a three-month period prior to the takeover.[60] Under Cohn's three-and-a-half-year leadership, Lionel was plagued by declining sales, quality-control problems and huge financial losses. In 1963, Cohn was forced to resign from the company after losing a proxy fight.[61]

Disbarment and death

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In 1986, a five-judge panel of the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court disbarred Cohn for unethical and unprofessional conduct, including misappropriation of clients' funds, lying on a bar application, and falsifying a change to a will. The last charge arose from an incident in 1975, when Cohn entered the hospital room of the dying and unconscious Rosenstiel, forced a pen into his hand, and lifted it to a document appointing himself and Cathy Frank, Rosenstiel's granddaughter, executors. The resulting marks were determined in court to be indecipherable and in no way a valid signature.[6] Despite the disbarment, many famous people showed up as character witnesses including Barbara Walters, Firing Line host William F. Buckley Jr. and Donald Trump.[62]

AIDS Memorial Quilt panel for Roy Cohn, 1988

In 1984, Cohn was diagnosed with AIDS and attempted to keep his condition secret while receiving experimental drug treatment.[63] He participated in clinical trials of AZT, a drug initially synthesized to treat cancer but later developed as the first anti-HIV agent for AIDS patients. He insisted until his dying day that his disease was liver cancer.[64] He died on August 2, 1986, in Bethesda, Maryland, of complications from AIDS, at the age of 59.[7] After his death, the IRS seized almost everything he had including his house, cars, bank accounts, and other personal property and assets.[65] One of the things that the IRS did not seize was a pair of knock-off diamond cufflinks, given to him by his client and friend Donald Trump.[66] According to Roger Stone, Cohn's "absolute goal was to die completely broke and owing millions to the IRS. He succeeded in that."[67]

Cohn was buried in Union Field Cemetery in Queens, New York. His tombstone describes him as a lawyer and a patriot.[1][68] His AIDS Memorial Quilt panel is white with "Roy Cohn. Bully. Coward. Victim" in black letters, with "bully" in red and "coward" in yellow.[69]

Personal life

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Cohn (left) as a political aide at the Steinbrenner event in 1980

Cohn dated Barbara Walters in college and remained friends with her.[38] Si Newhouse, heir to the Condé Nast publishing empire, was Cohn's classmate at Horace Mann, and they remained lifelong friends. Cohn described Generoso Pope as "a second father".[70] Cohn exchanged Christmas gifts with FBI director J. Edgar Hoover;[38] they attended parties with their mutual friend, Lewis Rosenstiel, founder of liquor company Schenley Industries.[71] Cohn referred to Donald Trump as his best friend. Cohn told journalists that Trump phoned him 15 to 20 times a day[11] and according to Christine Seymour, his long-time switchboard operator, Trump was the last person to speak to Cohn on the phone before he died in 1986.[72]

Cohn had many influential social contacts.[73] According to Seymour, he had frequent phone calls with Nancy Reagan, and former CIA director William Casey "called Roy almost daily during [Reagan's] 1st election."[72] Both Casey and Cohn were reportedly close with Craig J. Spence, an influential Republican lobbyist.[74] Cohn met Alan Dershowitz when they worked together on the Claus von Bülow case and praised Dershowitz's support for Israel.[75] Cohn was also friends with Estée Lauder,[1] William F. Buckley Jr.,[76] and New York City mayor Abraham Beame.[38][77]

Sexuality

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When Cohn recruited G. David Schine as chief consultant to the McCarthy staff, speculation arose that Schine and Cohn had a sexual relationship.[78][79] Schine's chauffeur later volunteered to testify that he had seen the two "engaged in homosexual acts" in the back of his limousine,[80] though there was no evidence that Schine ever had any romantic feelings for Cohn. During this period, Schine dated the actress Piper Laurie,[81] and he eventually married a former Miss Universe, with whom he had six children.[82][83] During the Army–McCarthy hearings, Cohn denied having any "special interest" in Schine or being bound to him "closer than to the ordinary friend".[79] Joseph Welch, the Army's attorney in the hearings, made an apparent reference to Cohn's homosexuality. After asking a witness, at McCarthy's request, if a photo entered as evidence "came from a pixie", Welch defined "pixie" as "a close relative of a fairy". "Pixie" was a camera-model name at the time; "fairy" is a derogatory term for a homosexual man. The people at the hearing recognized the implication, and found it amusing; Cohn later called the remark "malicious", "wicked", and "indecent".[79]

The young Cohn also attached himself to several older powerful men who, in return, provided Cohn with assistance. One of them may have been New York's Cardinal Francis Spellman, whose own alleged homosexuality has been a subject of controversy in the Catholic Church.[84] Although Cohn always denied his homosexuality in public, he had a few known boyfriends over the course of his life, including his assistant Russell Eldridge, who died from AIDS in 1984, and Peter Fraser, Cohn's partner for the last two years of his life, who was 30 years his junior.[78][85] Speculation about Cohn's sexuality intensified following his death from AIDS in 1986.[1] In a 2008 article published in The New Yorker, Jeffrey Toobin quotes Cohn associate Roger Stone: "Roy was not gay. He was a man who liked having sex with men. Gays were weak, effeminate. He always seemed to have these young blond boys around. It just wasn't discussed. He was interested in power and access."[67]

Sexual blackmail allegations

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Some of Cohn's former clients, including Bill Bonanno, son of Joseph Bonanno, credit him with having compromising photographs of former FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. Because Hoover knew the pictures existed, Cohn told Bonanno, Hoover feared being blackmailed.[86][87] Other organized crime figures have corroborated these allegations.[88]

Reputation

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In 1978, Ken Auletta wrote in an Esquire profile of Cohn: "He fights his cases as if they were his own. It is war. If he feels his adversary has been unfair, it is war to the death. No white flags. No Mr. Nice Guy. Prospective clients who want to kill their husband, torture a business partner, break the government's legs, hire Roy Cohn. He is a legal executioner—the toughest, meanest, loyalest, vilest, and one of the most brilliant lawyers in America."[38]

Maureen Dowd wrote in an article for The New York Times which described Matt Tyrnauer's film Where's My Roy Cohn?: "Roy Cohn understood the political value of wrapping himself in the flag. He made good copy. He knew how to manipulate the press and dictate stories to the New York tabloids. He surrounded himself with gorgeous women. There was always something of a nefarious nature going on. He was like a caged animal who would go after you the minute the cage door was opened."[89]

Several people have asserted that Cohn had considerable influence on the presidency of Donald Trump. Ivy Meeropol, director of Bully, Coward, Victim: The Story of Roy Cohn, said "Cohn really paved the way for Trump and set him up with the right people, introduced him to Paul Manafort and Roger Stone—the people who helped him get to the White House."[90][91]

Vanity Fair's Marie Brenner wrote in an article about Cohn's mentorship of Trump: "Cohn—possessed of a keen intellect... he could keep a jury spellbound. When he was indicted for bribery, in 1969, his lawyer suffered a heart attack near the end of the trial. Cohn deftly stepped in and did a seven-hour closing argument—never once referring to a notepad… When Cohn spoke, he would fix you with a hypnotic stare. His eyes were the palest blue, all the more startling because they appeared to protrude from the sides of his head. While Al Pacino's version of Cohn (in Mike Nichols's 2003 HBO adaptation of Tony Kushner's Angels in America) captured Cohn's intensity, it failed to convey his child-like yearning to be liked."[11]

Media portrayals

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Theatre

[edit]

Cohn inspired several fictional portrayals after his death. Probably the best known is in Tony Kushner's Angels in America (1991), which portrays Cohn as a closeted, power-hungry hypocrite haunted by the ghost of Ethel Rosenberg as he denies dying of AIDS. In the initial Broadway production, the role was played by Ron Leibman; in the HBO miniseries (2003), Cohn is played by Al Pacino; and in the 2010 Off-Broadway revival by the Signature Theatre Company in Manhattan, the role was reprised by Frank Wood.[92] Nathan Lane played Cohn in the 2017 Royal National Theatre production and the 2018 Broadway production.[93][94] Cohn is also a character in Kushner's one-act play, G. David Schine in Hell (1996). That play may have been inspired in part by the National Lampoon comic strip "Roy Cohn in Hell" (February 1987), which depicts Cohn joining Hoover and Senator McCarthy in the nether regions. In the early 1990s, Cohn was one of two subjects of Ron Vawter's one-man show Roy Cohn/Jack Smith; his part was written by Gary Indiana.[95]

Cinema and television

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Cohn had been played numerous times on both film and television. Cinematic portrayals include the following:

Year Actor Project Notes Ref.
1977 George Wyner Tail Gunner Joe NBC television film [96]
1985 Joe Pantoliano Robert Kennedy and His Times CBS miniseries [97]
1992 James Woods Citizen Cohn HBO television film [98]
2003 Al Pacino Angels in America HBO miniseries [99]
2023 Will Brill Fellow Travelers Showtime miniseries [100][101][102]
2024 Jeremy Strong The Apprentice Film [103]

Cohn was the subject of two 2019 documentaries: Bully, Coward, Victim: The Story of Roy Cohn, directed by Ivy Meeropol (a documentary filmmaker and granddaughter of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg)[104] and Matt Tyrnauer's Where's My Roy Cohn?[105] David Moreland appears as Cohn in The X-Files episode "Travelers" (1998). Roland Blum, played by Michael Sheen, is a dishonest lawyer inspired by Cohn, who appears in "The One Inspired by Roy Cohn", Season 3, Episode 2 of The Good Fight.[106] Cohn is name checked in the Billy Joel song "We Didn't Start the Fire".[107]

Bibliography

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  • Cohn, Roy (1954). Only a Miracle Can Save America from the Red Conspiracy. Wanderer Printing Co.
  • Cohn, Roy (1968). McCarthy. New American Library. ISBN 978-1125326596.
  • Cohn, Roy (1972). A Fool for a Client: My Struggle Against the Power of a Public Prosecutor. Dell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-440-02667-9.
  • Cohn, Roy (1977). McCarthy: The Answer to 'Tail Gunner Joe'. Manor Books. ISBN 978-0-532-22106-7.
  • Cohn, Roy (1981). How to Stand Up for Your Rights and Win!. Devin-Adair Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8159-5723-2.
  • Cohn, Roy (1982). 'Outlaws of Amerika' The Weather Underground. Western Goals.
  • Cohn, Roy (1986). Roy Cohn on Divorce: Words to the Wise and Not So Wise. Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-54383-3.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Krebs, Albin (August 3, 1986). "Roy Cohn, Aide to McCarthy and Fiery Lawyer, Dies at 59". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Joshua Lionel Cowen". JVL. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  3. ^ Scott, A.O. (September 19, 2019). "'Where's My Roy Cohn?' Review: A Fixer's Progress". The New York Times. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  4. ^ Schaefer, Stephen (September 19, 2019). "Documentary spotlights infamous fixer 'Roy Cohn'". Boston Herald. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  5. ^ a b "A mentor in shamelessness: the man who taught Trump the power of publicity". The Guardian. London. April 20, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Cohn Ko'D". Time. July 7, 1986. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2008. One hospital attendant testified in a Florida court that Cohn 'tried to take (Rosenstiel's) hand for him to sign' the codicil to his will. The lawyer eventually emerged with a document bearing what the New York judges described as 'a number of "squiggly" lines which in no way resemble any letters of the alphabet.'
  7. ^ a b Mower, Joan (August 3, 1986). "Roy Cohn, Ex-Aide to Joseph McCarthy, Dead at 59". Associated Press News. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  8. ^ "Mrs. Albert C. Cohn Dies. Roy Cohn's Mother, 74". The New York Times. June 6, 1967. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
  9. ^ "Albert Cohn". Historical Society of the New York Courts. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  10. ^ a b Marcus, David L. (September 27, 2019). "5 Things You May Not Know About My Vile, Malicious Cousin Roy Cohn (Guest Blog)". TheWrap. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  11. ^ a b c Brenner, Marie (June 28, 2017). "How Donald Trump and Roy Cohn's Ruthless Symbiosis Changed America". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  12. ^ Goodman, Walter (October 16, 1994). "In Business for Profit; Imagine That?". The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
  13. ^ "In a Neutral Corner; Roy Marcus Cohn". The New York Times. April 22, 1960. Retrieved April 4, 2008. By the time he was 20, Cohn, an alumnus of the Fieldston School in …
  14. ^ Columbia College Today. New York, N.Y.: Columbia College, Office of Alumni Affairs and Development. 1961.
  15. ^ Gottlieb, Marvin (June 2, 1986). "New York Court Disbars Roy Cohn on Charges of Unethical Conduct". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  16. ^ "Roy Cohn Dies at 59". United Press International. August 4, 1986. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  17. ^ Krause, Allen (2010). "Rabbi Benjamin Schultz and the American Jewish League Against Communism: From McCarthy to Mississippi" (PDF). Southern Jewish History. 13. Marietta, Georgia: Southern Jewish Historical Society: 167, 208. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  18. ^ a b Simkin, John. "William Remington". spartacus-educational.com. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  19. ^ Caute, David (1978). The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 63. ISBN 0671226827. OCLC 3293124.
  20. ^ "False testimony clinched Rosenberg spy trial". BBC News. December 6, 2001. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  21. ^ Zion, Sidney (1988). The Autobiography of Roy Cohn. Lyle Stuart. pp. 76–77. ISBN 9780818404719.
  22. ^ Radosh, Ronald; Milton, Joyce (1997) [1983]. The Rosenberg File. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 277–278. ISBN 0300072058.
  23. ^ Clune, Lori (2016). Executing the Rosenbergs: Death and Diplomacy in a Cold War World. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0190265885.
  24. ^ Radosh, Ronald (June 10, 2016). "Rosenbergs Redux". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  25. ^ Bailey, Frankie Y.; Chermak, Steven (2007). Crimes and Trials of the Century. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-57356-973-6.
  26. ^ Dershowitz, Alan M. (July 19, 1995). "Rosenbergs Were Guilty – and Framed: FBI, Justice Department and judiciary conspired to convict a couple accused of espionage". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  27. ^ Epstein, Jason (October 19, 2010). Eating: A Memoir. New York City: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 123. ISBN 9781400078257. Cohn's position as Joseph McCarthy's chief counsel was a job Joseph P. Kennedy had wanted for his son Bobby.
  28. ^ a b "The Press: The Man in the Middle". Time. May 24, 1954. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  29. ^ "Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations". Government Publishing Office. January 2003.
  30. ^ "U.S. Senate: 'Have You No Sense of Decency?'". senate.gov. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  31. ^ a b "Lavender Scare". Out.com. April 26, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  32. ^ Romano, Lois (December 21, 1985). "The Closing Arguments of Roy Cohn". The Washington Post.
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