Rump state

A rump state is the remnant of a once larger state that was reduced in the wake of secession, annexation, occupation, decolonization, a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory.^[1] In the last case, a government stops short of going into exile because it controls parts of its remaining territories.

• During the Second Intermediate Period, following the conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in Upper Egypt centered on Thebes, which eventually reunified the country at the start of the New Kingdom.^[2][3][4]
• The Seleucid Empire becomes a rump state in Northern Syria after losing most of its territory to the Parthian Empire.^[5]
• After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in Gaul, the Kingdom of Soissons survived as a rump state under Aegidius and Syagrius, until it was conquered by the Franks under Clovis I in 486.^[6]
• After the collapse of the Roman empire in the West, the Eastern Roman Empire survived until 1453.

• Guge and Maryul was a rump state of the Tibetan Empire.^[7][8]
• After the chaos of the War of the Eight Princes and the rise of several barbarian regimes in Northern China, the Jin Dynasty moved its capital and royal court to the south and survived as a rump state in Southern China, known as Eastern Jin, the regime exists for 103 years, until it finally overthrown by the Liu Song in 420.
• The Sultanate of Rum was a rump state of the Seljuk Empire.^[9]
• Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia.^[10]
• After the Almoravid conquest of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at Rueda de Jalón until his death in 1130.^[11]
• Qara Khitai was a rump state of the Liao dynasty.^[12]
• After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern Song dynasty, although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population.^[13][14]
• Several Byzantine rump states like Nicaea, Trebizond and Epirus were formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders.^[15][16][17]
• After the Ming dynasty established control over China proper in 1368, the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the Northern Yuan.^[18]
• The Great Horde was the rump state of the Golden Horde in the heartland of the former Khanate. With control of the capital Sarai, the regime was seen as the most legitimate successor to the Golden Horde until its territory was divided between two other successor states – Crimea and Astrakhan – in 1502.
• The Timurid Empire reduced into a rump state in Kabulistan and Balkh under Babur after most of its territory in Khorasan and Central Asia falls to Shaybanid Khanate of Bukhara in 1500s, the state later turned into the Mughal Empire after the Babur's conquest of Delhi in 1526.
• By summer 1503, Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I.^[19]
• After the fall of the Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate.^[20]
• After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532, the Neo-Inca State based at Vilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572.^[21]
• The Southern Ming was a series of rump states of the Ming dynasty that existed after the Jiashen Incident of 1644 until the completion of conquest by the Qing dynasty.
• The Afsharid Dynasty survived as a rump state in Mashhad and surrounding after most of its territory in Iran and Khorasan conquered by the Kurdish Zand and Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, until the region finally annexed by the Qajars in 1796.

• The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was left as a rump state after the First Partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772.^[22] The resulting rump state was partitioned again in 1793 and annexed outright in 1795. After Napoleon's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1807, he created a new Polish rump state, the Duchy of Warsaw.^[23] After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna created a state, Congress Poland in 1815.
• The Kingdom of Saxony ceded Northern part of its territory to the Kingdom of Prussia in the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
• The modern country of Luxembourg is the rump state of the former Duchy of Luxembourg, which lost two thirds of its territory due to multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the Treaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly-independent Belgium.^[24]
• The Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire.^[25]
• The Republic of Armenia became a rump state in 1920 after Turkish invasion.^[26][27][28]
• The Hungarian Republic became a rump state in 1919 after Hungarian–Romanian War.^[29]
• The Second Czechoslovak Republic was the result of the events following the Munich Agreement, where Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the German-populated Sudetenland region to Germany on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost the region of Carpathian Ruthenia.^[30]
• Vichy France, a collaborationist state with Nazi Germany, was a rump state of the French Third Republic.^[31] It existed as an independent state under partial occupation from 1940-1942, was fully occupied by Germany until 1944, and operated as a government-in-exile until 1945.
• The fascist Italian Social Republic, a German puppet state led by Benito Mussolini, was a rump state of the Kingdom of Italy 1943–1945.^{[32][33][34][dubious – discuss]}
• The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) / Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after it broke up.^[35] SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the 'rump Yugoslavia' for its last ten months, between Slovenian and Croatian declarations of independence on 25 June 1991 and the legal dissolution of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992.^[36]

• Taiwan was the rump state of the Republic of China, under the Kuomintang rule.^[37] The current status of Taiwan is disputed and varies based on the observer's perspective.^[38] See also Political status of Taiwan.

• The Republic of Turkey, a rump state left over in Asia Minor after the Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, in which the state lost all of it's territory in Northern Africa, The Middle East, and Europe, which constituted in a total territorial loss of 89%.^[39]

• Exclusive mandate
• Feudal fragmentation
• Government-in-exile
• List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
• Puppet state
• Secession
• Separatism
• Succession of states