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Royal Lao Police

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 16 min
Royal Lao Police
Police Royale Laotiènne
ກຣົມຕຳຮວຈລາວ
Royal Lao Police senior officer's cap badge
Agency overview
Formed1950
Dissolved1975
JurisdictionNational
HeadquartersVientiane
Employees(unknown)
Annual budget(unknown)
Agency executive

The Royal Lao Police (Lao: ກຣົມຕຳຮວຈລາວ; French: Police Royale Laotiènne – PRL), was the official national police force of the Kingdom of Laos from 1950 to 1975, operating closely with the Royal Lao Armed Forces (FAR) during the Laotian Civil War between 1960 and 1975.

History

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The PRL traced back its origins to the immediate aftermath of World War II, when the Laotian Gendarmerie was established by the French Union authorities in May 1946 under the designation Lao National Guard (French: Garde Nationale Laotiènne – GNL), to replace the local sections of the mainly Vietnamese Indochinese Guard (French: Garde Indochinoise).[1] Although the new GNL was to be exclusively composed by Laotian nationals,[2] it was kept under the close supervision of French gendarmes from the Republican Guard units stationed in Indochina.[3]

In 1947, with a strength of 1,000 men, the GNL changed its designation to Laotian Gendarmerie (French: Gendarmerie Laotiènne; Lao: Kong Truat Lao), and despite being officially subordinated to the Laotian Ministry of the Interior and placed that same year under the nominal command of King Sisavang Vong,[4] the gendarmerie remained in fact under French control.[5][6] Disbanded on March 1950 upon the formation of the Laotian National Army (French: Armée Nationale Laotiènne – ANL), it was re-established by official decree on February 13, 1951, as the Royal Lao Gendarmerie or Royal Gendarmerie for short.[7]

The new Lao Gendarmerie was charged with safeguarding internal security and public order, with a planned strength of 1,250 officers and enlisted men, though the actual number was lower. By the end of 1955, it had only 540 men,[8] organized into three companies based in Luang Prabang, Vientiane and Paksé, respectively.[9] In September 1955, an American aid package, the Public Safety Program, provided for the merger of all the Laotian security forces into the Laotian National Police (French: Police Nationale Laotiènne – PNL; Lao: Tamrousat). Ordered by King Sisavang Vong on November 1955, the merger did not became effective until several months later when two royal ordinances dated January 17, 1957, retrospectively, declared that the process to have taken place earlier on January 1, 1956.[10]

Structure

[edit]

The Laotian security forces were divided into several 'branches of service', which comprised a plainclothes criminal investigation department, an immigration service, an customs service, an urban constabulary, a regional gendarmerie and a counter-insurgency armed support unit. All these formations were subordinated to the Laotian Ministry of the Interior of the Royal Lao Government in Vientiane.

Metropolitan Police

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The regular Laotian Police branch, this was the uniformed urban constabulary – also designated Urban Police, Civil Police, Civil Police Force (French: Force de Police Civile) or National Police Corps (French: Corps de Police Nationale) – charged of providing security and maintaining law and order in the main population centers, including the nation's capital city and the provincial capitals.

Gendarmerie

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The Royal Lao Gendarmerie (French: Gendarmerie Royale Laotiènne – GRL), was the regional gendarmerie of Laos, charged with patrolling the countryside; it was organized into sixty-two companies, with one being allocated to each province.[11]

Immigration service

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The Immigration Police Service was responsible for enforcement of the Laotian Immigration Law, for processing all entrie and exits, investigation of all violations of immigration laws and regulations, investigation of applicants for visas, stay permits and passports, and the issuance of travel documents and visas.[12]

Customs Service

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The Customs Service was set up in the mid-1950s to enforce border control and supervise the flux of personnel and goods on the nation's main riverine ports, airports, and at the border crossings with neighboring Thailand, Burma, China, Cambodia and Vietnam.

Directorate of National Coordination/Frontier Police

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Main article: Directorate of National Coordination

One particular ephemeral 'branch' of the Laotian security forces that is worth mention is the Directorate of National Coordination or DNC (French: Direction de Coordination Nationale – DCN) paramilitary Security Agency. The DNC begun as an airborne-qualified paramilitary élite police field force closely modelled after the Royal Thai Police (RTP) Police Aerial Resupply Unit (PARU) 'Commandos' and similar in function to the Republic of Vietnam National Police Field Force. The unit had its origins in September 1960, when the PRL command entrusted the then Lieutenant colonel Siho Lamphouthacoul the creation of a 'Special Mobile Group' (French: Groupement Mobile Speciale 1 – GMS 1) composed of two paramilitary special battalions (French: Bataillons Speciales – BS), 11th and 33rd BS.[13]

The new unit soon became involved in Laos' domestic politics during the turbulent period of the early 1960s, with its commander Lt. Col. Siho actively conspiring in Major general Phoumi Nosavan's return to power. Between mid-November and late December 1960, GMS 1 paramilitary battalions participated in the retaking of Vientiane from Captain Kong Le's rebel Neutralist airborne units,[14] including the successful capture of the Laotian Aviation (French: Aviation Laotiènne) military runway at Wattay Airfield.[15][16]

For his actions in support of his patron Major general Phoumi Nosavan's December 1960 countercoup, Lt. Col. Siho was rewarded with a promotion to Brigadier general and given command of a new paramilitary security organization:[17] in March 1961 the GMS 1 was combined with Laotian National Army or ANL (military intelligence, psychological warfare, and military police units) and PRL (the civil police force and the immigration service) units to form the DNC.[18][19] Answering only to Maj. Gen. Phoumi, Brig. Gen. Siho and its new security agency quickly took over police duties in Vientiane, exercising near absolute authority in the capital city and began screening the civilian population for Pathet Lao elements and stragglers, which often led to abuses.[20] Brig. Gen. Siho's actions cost funding from the U.S. for police training; however, his GMS 1 was considered the most effective paramilitary unit in the Royal Lao Armed Forces (French: Forces Armées du Royaume – FAR).[21]

Although originally intended to be used in intelligence-gathering and Commando operations, the GMS was primarily kept in Vientiane to support Siho's illicit activities.[22] In reality, the GMS served principally as Siho's personal bodyguard, gaining a reputation among the civilian populace for both corruption in police duties and military ability as para-commandos.[23][24] One source refers to them as "gangsters" involved in prostitution, gambling, extortion, sabotage, kidnapping, torture, and political repression.[25]

In 1962 a 30-man contingent was sent to Thailand to attend Airborne and Commando courses manned by Royal Thai Police (RTP) instructors from the Police Aerial Resupply Unit (PARU) at their Camp Narusuan training facilities located near Hua Hin in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province.[26] Upon their return to Laos, they formed the cadre of a new special battalion, 99 BS, which enabled GMS 1 to attain full regimental strength.[27] A DNC training depot and an airborne course were established at Phone Kheng in Vientiane, where 11, 33, and 99 BS were all given parachute training.[28] In 1963 Brig. Gen. Siho appointed Lieutenant colonel Thao Ty as his replacement at the head of the GMS 1 para-commando regiment, while retaining the command of the DNC.[29]

On 18 April 1964, Brig. Gen. Siho staged a coup d'état, during which his DNC police units seized the capital's public infrastructure and took control of the country.[30] However, the coup was short-lived, as Brig. Gen. Siho received international criticism and was quickly outranked by Major general Kouprasith Abhay, who succeeded in being nominated Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Lao Army (RLA), whilst his ally Major general Ouane Rattikone became the Commander-in-Chief. In response, Siho changed the GMS 1 designation to 'Border Police' or 'Frontier Police' (French: Police de Frontiers), and kept a low profile.[31][32]

On 1–3 February 1965, the DNC which had held de facto control over Vientiane during the previous year, was defeated and disbanded by the RLA in the wake of another coup d'état led by Maj. Gen. Kouprasith Abhay held that same month.[33][34] Brig. Gen. Siho was forced to exile in Thailand[35] and his DNC 'empire' was quickly divided, with its units being disbanded: the military intelligence, psychological warfare, and military police personnel were returned to the RLA structure whilst some of the policemen were kept in service and renamed the National Police Corps, which was assigned to the Ministry of the Interior of the Royal Lao Government. After two days of negotiations, the DNC's three airborne-qualified Border Police Special Battalions – BS 33, BS 11, and BS 99 – and their commander, Lieutenant colonel Thao Ty agreed to lay down their arms with the option of transferring to the RLA's airborne forces command. By mid-year they had been moved to Seno, near Savannakhet and consolidated into a new parachute regiment, Airborne Mobile Group 21 (French: Groupement Mobile 21 Aeroportée – GM 21) under Thao Ty's command.[36]

Training institutions

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Police training was initially the responsibility of the Police College (French: École de Police) at Done Tieuo in Vientiane, established in 1950 by the French, where Lao recruits underwent military-style training programs that included physical education, self-defense, close combat, and shooting.[37] A separate Police Training Academy, the PRL Police School (French: École de Police Royale Lao) was built by the United States Programs Evaluation Office (PEO) in the late 1950s at Ban Donnoun, located 10 kilometers east of Vientiane, where U.S. instructors taught Laotian cadres basic police procedures. In addition, selected PRL personnel were also sent to the United States, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia to attend specialized courses.[38][39]

List of Director Generals of Police

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Police junior commanders

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Uniforms and insignia

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Initially, GMS paratroopers of the DNC wore dark blue fatigues, whose cut followed closely that of the U.S. Army OG-107 jungle utilities, to distinguish them from the rest of the Royal Lao Armed Forces (FAR).[60]

Headgear

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Royal Lao Police enlisted men's cap badge
Royal Lao Gendarmerie officer's cap badge 1947-75
Royal Lao Gendarmerie enlisted men's cap badge 1947-75

Royal Lao Police peaked caps were worn with the standard metal PRL cap device, a silver bow and arrow per pale charged with the Airavata crest bearing the Laotian Royal Arms (Erawan) – a three-headed white elephant standing on a pedestal and surmounted by a pointed parasol – inserted on a gilt wreath representing flames emerging from a Lotus leaf rosette below. It was issued in three versions according to rank: large flames for Officers, smaller ones for NCO's and none for enlisted ranks.

Early DNC and GMS service headgear consisted on a badgeless black beret worn American-style, pulled to the right – in contrast to the FAR, where berets were still being worn pulled to the left in typical French fashion – reflecting the influence of the training cadres received from the Thai PARU in 1962.[60] In the field, the beret was often replaced by a U.S. M-1C jump helmet.

Footwear

[edit]

Regulation footwear in the DNC and GMS were the calf-length French M1950 or M1950/53 TAP (Bottes de saut modéle 1950 et 1950/53) black leather jump-boot models and the U.S. Army M-1962 "McNamara" black leather combat boots.

Accoutrements

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GMS web gear In the field was a mix of U.S. M-1945 and M-1956 load-carrying equipments (LCE), respectively in khaki and olive green cotton canvas and standard issue in the FAR.[61]

Royal Lao Police and Gendarmerie ranks

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Insignia

[edit]
Royal Lao Gendarmerie pocket badge

Unlike the FAR, the GMS and DNC never developed a distinctive unit insignia nor a beret badge, and even rank insignia was seldom seen on uniforms; a commemorative embroidered red round patch edged black bearing a tiger surmounted by the Laotian inscription "Revolutionary Forces" (Lao language: ກຳ ລັງປະຕິວັດ | kam lang pativad), which celebrated Siho's recapture of Vientiane in 1960, was worn on the left shoulder. In 1962 the DNC adopted a distinctive set of gold parachute wings in three classes modelled after the PARU airborne qualification badge, which were worn above the right pocket of the fatigue shirt.[60]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 14.
  2. ^ Michel Bodin (March 2019). "Naissance et développement des armées nationales cambodgienne et laotienne, 1946-1950" (PDF). Soldats de France.
  3. ^ Michel Bodin (2008-06-01). "Les laotiens dans la guerre d'Indochine, 1945-1954:". Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains. pp. 5–21. doi:10.3917/gmcc.230.0005. ISSN 0984-2292. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  4. ^ Sananikone, The Royal Lao Army and U.S. Army advice and support (1981), p. 14.
  5. ^ Creak, Embodied Nation: Sport, Masculinity, and the Making of Modern Laos (2015), pp. 91-93.
  6. ^ Michel Bodin (March 2019). "Naissance et développement des armées nationales cambodgienne et laotienne, 1946-1950" (PDF). Soldats de France.
  7. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), pp. 32–33.
  8. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), pp. 32–33.
  9. ^ Cochet, François; François Cochet; Porte, Rémy (2021). "Gendarmeries autochtones". Dictionnaire de la guerre d'Indochine (in French). Éditions Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-08701-2. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  10. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), pp. 32–33.
  11. ^ Creak, Embodied Nation: Sport, Masculinity, and the Making of Modern Laos (2015), pp. 91-93.
  12. ^ Ellena, Means & Katz, Termination Phase-out Study, Public Safety Project Laos (1974), p. 25.
  13. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 105.
  14. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 37.
  15. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces (1991), p. 17.
  16. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 41.
  17. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 39.
  18. ^ Anthony and Sexton, The War in Northern Laos (1993), p. 98, note 54.
  19. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces (1991), p. 17.
  20. ^ Sananikone, The Royal Lao Army and U.S. Army advice and support (1981), pp. 72-73.
  21. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), pp. 105-106.
  22. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces (1991), p. 18.
  23. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 39.
  24. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 113, note 1.
  25. ^ Kuzmarov, Modernizing Repression (2012), pp. 130-131.
  26. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces (1991), p. 17.
  27. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 105.
  28. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces (1991), pp. 17-18.
  29. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 46, Plate G1.
  30. ^ Castle, At War in the Shadow of Vietnam (1993), p. 64.
  31. ^ Anthony and Sexton, The War in Northern Laos (1993), p. 119.
  32. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 123.
  33. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960–75 (1989), p. 39.
  34. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces (1991), p. 18.
  35. ^ Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), pp. 124–125.
  36. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960–75 (1989), p. 39.
  37. ^ Creak, Embodied Nation: Sport, Masculinity, and the Making of Modern Laos (2015), p. 94.
  38. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), pp. 3; 34.
  39. ^ Ellena, Means & Katz, Termination Phase-out Study, Public Safety Project Laos (1974), p. 22.
  40. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 31.
  41. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 31.
  42. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 32.
  43. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 32.
  44. ^ Halpern, Laos Profiles (1961), pp. 21-23.
  45. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 32.
  46. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), pp. 12; 33.
  47. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 12.
  48. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 12.
  49. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 97.
  50. ^ Unforgettable Laos: 4.2 Police Structure in Military Region 2.
  51. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 165.
  52. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 181.
  53. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 183.
  54. ^ Unforgettable Laos: 4.2 Police Structure in Military Region 2.
  55. ^ Unforgettable Laos: Biography of Pol. Maj. Hang Doua
  56. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 170.
  57. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 170.
  58. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 181.
  59. ^ Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police (1965), p. 167.
  60. ^ a b c Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 39.
  61. ^ Conboy and McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75 (1989), p. 15.

References

[edit]
  • Frank E. Walton, A Survey of the Laos National Police, Office of Public Safety, Agency for International Development, Department of State, Washington, D.C., 1965. – [1]
  • Jeremy Kuzmarov, Modernizing Repression: Police Training and Nation Building in the American Century, University of Massachusetts Press, 2012. ISBN 9781558499171, 1558499172
  • Joel Halpern, Laos Profiles, Laos project, Paper No. 19, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, 1 June 1961. – [2]
  • Kenneth Conboy and Simon McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75, Men-at-arms series 217, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1989. ISBN 9780850459388
  • Kenneth Conboy and Simon McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces, Elite series 33, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1991. ISBN 1-85532-106-8
  • Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos, Boulder CO: Paladin Press, 1995. ISBN 978-1581605358, 1581605358
  • Maj. Gen. Oudone Sananikone, The Royal Lao Army and U.S. Army advice and support, Indochina monographs series, United States Army Center of Military History, Washington D.C. 1981. – [3]
  • Peter Ellena, John E. Means & Paul Katz, Termination Phase-out Study, Public Safety Project Laos, Office of Public Safety, Agency for international Development, Department of State, Washington, D.C., 1974. – [4]
  • Simon Creak, Embodied Nation: Sport, Masculinity, and the Making of Modern Laos, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 2015. ISBN 978-0-8248-7512-1 – [5]
  • Timothy Castle, At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: United States Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975, Columbia University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-231-07977-8
  • Victor B. Anthony and Richard R. Sexton, The War in Northern Laos, Command for Air Force History, 1993. OCLC 232549943

Further reading

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  • Kenneth Conboy and Don Greer, War in Laos, 1954-1975, Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1994. ISBN 0897473159
  • Ken Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 1: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1961-1969, Asia@War Volume 24, Helion & Company Limited, Warwick UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-804510-65-0
  • Ken Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 2: The CIA Paramilitary Campaign in Laos, 1969-1974, Asia@War Volume 28, Helion & Company Limited, Warwick UK 2022a. ISBN 978-1-915113-59-7
  • Ken Conboy, The Erawan War – Volume 3: The Royal Lao Armed Forces 1961-1974, Asia@War Volume 37, Helion & Company Limited, Warwick UK 2022b. ISBN 978-1-804512-87-6
  • Khambang Sibounheuang (edited by Edward Y. Hall), White Dragon Two: A Royal Laotian Commando's Escape from Laos, Spartanburg, SC: Honoribus Press, 2002. ISBN 978-1885354143
  • Nina S. Adams and Alfred W. McCoy (eds.), Laos: War and Revolution, Harper & Row, New York 1970. ASIN B0015193EW
  • Roger Warner, Shooting at the Moon: The Story of America's clandestine War in Laos, South Royalton VE: Steerforth Press, 1998. ISBN 978-1883642365
  • Perry Steiglitz, In a Little Kingdom, M.E. Sharpe, 1990. ISBN 9780873326179, 0873326172
  • Thomas L. Jr. Ahern, Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2006. Classified control no. C05303949.
  • Martin Windrow and Mike Chappell, The French Indochina War 1946–54, Men-at-arms series 322, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 1998. ISBN 978-1-85532-789-4
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