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Sac spider

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 8 min

Sac spiders
Temporal range: Palaeogene–present
Clubiona trivialis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Clubionidae
Simon, 1878
Diversity
18 genera, 665 species

The sac spiders of the family Clubionidae[a] are nocturnal, sac-building hunting spiders with a near-worldwide distribution. Their sacs, silken retreats in which they hide during the day, are commonly spun between leafs, under bark, below rocks, or on plant terminals.[citation needed]

Although formerly a much larger catch-all taxon, in its current definition the family contains less than 700 described species across 18 genera, of which Clubiona is by far most species-rich, with 528 accepted species As of November 2024.[1]

Taxonomy

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The Clubionidae have a complex taxonomic history. Historically, the family was a large catch-all taxon for a variety of spiders that shared the following morphological and behavioral similarities: having eight eyes arranged in two rows; having conical anterior spinnerets that touched; and being nocturnal wandering predators that build "sacs" to retreat to during the day.[citation needed]

A large number of genera have been transferred from Clubionidae to other families, and several former subfamilies of the Clubionidae are now treated as separate families.[2] The Zoropsidae, to which genera Anachemmis, Lauricius and Liocranoides were transferred, is much more closely related to the lynx spiders of family Oxyopidae than to the remaining Clubionidae.[3]

According to 2023 cladistic research by Siddharth Kulkarni, Hannah M. Wood and Gustavo Hormiga, the remaining Clubionidae remain polyphyletic as a result of the current placement of genus Elaver.[3]

Genera

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Main article: List of Clubionidae species

As of November 2024, the Clubionidae consist of over 665 species in 18 genera worldwide,[4] with by far the majority of species in genus Clubiona. The following genera are accepted by the World Spider Catalog:[5]

  • Arabellata Baert, Versteirt & Jocqué, 2010 — New Guinea
  • Bucliona Benoit, 1977 — St. Helena, Kenya, Russian Far East, Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan
  • Clubiona Latreille, 1804 — Africa, North America, Asia, Oceania, South America, Europe, Panama
  • Clubionina Berland, 1947 — St. Paul Is.
  • Elaver O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 — North America, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Philippines
  • Femorbiona Yu & Li, 2021 — China, Vietnam
  • Invexillata Versteirt, Baert & Jocqué, 2010 — New Guinea
  • Malamatidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia
  • Matidia Thorell, 1878 — Asia, Papua New Guinea
  • Nusatidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Asia
  • Porrhoclubiona Lohmander, 1944 — Asia, Africa, Europe
  • Pristidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia
  • Pteroneta Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Asia, Australia
  • Ramosatidia Yu & Li, 2021 — China
  • Scopalio Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia
  • Simalio Simon, 1897 — Asia, Trinidad
  • Sinostidia Yu & Li, 2021 — China
  • Tixcocoba Gertsch, 1977 — Mexico

Additionally, the World Spider Catalog considers Carteroniella Strand, 1907 to be a nomen dubium.[6]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ the term "sac spider" is also part of the common name of various non-clubionid spiders, e.g. yellow sac spiders (Cheiracanthiidae) or corinnid sac spiders (Corinnidae)

References

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  1. ^ "Clubiona Species list". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  2. ^ "Clubionidae Simon, 1878". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  3. ^ a b Kulkarni, Siddharth; Wood, Hannah M.; Hormiga, Gustavo (December 2023). "Advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life: A roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies". Cladistics. 39 (6). doi:10.1111/cla.12557. ISSN 0748-3007. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  4. ^ "Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Family Detail". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  5. ^ "Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Genus List". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  6. ^ "Carteroniella Strand 1907". World Spider Catalog version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
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