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Science (journal)

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 12 min
"Science Magazine" redirects here. For other uses, see Science Magazine (disambiguation).

Science
Title page of the first volume of the first series (discontinued 1882)
DisciplineMultidisciplinary
LanguageEnglish
Edited byHolden Thorp
Publication details
History1880–present
Publisher
FrequencyWeekly
Delayed[A 1]
44.7 (2023)
Standard abbreviations
ISO 4Science
Indexing
CODENSCIEAS
ISSN0036-8075 (print)
1095-9203 (web)
LCCN17024346
JSTOR00368075
OCLC no.1644869
Links

Science is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science[A 2][1] (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.[2] It was first published in 1880, is currently circulated weekly and has a subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is over 400,000 people.[3]

Science is based in Washington, D.C., United States, with a second office in Cambridge, UK.

Contents

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The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but Science also publishes science-related news, opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology. Unlike most scientific journals, which focus on a specific field, Science and its rival Nature cover the full range of scientific disciplines. According to the Journal Citation Reports, Science's 2023 impact factor was 44.7.[4]

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that some high-prestige journals including Science "publish significantly substandard structures", and overall "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".[5]

Although it is the journal of the AAAS, membership in the AAAS is not required to publish in Science. Papers are accepted from authors around the world. Competition to publish in Science is very intense, as an article published in such a highly cited journal can lead to attention and career advancement for the authors. Fewer than 7% of articles submitted are accepted for publication.[6]

History

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Title page of the first volume of the resurrected journal (February–June 1883)
Title page of the first volume of the resurrected journal (February–June 1883)

Science was founded by New York journalist John Michels in 1880 with financial support from Thomas Edison and later from Alexander Graham Bell.[7][8] (Edison received favorable editorial treatment in return, without disclosure of the financial relationship, at a time when his reputation was suffering due to delays producing the promised commercially viable light bulb.)[9] However, the journal never gained enough subscribers to succeed and ended publication in March 1882. Alexander Graham Bell and Gardiner Greene Hubbard bought the magazine rights and hired young entomologist Samuel H. Scudder to resurrect the journal one year later. They had some success while covering the meetings of prominent American scientific societies, including the AAAS.[A 3] However, by 1894, Science was again in financial difficulty and was sold to psychologist James McKeen Cattell for $500 (equivalent to $17,610 in 2023).[citation needed]

In an agreement worked out by Cattell and AAAS secretary Leland O. Howard, Science became the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900.[A 4] During the early part of the 20th century, important articles published in Science included papers on fruit fly genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan, gravitational lensing by Albert Einstein, and spiral nebulae by Edwin Hubble.[A 4] After Cattell died in 1944, the ownership of the journal was transferred to the AAAS.[A 5]

After Cattell's death in 1944, the journal lacked a consistent editorial presence until Graham DuShane became editor in 1956. In 1958, under DuShane's leadership, Science absorbed The Scientific Monthly, thus increasing the journal's circulation by over 62% from 38,000 to more than 61,000.[A 6] Physicist Philip Abelson, a co-discoverer of neptunium, served as editor from 1962 to 1984. Under Abelson the efficiency of the review process was improved and the publication practices were brought up to date.[A 6] During this time, papers on the Apollo program missions and some of the earliest reports on AIDS were published.[A 7]

Biochemist Daniel E. Koshland Jr. served as editor from 1985 until 1995. From 1995 until 2000, neuroscientist Floyd E. Bloom held that position.[A 7] Biologist Donald Kennedy became the editor of Science in 2000. Biochemist Bruce Alberts took his place in March 2008.[10] Geophysicist Marcia McNutt became editor-in-chief in June 2013.[11] During her tenure the family of journals expanded to include Science Robotics and Science Immunology,[12] and open access publishing with Science Advances.[13] Jeremy M. Berg became editor-in-chief on July 1, 2016.[14] Former Washington University in St. Louis Provost Holden Thorp was named editor-in-chief on Monday, August 19, 2019.[15][16]

In February 2001, draft results of the human genome were simultaneously published by Nature and Science with Science publishing the Celera Genomics paper and Nature publishing the publicly funded Human Genome Project. In 2007, Science (together with Nature) received the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity.[17] In 2015, Rush D. Holt Jr., chief executive officer of the AAAS and executive publisher of Science, stated that the journal was becoming increasingly international: "[I]nternationally co-authored papers are now the norm—they represent almost 60 percent of the papers. In 1992, it was slightly less than 20 percent."[18]

Availability

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See also: Nova ScienceNow

The latest editions of the journal are available online, through the main journal website, only to subscribers, AAAS members, and for delivery to IP addresses at institutions that subscribe; students, K–12 teachers, and some others can subscribe at a reduced fee. However, research articles published after 1997 are available for free (with online registration) one year after they are published i.e. delayed open access.[A 1] Significant public-health related articles are also available for free, sometimes immediately after publication. AAAS members may also access the pre-1997 Science archives at the Science website, where it is called "Science Classic". Institutions can opt to add Science Classic to their subscriptions for an additional fee. Some older articles can also be accessed via JSTOR and ProQuest.

The journal also participates in initiatives that provide free or low-cost access to readers in developing countries, including HINARI, OARE, AGORA, and Scidev.net.

Other features of the Science website include the free "ScienceNow" section with "up to the minute news from science",[19] and "ScienceCareers", which provides free career resources for scientists and engineers. Science Express (Sciencexpress) provides advance electronic publication of selected Science papers.[20]

Affiliations

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Science received funding for COVID-19-related coverage from the Pulitzer Center and the Heising-Simons Foundation.[21]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "AAAS Annual Report-Science". Aaas.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
  2. ^ Lemonick, Michael D. (March 7, 2011). "Alien Life Discovered in a Meteorite! Or Maybe No". Time magazine online. Archived from the original on March 9, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2011. The paper, meanwhile, had been published in Science, one of the world's top scientific journals, which gave it even more apparent gravitas.
  3. ^ "Print Advertising Products & Services". Science. AAAS. Retrieved November 1, 2021. 129,558 qualified weekly circulation; 400,000+ readers each week
  4. ^ "Science". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2024.
  5. ^ Brembs, Björn (2018). "Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 12: 37. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037. PMC 5826185. PMID 29515380.
  6. ^ "Journal metrics".
  7. ^ "Thomas A. Edison and the Founding of Science: 1880". Science. 105 (2719): 142–148. February 7, 1947. Bibcode:1947Sci...105..142.. doi:10.1126/science.105.2719.142. PMID 17813458. a weekly journal devoted mainly to physical science and invention, entitled Science, and Mr. [A. Graham] Bell purchased from Mr. John Michels for $5,000 the title and good will of this journal. Continuity of the publication was not, however, maintained, and the present journal [Science] dates from 1883. Mr. Thomas A. Edison had been responsible for the foundation of the earlier Science
  8. ^ Grosvenor, Edwin S; Wesson, Morgan (2016). Alexander Graham Bell. New Word City. ISBN 978-1612309842. In 1881, the old rivalry between Bell and Thomas Edison spilled over into the field of publishing. Science Magazine had been founded the year before with funding from Edison, but the frugal inventor soon tired of the deficits and withheld support. Bell had written for the magazine and respected its editorial quality. He felt that Science, like the British Nature, appealed to a broad audience interested in current research. In 1882, he and Gardiner Hubbard acquired the rights to Science and hired as editor a respected young entomologist and writer named Sam Scudder, who happened to be a Hubbard cousin.
  9. ^ Baron, David (2017). American Eclipse. Liveright. p. 224. ISBN 9781631490163.
  10. ^ Pinholster, Ginger (December 17, 2007). "Bruce Alberts Named New Editor-in-Chief of Science". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
  11. ^ Gramling, Carolyn (April 2, 2013). "Marcia McNutt Bringing Her 'Intellectual Energy' to Science". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  12. ^ Pinholster, Ginger (October 20, 2015). "AAAS to Expand the Science Family of Journals by Launching Two New Journals: Science Robotics and Science Immunology" (Press release). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
  13. ^ Van Noorden, Richard (February 12, 2014). "AAAS announces open-access journal". Nature. Archived from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  14. ^ Kaiser, Jocelyn (May 25, 2016). "Jeremy Berg named Science editor-in-chief". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf5749. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  15. ^ "Thorp named editor-in-chief of Science | The Source | Washington University in St. Louis". The Source. August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  16. ^ Brainard, Jeffrey (August 19, 2019). "AAAS names chemist Holden Thorp as editor-in-chief of Science". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaz1817. S2CID 202388761. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  17. ^ Journal Science Archived July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Fundacionprincipedeasturias.org. Retrieved on 2013-06-20.
  18. ^ Holt, Rush (June 29, 2015). "Scientific Drivers for Diplomacy". Science and Diplomacy.
  19. ^ "ScienceNow". Science. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  20. ^ "Science Express". AAAS / Phys.org. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  21. ^ Cohen, Jon (November 18, 2020). "'Incredible milestone for science.' Pfizer and BioNTech update their promising COVID-19 vaccine result". Science. Archived from the original on May 29, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022.

AAAS references

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  1. ^ a b "Science Journals: editorial policies". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021. Original research papers are freely accessible with registration on the Science Journal's website 12 months after publication
  2. ^ Pinholster, Ginger (4 July 2007). "EurekaAlert! Science earns top honor from Spain's Crown Prince" (Press release). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2021. 'Science' is an editorially independent, weekly general science journal whose articles consistently rank among the world's most often cited research reports, as monitored by the Institute for Scientific Information.
  3. ^ "Origins: 1848-1899". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  4. ^ a b "AAAS and Science: 1900–1940". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  5. ^ "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS (1848–1998)". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  6. ^ a b "AAAS and the Maturing of American Science: 1941–1970". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Change and Continuity: 1971–1998". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
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