Sumaco

Sumaco
Sumaco
	Sumaco Volcano.
Highest point
Elevation	3,990 m (13,090 ft)
Coordinates	00°32′17″S 77°37′33″W / 0.53806°S 77.62583°W
Geography
	Sumaco Ecuador
Geology
Mountain type	Stratovolcano
Last eruption	1895 ± 30 years

Sumaco is a symmetrical, isolated stratovolcano, that is set off from the main Ecuador volcanic axis. Its rocks are very distinct from those from most Andean volcanoes because of its lack of andesitic composition, in favour of basanite and phonolitic rock. Sumaco is heavily forested and contains a small cone in its broad summit crater. An historical eruption occurred around 1895 (± 30 years).^[1]

Ecology

Sumaco is isolated from the Cordillera Oriental by the lowland valley of the Cosanga and Quijos Rivers.^[2] There are more than 6000 species of vascular plants, including more than 90 endemic species.^[3] There are also a number of endemic animals, including toad Osornophryne sumacoensis only known from the eastern slopes of Sumaco,^[4]^[5] and robber frog Pristimantis ernesti only known from the summit of Sumaco.^[6]^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Sumaco". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
^ Lee, T. E.; Burneo, S. F.; Marchán, M. R.; Roussos, S. A. & Vizcarra-Váscomez, R. S. (2008). "The mammals of the temperate forests of Volcán Sumaco, Ecuador" (PDF). Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University. 276: 1–10.
^ "Parque nacional Sumaco". Ministerio del Ambiente. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ Coloma, L.A.; Ron, S.; Cisneros-Heredia, D. & Almandáriz, A. (2004). "Osornophryne sumacoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T54859A11203411. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54859A11203411.en. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Coloma, L. A.; Páez-Moscoso, D.; Frenkel, C.; Félix-Novoa, C. & Quiguango-Ubillús, A. (2014). "Osornophryne sumacoensis". Ron, S. R., Guayasamin, J. M., Yanez-Muñoz, M. H., Merino-Viteri, A., Ortiz, D. A. y Nicolalde, D. A. 2014. AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0. Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ). Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ Lynch, J.; Coloma, L.A. & Ron, S. (2004). "Pristimantis ernesti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T56585A11488039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T56585A11488039.en. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Frenkel, C.; Yánez-Muñoz, M. H.; Guayasamín, J. M.; Varela-Jaramillo, A. & Ron, S. R. (2013). "Pristimantis ernesti" (AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0 ed.). Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ). Archived from the original on 2015-02-11. Retrieved 11 February 2015.

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[gvp-1] "Sumaco". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2012-01-09.

[2] Lee, T. E.; Burneo, S. F.; Marchán, M. R.; Roussos, S. A. & Vizcarra-Váscomez, R. S. (2008). "The mammals of the temperate forests of Volcán Sumaco, Ecuador" (PDF). Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University. 276: 1–10.

[3] "Parque nacional Sumaco". Ministerio del Ambiente. Retrieved 8 February 2015.

[4] Coloma, L.A.; Ron, S.; Cisneros-Heredia, D. & Almandáriz, A. (2004). "Osornophryne sumacoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T54859A11203411. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54859A11203411.en. Retrieved 10 January 2018.

[5] Coloma, L. A.; Páez-Moscoso, D.; Frenkel, C.; Félix-Novoa, C. & Quiguango-Ubillús, A. (2014). "Osornophryne sumacoensis". Ron, S. R., Guayasamin, J. M., Yanez-Muñoz, M. H., Merino-Viteri, A., Ortiz, D. A. y Nicolalde, D. A. 2014. AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0. Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ). Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.

[6] Lynch, J.; Coloma, L.A. & Ron, S. (2004). "Pristimantis ernesti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T56585A11488039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T56585A11488039.en. Retrieved 10 January 2018.

[7] Frenkel, C.; Yánez-Muñoz, M. H.; Guayasamín, J. M.; Varela-Jaramillo, A. & Ron, S. R. (2013). "Pristimantis ernesti" (AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0 ed.). Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ). Archived from the original on 2015-02-11. Retrieved 11 February 2015.

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v t e Andean volcanoes
Northern Volcanic Zone (6° N – 3° S)	Paipa-Iza Romeral Cerro Bravo Nevado del Ruiz Nevado del Tolima Nevado del Huila Puracé Doña Juana Galeras Azufral Chiles Cayambe Reventador Pichincha Antisana Aliso Soche Illiniza Cotopaxi Quilotoa Chimborazo Tungurahua Licto volcanic field Sangay
Central Volcanic Zone (14°–27° S)	Quimsachata Auquihuato Firura Sara Sara Solimana Coropuna Hualca Hualca Sabancaya Huambo volcanic field Ampato Andagua volcanic field Chachani Misti Ubinas Pichu Pichu Huaynaputina Ticsani Tutupaca Yucamane Purupuruni Casiri Tacora Taapaca Parinacota Lauca Guallatiri Tata Sabaya Isluga Irruputuncu Olca-Paruma Aucanquilcha‎ Azufre Zapaleri Sairecabur Licancabur Purico complex Pacana Aguas Calientes Lascar Chiliques Aracar Socompa Llullaillaco Lastarria Lazufre Cordón del Azufre Galán Peinado San Francisco Cueros de Purulla Incahuasi Ojos del Salado
Southern Volcanic Zone (33°–46° S)	Tupungato Tupungatito Maipo Calabozos Descabezado Grande Cerro Azul Nevado de Longaví Nevados de Chillán Antuco Copahue Callaqui Lonquimay Llaima Sollipulli Villarrica Quetrupillán Lanín Mocho-Choshuenco Carrán-Los Venados Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Casablanca Osorno Calbuco Hornopirén Huequi Michinmahuida Chaitén Corcovado Mentolat Cay Macá Mate Grande Hudson
Austral Volcanic Zone (49°–55° S)	Lautaro Viedma Aguilera Reclus Burney Fueguino
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south