Sack of Youghal

The sack of Youghal was the capture of the English-held town of Youghal by Irish rebel forces under the command of the Gerald FitzGerald, the 14th Earl of Desmond on 13 November 1579 as part of the Second Desmond Rebellion. Youghal, a town in the Irish province of Munster, was controlled by the English, making it a target to Irish rebel forces during the rebellion. FitzGerald led an Irish rebel force which captured the city, massacred the English Army garrison, and sacked the town. After news of the sack became known, numerous reprisals were carried out on Catholic non-combatants throughout Ireland.

Background

Following his defeat at the hands of English Crown forces in the First Desmond Rebellion (1569–1573), James FitzMaurice FitzGerald, leader of the rebellion, left Ireland in search of support from Catholic powers on the Continent. After gaining support from the Papacy, he made plans for an invasion of Ireland. A fleet led by FitzMaurice landed near Dingle in July 1579, after capturing a number of English ships in the English Channel. His forces set up camp at Dún an Óir, a fortress in Ard na Caithne (known to the English as Smerwick), beginning the Second Desmond Rebellion.^[1] Soon after the conflict began, however, FitzMaurice's fleet was captured by the English.

During the rebellion, the Dublin Castle administration had declared Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond a traitor; despite the Earl having been reluctant to join the rebellion when it broke out, he chose to cast his lot with FitzMaurice's rebels. FitzMaurice was subsequently killed in a skirmish with troops under the command of his cousin at County Tipperary, and command of the overall rebel force passed to FitzGerald.^[1]

Sack

As one of the main bases of English power in southern Munster, the town of Youghal was selected by FitzGerald for attack. The first act which he undertook after the command of the overall rebel force passed to him was to lead an Irish rebel force to attack the town; Youghal was captured by the rebels, and the English Army presence in the town (serving as Youghal's garrison) were massacred.^[1] FitzGerald also ordered the execution of a number of English officials by hanging.^[2]

His troops then started to brutally sack the town,^[3] looting and burning the homes of the townsfolk. A group of soldiers and civilians made a last stand at a town gate but were ultimately overrun and slaughtered.^[4] One of FitzGerald's allies, MacCarthy Mór, launched a similar attack on the English-held port of Kinsale.^[5] After Youghal was captured, much of the territory around the English-held areas of Munster was ravaged by the native Irish, and a blockade was established around the city of Cork, where numerous people fled to escape the destruction throughout the province.^[1]^[6]

Aftermath

Crown forces, under Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond retook Youghal after several weeks.^[7] Ormond, believing that the civilian population had aided the rebels (deliberately or through negligence), put Youghal's mayor on trial for treason and executed him.^[8]^[9]^[10]

After news of the sack became known, numerous reprisals were carried out on Catholic non-combatants throughout Ireland. For example, when William Pelham seized the lands of rebel leaders, he "slaughtered the inhabitants" of the estates.^[11] In Youghal itself, on 28 March 1580, Franciscan priest Daniel O’Neilan was executed in the town on the orders of its military governor, Sir William Morgan.^[12] Later in 1580, following the 3-day Siege of Smerwick, the garrison at Ard na Caithne were massacred by English forces after surrendering.^[13]

The rebellion continued until the English Crown emerged victorious in 1583, and initiated the plantation of Munster. FitzGerald went into hiding in 1581 after the tide of war turned against him, but was eventually hunted down and killed in County Kerry.^[14]

Youghal would achieve a level of prominence in Irish history again in 1650, when Oliver Cromwell departed Ireland from Youghal having completed his conquest of the island. The gate was restored by the town authorities in the 19th century.^[4]

References

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Palmer 1995.
^ Ring of Cork 2021, p. a: "Fitzgerald [..] massacred the towns [sic] garrison, hanged the English officials and looted the townspeople’s homes"
^ Palmer 1995, p. 112: "Malby [..] had Desmond proclaimed a traitor in October 1579. Desmond responded with a brutal sack of the city of Youghal in which he killed all those who resisted his entry and then sacked the city"
^ ^a ^b Ring of Cork 2021, p. b: "The Water Gate was the final stand of the garrison and people [..] The gate you see today was restored in the 19th century"
^ Kelly 2021, p. 379: "Desmond's first act after his proclamation as a traitor had been to sack and burn the town of Youghal [..] The Earl of Clancar, at first his adversary but now his confederate, committed a similar outrage at Kinsale"
^ Hull 1926.
^ Youghal Town Council 2008: "The Earl and his supporters were expelled after several weeks by the English who were led by the Earl of Ormond"
^ Palmer 1995, p. 112a: "In Youghal, he [Ormond] tried the city's mayor for treason and hanged him"
^ Bunbury: "When Black Tom Ormonde recaptured the town some weeks later [..] The Lord Mayor, Patrick Coppinger, was hanged from his own doorway for gross negligence"
^ Falls 1997, p. 130: "The mayor and corporation were criminally negligent, if not worse [..] Ormonde [..] laid hands upon the mayor, tried him for treachery, and hanged him"
^ Palmer 1995, p. 112b: "Pursuing a similarly hardlined policy, Sir William Pelham seized Desmond's estates and slaughtered the inhabitants"
^ Kelly 2021.
^ Lister 2004.
^ Cokayne 1916, p. 253, line 15: "Finally he was slain while under attainder, 11 Nov. 1583, at Glenagintigha, near Tralee, co. Kerry "

Sources

Bunbury, Turtle. "The Sack of Youghal". Chapter 2: Sir Walter Raleigh & Thomas Hariot - New Dawn for Molana Abbey. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
Cokayne, George Edward (1916). Gibbs, Vicary (ed.). The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). London: St Catherine Press. OCLC 228661424.
Falls, Cyril (1997). Elizabeth's Irish Wars. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815604358.
Hull, Eleanor (1926). A History of Ireland and Her People. Phoenix Publishing Company.
Kelly, Brian (29 March 2021). "March 28 1580 Martyrdom of Daniel O'Neilan, O.F.M." Catholicism. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
Lister, David (13 April 2004). "Massacre victims from Raleigh's time return to haunt Irish shore". The Times. The Times (London). Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
Palmer, William (1995). The Problem of Ireland in Tudor Foreign Policy, 1485–1603. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 9780851155623.
"The Water Gate Youghal". Ring of Cork. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
"Conservation and Management Plan - Youghal Town Wall Co. Cork" (PDF). heritagecouncil.ie. Youghal Town Council.

[FOOTNOTEPalmer1995-1] Palmer 1995.

[FOOTNOTERing_of_Cork2021a-2] Ring of Cork 2021, p. a: "Fitzgerald [..] massacred the towns [sic] garrison, hanged the English officials and looted the townspeople’s homes"

[FOOTNOTEPalmer1995112-3] Palmer 1995, p. 112: "Malby [..] had Desmond proclaimed a traitor in October 1579. Desmond responded with a brutal sack of the city of Youghal in which he killed all those who resisted his entry and then sacked the city"

[FOOTNOTERing_of_Cork2021b-4] Ring of Cork 2021, p. b: "The Water Gate was the final stand of the garrison and people [..] The gate you see today was restored in the 19th century"

[FOOTNOTEKelly2021379-5] Kelly 2021, p. 379: "Desmond's first act after his proclamation as a traitor had been to sack and burn the town of Youghal [..] The Earl of Clancar, at first his adversary but now his confederate, committed a similar outrage at Kinsale"

[FOOTNOTEHull1926-6] Hull 1926.

[FOOTNOTEYoughal_Town_Council2008-7] Youghal Town Council 2008: "The Earl and his supporters were expelled after several weeks by the English who were led by the Earl of Ormond"

[FOOTNOTEPalmer1995112a-8] Palmer 1995, p. 112a: "In Youghal, he [Ormond] tried the city's mayor for treason and hanged him"

[FOOTNOTEBunbury-9] Bunbury: "When Black Tom Ormonde recaptured the town some weeks later [..] The Lord Mayor, Patrick Coppinger, was hanged from his own doorway for gross negligence"

[FOOTNOTEFalls1997130-10] Falls 1997, p. 130: "The mayor and corporation were criminally negligent, if not worse [..] Ormonde [..] laid hands upon the mayor, tried him for treachery, and hanged him"

[FOOTNOTEPalmer1995112b-11] Palmer 1995, p. 112b: "Pursuing a similarly hardlined policy, Sir William Pelham seized Desmond's estates and slaughtered the inhabitants"

[FOOTNOTEKelly2021-12] Kelly 2021.

[FOOTNOTELister2004-13] Lister 2004.

[FOOTNOTECokayne1916[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompletepeerageo04cokapage253_253,_line_15]-14] Cokayne 1916, p. 253, line 15: "Finally he was slain while under attainder, 11 Nov. 1583, at Glenagintigha, near Tralee, co. Kerry "

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