Royal Netherlands Navy

Royal Netherlands Navy
Koninklijke Marine
Emblem of the Royal Netherlands Navy
Founded	8 January 1488; 536 years ago (1488-01-08)
Country	Netherlands
Type	Navy
Size	7,398 active military personnel (2023)[1] 6 frigates 4 offshore patrol vessels 5 minehunters 1 joint support ship 2 landing platform docks 3 submarines 40 other ships 19 helicopters: NH90 NFH
Part of	Netherlands Armed Forces
Headquarters	Den Helder
Motto(s)	Veiligheid op en vanuit zee Security on and from the sea.
March	Defileermars der Koninklijke Marine (Royal Netherlands Navy Service Marchpast)
Engagements	Eighty Years' War Dutch–Portuguese War Anglo-Dutch Wars War of the Spanish Succession War of the Quadruple Alliance French Revolutionary Wars World War II Indonesian National Revolution Korean War Battle of Arafura Sea
Commanders
Commander	Vice-Admiral René Tas
Deputy commander	Rear admiral Huub Hulsker
Notable commanders	Michiel de Ruyter, Piet Hein, Maarten Tromp
Insignia
Flag
Naval ensign
Naval jack
Pennant
Logo
Aircraft flown
Patrol	NH90 NFH

The Royal Netherlands Navy (Dutch: Koninklijke Marine) is the maritime service branch of the Netherlands Armed Forces.^[2][3] It was founded on 8 January 1488,^[4] making it the third-oldest naval force in the world.

During the 17th century, the navy of the Dutch Republic (1581–1795) was one of the most powerful naval forces in the world and played an active role in the Anglo-Dutch Wars, the Franco-Dutch War, and wars against Spain and several other European powers. The Batavian Navy of the later Batavian Republic (1795–1806) and Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) played an active role in the Napoleonic Wars, though mostly dominated by French interests.

After the establishment of the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, it served an important role in protecting Dutch colonial rule, especially in Southeast Asia, and would play a minor role in World War II, especially against the Imperial Japanese Navy. Since World War II, the Royal Netherlands Navy has taken part in expeditionary peacekeeping operations. It often participates in European Union and NATO operations.

An international prefix for ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy is HNLMS (His/Her Netherlands Majesty's Ship).^{[5][better source needed]} The Netherlands navy itself uses the prefixes Zr.Ms. (Dutch: Zijner Majesteits, lit. 'His Majesty's') when a King is on the throne, and Hr.Ms. (Dutch: Harer Majesteits, lit. 'Her Majesty's') when there is a Queen. This happens automatically at end of the monarch's reign.^[6]

The modern Netherlands Navy dates its founding to a "statute of admiralty" issued by Maximilian, King of the Romans (future Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I), and his son Philip the Fair, the ruler of Burgundian lands (a minor at that time) on 8 January 1488.^[7][a]

The Netherlands navy was involved in several wars against other European powers from the late 16th century, initially for independence against Spain in European waters, later for shipping lanes, trade and colonies in many parts of the world, notably during the Anglo-Dutch Wars. During the 17th century the Dutch States Navy was one of the most powerful navies in the world. As an organization, the Dutch navy consisted of five separate admiralties (three of them in Holland, and one each in Friesland and Zeeland), each with its own ships, personnel, shipyards, command structures and revenues.^[8]

At the start of WW2 the Dutch had five cruisers, eight destroyers, 24 submarines, and smaller vessels, along with 50 aircraft. The Netherlands was conquered in 1940 by Nazi Germany in a matter of days, and two Dutch light cruisers and one destroyer leader and three destroyers that were under construction were captured in their shipyard.

For the rest of the war, the Dutch navy was based in Allied countries: the Dutch navy had its headquarters in London, and smaller units in Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka) and Western Australia. Around the world Dutch naval units were responsible for transporting troops, for example during Operation Dynamo at Dunkirk and on D-Day, they escorted convoys and attacked enemy targets. Dutch submarines scored some victories, including one on a Kriegsmarine U-boat U-95 in the Mediterranean Sea, which was sunk by O 21, but during the war the Dutch Navy suffered heavy losses, particularly in the Pacific Theatre.

A small force of submarines based in Western Australia sank more Japanese ships in the first weeks after Japan joined the war than the entire British and American navies together during the same period, an exploit which earned Admiral Helfrich the nickname "Ship-a-day Helfrich".^[9] The aggressive pace of operations against the Japanese was a contributing factor to both the heavy losses sustained and the greater number of successes scored as compared to the British and Americans in the region.

But during the relentless Japanese offensive of February through April 1942 in the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch navy in Asia was virtually annihilated, particularly in the Battle of the Java Sea (27 February 1942) in which the commander, Karel Doorman, went down with his fleet along with 1,000 sailors. The Navy sustained losses of a total of 20 ships (including two of its three light cruisers) and 2,500 sailors killed in the course of the campaign.^[10] The Dutch navy had suffered from years of underfunding and came ill-prepared to face an enemy with more and heavier ships with better weapons, including the Long Lance-torpedo, with which the cruiser Haguro sank the light cruiser HNLMS De Ruyter.^[11]

After the war, the relations between the Netherlands and its colonies changed dramatically. The establishment of the Republic of Indonesia, two days after the Japanese surrender, thwarted the Dutch plans for restoring colonial authority. After four years of conflict the Netherlands acknowledged the independence of Indonesia.

Part of the Dutch Navy was next stationed in Netherlands New Guinea until that, too, was turned over to the Indonesian government in 1962. This followed a campaign of infiltrations by the Indonesian National Armed Forces, supported by modern equipment from the Soviet Union, that was nevertheless successfully repulsed by the Dutch navy. These infiltrations took place after the order of President Sukarno to integrate the territory as an Indonesian province.

The Navy has participated in joint European Union naval operations and exercises. Ten separate Dutch vessels have contributed to the EU Naval Force Operation Atalanta, combating Somali piracy forces in the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean since 2009. The last vessel was sent in 2018; since then the Navy has only contributed staff and advisors to the mission.^[12][13]

With the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the military focus was on the army and air force; it was not until the Korean War (1950–53) that the navy got more recognition. The government allowed the creation of a balanced fleet consisting of two naval squadrons. Apart from the aircraft carrier HNLMS Karel Doorman the Dutch navy consisted of two light cruisers (two De Zeven Provinciën class), 12 destroyers (four Holland class, eight Friesland class), eight submarines, six frigates (van Speijk-class frigates), and a considerable number of minesweepers.

As a member of NATO, the Netherlands developed its security policy in close cooperation with other members. The establishment of the Warsaw pact in 1955 intensified the arms race between West and East. Technical innovations rapidly emerged, the introduction of radar and sonar were followed by nuclear weapon systems and long-range missiles. The geopolitical situation allowed for a fixed military strategy. Beginning in 1965, the Dutch Navy joined certain permanent NATO squadrons like the Standing Naval Force Atlantic.

The constituent parts of the Royal Netherlands Navy are:

Contains all surface combatants, replenishment ships, and amphibious support ships.

Houses the submarines and a support vessel.

Contains various minehunters.

The Hydrographic Service is responsible for relevant hydrographic surveys.^[14]

Provides healthcare to personnel of the Royal Netherlands Navy.^[15][16]

Two squadrons equipped with NH90 NFH helicopter based at De Kooy Airfield.

• Two Marine Combat Groups (1 MCG and 2 MCG)
• One Maritime Special Operations Force (NLMARSOF)
• One Surface Assault and Training Group (SATG)
• One Seabased Support Group (SSG)
• 32 Raiding Squadron (permanently stationed at Aruba)
• Rotterdam Marine Band of the Royal Netherlands Navy

Command of the Royal Netherlands Navy that is responsible for national defense and international law enforcement in the Dutch Caribbean.^[17][18][19]

Although the Netherlands Coastguard is not an official part of the Navy, it is under its operational control. Also the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard is under the operational control of the Navy and is commanded by the commander of the Navy in the Caribbean.

Coastguard aircraft

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Coastguard base	In service	Notes
Bombardier Dash 8 MPA	Canada	SAR / Patrol	Schiphol - The Netherlands	2[20]
Bombardier Dash 8 MPA	Canada	SAR / Patrol	HATO - Curaçao Dutch Caribbean	2
AgustaWestland AW169	Italy	SAR / Transport	HATO - Curaçao Dutch Caribbean	2
AgustaWestland AW189	Italy	SAR	Den Helder & Midden Zeeland - The Netherlands	3[21]	Operated by Bristow Group.

The main naval base, Nieuwe Haven Naval Base is situated in Den Helder, North Holland. Secondary bases are situated around Den Helder, as well as in Amsterdam, and Willemstad on the Caribbean island of (Curaçao), Usage rights are also in place for port facilities in Rotterdam, Vlissingen and Eemshaven. The Netherlands Marine Corps has barracks in Rotterdam, Doorn, Texel and Den Helder, as well as in the Caribbean at Suffisant on Curaçao, and Savaneta on Aruba.^[22][23]

Officers of the Nederland Navy are trained at the Royal Naval Institute (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine), which is part of the Netherlands defence academy (Nederlandse Defensie Academie) in Den Helder.^[24] Around 100-120 people start training every year.

The Royal Netherlands Navy currently operates 7 main classes of vessels: Note: in the Royal Netherlands Navy frigates are interchangeable with destroyers as there is no separate class

Type ship	Defensenote 1974	Defensenote 1984	Priority Document 1993	Navy study 2005	Economize 2011	Defensenote 2018
LC frigates				4	4	4
M frigates	4	8	8	2	2	2
GW frigates	2	2	2
L frigates	1	2	2
S frigates	12	10	6
MLM frigates	6
Frigates	25	22	18	6	6	6
Patrol ships				4	4	4
Submarine	6	6	4	4	4	4
Supply ships	2	2	2	1		1
LPD			1	2	2	2
JSS				1	1	1
Minehunters	15	15	15	10	6	6
Minesweepers	11	11
Total ships	59	56	40	28	23	24
LRMP aircraft	21	13	13
Helicopters	36	30	20	20	20	20
Total aircraft	57	43	33	20	20	20

The Royal Netherlands Navy classifies the De Zeven Provinciën-class as frigates, but internationally they are most comparable to destroyers (due to their size and weapon capability) platform for Sea Based Anti-Ballistic Missile defence

• 19 NH90, 11 NATO Frigate Helicopter (NFH) and eight transport version of the NATO Frigate Helicopter (TNFH) for Marine Corps Air Lift Helicopter Squadron.^[25] One NFH was lost on 19 July 2020 as result of a crash in the Caribbean Sea near the island of Aruba, killing two of the four crew on board.

Since the retirement of the Westland Lynx, the Royal Netherlands Air Force fills the gap of the Lynx's amphibious task with Airbus AS-532U2 Cougar helicopters. The Cougar's main task is to support the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps on board of the LPD's and JSS. Other tasks are to provide Medical air transport to and from these ships, but also support SOF units in amphibious missions and trainings.

In 2012 an AH-64D Apache attack helicopter from the Royal Netherlands Air Force made a deck landing on board HNLMS Rotterdam for the first time as part of an initial study into the possibilities for wider use of the helicopters as these will be upgraded to the AH-64E standard which has specific features for maritime operations.

The Dutch amphibious support ship HNLMS Johan de Witt and the JSS HNLMS Karel Doorman are designed to handle Royal Netherlands Air Force CH-47F Chinook helicopters but still require additional anti corrosion measures (part of the ongoing upgrade of the CH-47F).

• REMUS 100 autonomous underwater vehicle^[26]

Name	Origin	Type	Number	Photo	Notes
Defenture VECTOR	Netherlands	Multipurpose wheeled vehicle	75		Used by Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Forces.[27]
DAF YAM 4442	Netherlands	Truck	Unknown		Phased replacement with new Scania trucks.
Bushmaster	Australia	Infantry mobility vehicle	20
Leopard 1 BARV	Germany  Netherlands	Beach armoured recovery vehicle	4		Recovery vehicle built on a Leopard 1 tank.
Bv 206S	Sweden	Armoured personnel carrier	96		156 originally purchased. 96 vehicles have been given a mid-life update, the rest of the vehicles have been cannibalised, sold or disposed of.
BvS10	Sweden	Armoured personnel carrier	46		74 vehicles in use. 46 personnel carriers, 20 command vehicles, 4 recovery vehicles and 4 ambulances. The Vikings are part of the Armoured All Terrain Vehicle (AATV) Troops. 28 donated to Ukraine.[28]
Scania R-series	Sweden	Palletized Load System	Unknown		Various versions in use.
DMV Anaconda 4x4	Italy  Netherlands	Off-road vehicle	60		Non-armoured vehicle based on an Iveco Daily chassis, modified by Dutch Military Vehicles (DMV) for use by marines. 46 vehicles in use in the Dutch Caribbean, 14 vehicles in use with the Anti-Armour Troop.
Volkswagen Amarok	Germany	Off-road vehicle	194		Non-armoured vehicles, replacement of the Mercedes-Benz 290GD.
Land Rover Defender 110XD	United Kingdom	Off-road vehicle	140		Non-armoured vehicle, to be replaced by new armoured vehicles in 2023.

Name	Origin	Type	Number	Photo	Notes
Airboxer[29]	Netherlands	VTOL UAV[30]			On 14 May 2024 it was reported that High Eye will deliver its Airboxer VTOL UAV to the Dutch navy.[31][32]

Name	Type	Caliber	Notes
L16	Mortar	81mm
M6 C-640	Mortar	60mm mortar
Colt Canada C7NLD	Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO
Colt Canada C8NLD	Carbine	5.56×45mm NATO
Heckler & Koch HK416	Carbine	5.56×45mm NATO
Glock 17M	Pistol	9×19mm Parabellum
FN MAG	General-purpose machine gun	7.62×51mm
M2HB-QCB	Heavy machine gun	.50 BMG
Accuracy International AWM	Sniper rifle	.338 Lapua Magnum
Barrett M82A1	Anti-materiel rifle	.50 BMG
FN P90	Personal defense weapon	FN 5.7x28mm
Mossberg M590A1	Shotgun	12 gauge
Panzerfaust 3	Anti-tank weapon
GILL	Anti-tank weapon

In 2024 the fleet of the Royal Netherlands Navy consists of these ships:

Class	Photo	Type	Number	Dates	Details
Walrus class		Submarine	3	1994	Multi-purpose diesel-electric powered hunter-killer submarines for deep ocean, brown water & special forces operations. SLEP 2015-2019, two being phased out early (Walrus decommissioned in 2023); entire class to be replaced by 4 new subs starting in 2034.[33][34][35][36]
De Zeven Provinciën class		Frigate	4	2002	Mainly anti-air warfare with BMD capability with extensive command & communication facilities, being upgraded.
Karel Doorman class		Frigate	2	1994	8 initially built for the Royal Netherlands Navy, pairs of ships subsequently sold to the Belgian, Portuguese and Chilean navies. Belgian and Dutch M-Class frigates recently received extensive upgrades such as an extended helicopter deck and new advanced sensors and improvements in stealthiness. Will be replaced in Dutch- & Belgian Navy in 2028-2030.
Holland class		Offshore patrol vessel	4	2011	Ocean patrols.
Alkmaar class		Minehunter	5	1989	Originally a class of 15 ships, will be replaced starting 2025[37] 2 will be donated to the Ukrainian Navy in 2024 and 2025.
Karel Doorman class		Joint logistic support ship	1	2014	Combined amphibious operations/seabased helicopter platform & fleet replenishing, capable of supporting AH-64E / CH-47F / NH90 NFH operations.
Rotterdam & Johan de Witt class		Landing platform dock	2	1998 / 2007	Troop & equipment transport, helicopter platform with command & communication & hospital facilities.
Mk.II (NL) class		Landing Craft Utility	5	2005
Mk.V C (NL) class		Landing craft vehicle personnel	12	2008
Hydrograaf		Expeditionary survey boat	1	2021
Pelikaan class		Multi-purpose logistic support vessel	1	2006	Multi-purpose logistic & amphibious support vessel based in Dutch Caribbean, will be replaced in 2030.
Snellius class		Hydrographic survey vessel	2	2004	Multi-purpose hydrographic survey vessel, will be replaced in 2030.
Mercuur class		Submarine support vessel	1	1987	Submarine support vessel & MCM command, upgraded in 2017 and will be replaced in 2028.
Cerberus class		Diving support vessel	4	1992	Multi-purpose diving support vessels & harbour protection, will be replaced by 2026.
Soemba class		Diving support vessel	1	1989	Diving training- & support vessel, will be replaced 2026.
Van Kinsbergen training ship		Training ship	1	1999	Training ship, will be replaced in 2026.
Urania		Training ship	1	2004	Sailing naval training ship.
Geosea		Mine countermeasures vessel	1	2020	Civilian ship that the RNN leased from the company N-Sea to test, and make personnel familiar with, components of the new Mine Countermeasures-toolbox that will be used on the future Vlissingen class.[38][39][40]
Damen StanPatrol 2005		Training & Patrol	3	2014	Multifunctional ships.
Noorderhaaks class		Harbour patrol boat	2	2015
Noordzee class		Coastal & Harbour tug	3	2016	Damen ASD2810 Hybrid.
Linge class		Coastal & Harbour tug	1	1997
Bolder class		Harbour tug	2	2023	Total of 3 to be delivered and replace the Schelde class tugs.
Breezand class		Harbour tug	2	1989
Schelde class		Harbour tug	4	1986	To be phased out, Westwal donated to Marine Watersport Vereniging in early 2024.

The total tonnage will be approx. 140,000 tonnes. Next to these ships a lot of other smaller vessels remain in the navy.

With these changes the Royal Netherlands Navy will have 10 large oceangoing vessels ranging from medium/low to high combat action ships. The renewed Dutch Navy will be a green-water navy, having enough frigates and auxiliaries to operate far out at sea, while depending on land-based air support, and, with the large amphibious squadron, they will have significant brown-water navy capabilities.

In April 2018, the Dutch Government approved a multi-year investment program and allocated funds for the 2018–2030 period, including:

• The Walrus-class submarines replacement with new boats planned for initial service entry in 2034.^[33][34] The subs are currently undergoing a Service-life Extension Program (SLEP), including new sonar, new optronic periscope and weapon upgrades for near shore operations. The Royal Dutch Navy is evaluating Saab/Damen (A-26), TKMS (Upgraded 212), Navantia S-80 and a Naval Group (SSK version of Barracuda) proposal. In 2019 the S-80 option was dropped, originally with plans to place an order for the winning design in 2022 and having the first boat in service in 2028 and the first two by 2031.^[41][35] However, in October 2021 it was reported that this timeline was no longer feasible. Instead, the Dutch Ministry of Defence signalled that the envisaged dates would have to be "substantially adjusted".^[36] In April 2022 it was announced that the revised schedule for the construction of the new replacement boats would likely see the first two replacement vessels entering service in the 2034 to 2037 timeframe.^[33] On 15 March 2024 State Secretary for Defence Christophe van der Maat officially announced that Naval Group has been selected as the winning bid.^[42]
• Upgrading the De Zeven Provinciën-class LCF frigates Theatre Ballistic Missile Defense, acquisition of RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 (SM-3), a new OtoMelara 127/64 LW canon, ESSM-2 and SLCM BGM-109 Tomahawk and expanding the Mk41 VLS with an additional 8 cell unit.^[43]
• Acquisition of initially two Multifunctional Support Ships to supplement existing LCF Frigates with extra container based AAW Barak-ER missiles and IAI Harop loitering munition in support of amphibious forces.
• Replacement of the Karel Doorman-class M frigates in the 2028/2030 period by 4 ships^[44](plus another 2 for the Belgian Navy), designed & built by Damen Shipyards.^[45] See Future Surface Combatant for more information.
• Replacement of the 6 Alkmaar-class MCM ships from 2025^[37] including MCM Drones. 6 units each will be built for both the Belgian and Dutch navies for a total of 12 ships.^[45] The contract was won by Naval Group on 15 March 2019 for the construction of 12 City-class mine countermeasures vessels.^[46][47]
• Increasing the size of the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps to remain highly integrated with the British Royal Marines. In 2017 the Ministry of Defence announced the formation of a Fleet Marine Squadron for the protection of merchant ships.
• In June 2023, the British and Dutch governments announced that the two countries would "explore opportunities" to jointly develop new specialist amphibious warships which for the Royal Netherlands Navy would likely replace the Rotterdam-class landing platform docks.^[48]
• The German Navy Seebatallion (Marines) will be integrated into the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps.
• Cooperation with the German Navy regarding Submarine & Amphibious Operations.
• Acquisition of a new Combat Support Ship to replace the former Zr.Ms. Amsterdam, designed & build by Damen Shipyards.^[49] This ship will be based on the JSS Karel Doorman design to improve type commonality (architecture & components) and is expected to be delivered in 2024.^[50] The ship will be named Zr.Ms. Den Helder after the city of Den Helder, with the pennant A834. First steel was cut in December 2020^[51] and the ship was launched in October 2022.^[52]
• Replacement of Zr.Ms. Mercuur, Zr.Ms. Pelikaan, the four diving support vessels, the diving training vessel Zr.Ms. Soemba, the hydographic vessels Zr.Ms. Snellius en Zr.Ms. Luymes and the training vessel Van Kinsbergen from 2024 onwards.
• Acquisition of new landing craft from 2025 with additional capacity to support amphibious operations and the integration of the German Navy Marines (Seebatallion). In March 2023, a report to the Dutch Parliament outlined a plan for 12 Littoral Assault Craft (LAC) and 8 Littoral Craft Mobility (LCM) to replace the 12 existing light landing craft (Landing Craft Vehicles and Personnel - LCVP) and improve on their capability.^[53]
• Main Naval Ship Based Weapons will be replaced by acquiring ESSM-2, new 127mm canons, Harpoon ASuW replacement, SM-3, SM-2 IIIC SAM, Goalkeeper CIWS replacement, MK 46 & MK 48 Torpedo replacement and SLCM.

Together with the United States and several other NATO members, the Dutch Navy is testing and updating its ships for Tactical ballistic missile defense capability. Although tests conducted concerning the capability of the APAR (Active Phased Array Radar) have been very successful, in 2018 the Dutch Government approved plans to acquire the SM-3 missiles for integration into the existing weapon suite of the LCF frigates. The four LCF ships will be fitted out with eight SM-3 missiles each (they are provisioned for this VLS extension) through Foreign Military Sales (under discussion between the US and The Netherlands).

• Several ships by the name of HNLMS De Ruyter
• Several ships by the name of HNLMS Tromp
• Delft, 18th century fourth rate ship of the line
• De Zeven Provinciën, 17th century ship of the line and flagship of Michiel de Ruyter
• HNLMS Koning der Nederlanden, the navy's largest warship in the 19th century
• HNLMS Prins Hendrik der Nederlanden, ironclad from the 1860s

Surviving historic ships

• HNLMS Bonaire
• HNLMS Buffel
• HNLMS Schorpioen
• HNLMS Onverschrokken
• HNLMS Abraham Crijnssen

Officers

NATO code	OF-10		OF-9		OF-8		OF-7		OF-6		OF-5		OF-4		OF-3		OF-2		OF-1
Royal Netherlands Navy[54] v t e
			Luitenant-Admiraal		Vice-Admiraal		Schout-bij-Nacht		Commandeur		Kapitein ter zee		Kapitein-luitenant ter zee		Luitenant ter zee der 1ste klasse		Luitenant ter zee der 2de klasse oudste categorie		Luitenant ter zee der 2de klasse			Luitenant ter zee der 3de klasse
Abbreviation (stnd)				LAdm		VAdm		SBN		Cdr		KTZ		KLTZ		LTZ1		LTZ2OC		LTZ2			LTZ3			SgtADB		KplADB		ADB

Enlisted ranks

NATO code	OR-9						OR-8		OR-7		OR-6						OR-5						OR-4				OR-3		OR-2						OR-1
Royal Netherlands Navy[54] v t e																																			No insignia
	Adjudant-onderofficier/ Opperschipper								Sergeant-majoor/ Schipper		Sergeant/ Bootsman												Korporaal/ Kwartiermeester						Matroos der 1e klasse			Matroos der 2e klasse			Matroos der 3e klasse

Insignia worn by the Monarch of the Netherlands when wearing the uniform of the Royal Netherlands Navy.

Royal Netherlands Navy[55]	Koning der Nederlanden

• Government Navy
• Military history of the Netherlands
• Military ranks of the Dutch armed forces
• Netherlands Naval Aviation Service
• Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service
• Ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy

• Klaauw, Bart van der (March–April 1999). "Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War". Air Enthusiast (80): 54–59. ISSN 0143-5450.
• L, Klemen (2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
• "Geschiedenis marine". Official website. 16 September 2019. (in Dutch)

• Official website