Siliguri Corridor

The Siliguri Corridor, also known as the Chicken's Neck, is a stretch of land around the city of Siliguri in West Bengal, India.^[1]^[2] 20–22 kilometres (12–14 mi) at the narrowest section, this geo-political and geo-economical corridor connects the seven states of northeast India to the rest of India.^[1] The countries of Nepal and Bangladesh lie on each side of the corridor and the Kingdom of Bhutan lies at the northern end of the corridor.^[3] The Kingdom of Sikkim formerly lay on the northern side of the corridor, until its merger with India in 1975.^[4]

The city of Siliguri is the major city in the area and the central transfer point connecting Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sikkim, Darjeeling, Northeast India and mainland India.^[3] According to the Indian Army, the Siliguri Corridor is the Army's strongest defensive line.^[5]

History

The partition of India led to the formation of the Siliguri Corridor through the creation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) after the partition of Bengal (into East Bengal and West Bengal) in 1947–1948.^[6]

The Kingdom of Sikkim formerly lay on the northern side of the corridor, until its union with India in 1975 via a publicly held referendum.^[7]^[8] From Sikkim, India consolidated its control the Chumbi Valley, along with Bhutan.^[9]^[10]

Location and dimensions

The dimensions of the corridor are a matter of interpretation.^[11] Descriptions give it an area of 170 by 60 km (106 by 37 mi) with the narrowest section being 20–22 km (12–14 mi).^[1]^[2] Kamal Jit Singh places the length at 200 km (120 mi) with a width of 17 to 60 km (11 to 37 mi), giving it an area of approximately 12,200 km² (4,700 sq mi).^[11] Another description places its dimensions as approximately 200 km (120 mi) in length and 20 to 60 km (12 to 37 mi) wide, also giving it an area of approximately 12,200 km² (4,700 sq mi).^[12]

The corridor is located between Bangladesh to the south-west, Nepal on the northwest, and proximate to Bhutan in the north.^[13] Between Sikkim and Bhutan lies the Chumbi Valley Tibetan territory.^[14] The southern end of the Dolam plateau or Doklam triboundary area slopes into the corridor.^[15] At the narrowest stretch, the corridor is generally formed by the Mechi River in the east; Nepal's Bhadrapur lies on the banks of the river.^[16] Further north the Mechi Bridge connects Mechinagar.^[17]^[18]

Developments and strategic significance

Connectivity and logistics

India has embarked on a slew of projects. These include the construction of India-China Border Roads, where, as of 2024, multiple phases of border roads have been constructed, and Advance Landing Grounds (ALGs), such as the Nyoma Advanced Landing Ground, which is nearing completion as of 2024.^[19]^[20]^[21] Other projects include Northeastern India connectivity and Look-East transnational connectivity projects including BIMSTEC and BBIN to create multiple alternatives to Silliguri corridor, including through Bangladesh and the sea.

All land transportation between the rest of India and its far northeastern states uses this corridor. The route has a major broad gauge railway line. Electrification of this double-track corridor is in progress with assistance from Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE). Additionally, the old metre gauge line (recently converted to a 1.676 metres (5 ft 6.0 in) broad-gauge line) connects Siliguri Junction with Islampur in North Dinajpur district of West Bengal, via Bagdogra (the only airport of national interest in the corridor) and the bordering towns of Adhikari, Galgalia, Thakurganj, Naxalbari and Taiabpur with Nepal. National Highway 10 connects Siliguri to Guwahati in Assam.^[22]

As of 2024, there is no free-trade agreement between Bangladesh and India.^[23] The Tetulia Corridor, an alternative to the Siliguri Corridor, is proposed under Article VIII of the India–Bangladesh Trade Agreement 1980, which states that "The two governments agree to make mutually beneficial arrangements for the use of their waterways, railways and roadways for commerce between the two countries and for passage of goods between two places in one country through the territory of the other".^[24] However, the opening of the Tetulia Corridor is still be discussed politically as of 2019.^[24]

Security

India has a number of forces stationed on the borders, the Indian Army and Indo-Tibetan Border Police man the border with China; Sashastra Seema Bal are deployed along the border with Nepal and Bhutan and Border Security Force for Bangladesh.^[11] The strip is also patrolled by the Indian Army, the Assam Rifles, and state police forces including the West Bengal Police.^[11] The security threat posed by the corridor decreased following the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.^[25] Internal threats to the corridor are numerous.^[25] Militant groups known to have used the corridor include United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) and National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN).^[12]

The threat of a Chinese advance is still considered by Indian planners.^[25] A Chinese military advance of less than 130 km (81 mi) would cut off Bhutan, part of West Bengal and all of North-East India, an area containing almost 50 million people. This situation arose during the war between India and China in 1962.^[14] The security threat to this corridor was heightened during the 2017 Doklam incident.^[26] The probability of China cutting off seven states in northeast India has been questioned.^[27] The Indian Army has said that the Siliguri Corridor is the Army's strongest defensive line.^[5] The Army's Trishakti Corps (XXXIII Corps) has a strategic role in the region's security.^[5] The Siliguri Corridor's security also includes air defence systems, a BrahMos missle regiment and a squadron of the Indian Air Force's Rafale fighter aircraft based at Hasimara Air Force Station.^[5]

In popular culture

Humphrey Hawksley, in his 2000 novel Dragon Fire, briefly authors a situation where China cuts off India's land route to its northeastern territories.^[12] Assassin's Mace (2011) by Brigadier Bob Butalia also involves such a situation involving Doklam and Jaldhaka River.^[11]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Singh, Mayank (7 November 2021). "Army steps up efforts to safeguard Siliguri Corridor". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b Singh, Mohinder Pal (9 October 2019). "What if China wrings India's 'Chicken's Neck' – the Siliguri corridor? Here are some countermeasures". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022 – via USI India.
^ ^a ^b "Chickens neck". The Times of India. 3 July 2017. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
^ Sethi, Sunil (18 February 2015). "Status of Sikkim and its deposed monarch Palden Thondup Namgyal being questioned again". India Today. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sharma, Shivani (4 April 2025). Jha, Anuja (ed.). "India fortifies 'Chicken's Neck' as Bangladesh, China eye strategic corridor". India Today. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
^ Atig Ghosh, The Importance of Being Siliguri (2018), p. 136.
^ "Sikkim Votes On Indian Merger". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. 15 April 1975. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "Sikkim Voters OK Merger With India". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 16 April 1975. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ Gupta, Shishir (30 October 2019). "China's early harvest plan on Sikkim border has no takers in India". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ Srivastava, Utkarsh (7 July 2017). "Sikkim standoff: Strategic importance of Siliguri corridor and why India should be wary of China". Firstpost. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Singh, Lt Gen (Retd) KJ (9 July 2017). "India ready, theoretically: 'Threats' to Siliguri Corridor war-gamed". Tribune India. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bhattacharya, Pinaki (2001). "The Shiliguri Corridor: Question Mark on Security". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
^ Marcus Franda, "Bangladesh, The First Decades", South Asian Publishers Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1982, p-126
^ ^a ^b Partha S. Ghosh, "Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia", UPL, Dhaka, 1989, p-43
^ Myers, Steven Lee; Barry, Ellen; Fisher, Max (26 July 2017). "How India and China Have Come to the Brink Over a Remote Mountain Pass". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
^ Dixit, Kanak Mani (1 August 2002). "Chicken's Neck". Himal Southasian. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
^ "Approval of MoU between India & Nepal for laying down implementation arrangement for construction of new Bridge over Mechi River at Indo-Nepal border". Business Standard India. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
^ Khanal, Radha (26 November 2020). "Asian Highway now connected with Nepal". The Annapurna Express. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
^ "Boost for security forces! Phase 3 of India-China border roads project started; to give impetus to road network in eastern Ladakh". The Times of India. 29 July 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
^ Sharma, Shivani (2 November 2024). "India's highest airfield in Ladakh almost complete, to boost security near LAC". India Today. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
^ Pandit, Rajat (5 October 2024). "China outpacing India in technology, defence production & infrastructure, says IAF chief". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
^ Gokhale, Nitin A. (13 July 1998). "Chicken's Neck, All choked up". Outlook. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
^ "Bangladesh crisis: How trade with India could face major disruptions". India Today. 6 August 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
^ ^a ^b Sarkar, Debasis (12 March 2019). "India to India Tetulia corridor to resurface as a major election issue". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Joshi, Manoj (10 July 2017). "Chink In The Checker's Board". ORF/ Outlook. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018.
^ Singh, D. K. (11 August 2018). "This is the first official account of the India-China face-off in Doklam". ThePrint. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
^ Asthana, Alok (1 August 2017). "Does It Make Military Sense for India to Mount the Barricades at Doklam?". The Wire. Retrieved 22 January 2022.

Bibliography

Ghosh, Atig (2018). "The Importance of Being Siliguri. Border-Effect and the 'Untimely' City in North Bengal". In Neilson, Brett; Rossiter, Ned; Samaddar, Ranabir (eds.). Logistical Asia: The Labour of Making a World Region. Palgrave Macmillan, Springer. ISBN 9789811083334. LCCN 2018935185.