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Tamanic languages

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 9 min
Not to be confused with Tamangic languages.
Tamanic
Geographic
distribution		West Kalimantan
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologtama1334

The Tamanic languages are a small group of languages of Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan:

The Tamanic languages are not closely related to other languages on Borneo. Instead, they belong to the South Sulawesi languages, most probably in one branch together with Buginese.[1][2][3]

Sound changes

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Here is a list of sound changes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian into various Tamanic languages.[1]

Consonants

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  • Phonemic mergers:
    • *D merges into d.
    • *j merges into s, but merges into d following *n.
    • *h, *q merge into ∅, however, in word-final positions their outcomes still differ.
    • *z merges into d.
  • Lenition in intervocalic positions:
    • *-b- > -w- (sometimes deletes).
    • *-d- > -r- (original *D and *z are also affected).
    • *-ŋ-, *-k- > -∅- in Taman (*takut > ataut).
    • When geminated or following a nasal consonant, the original phonemes remain.
  • *l is assimilated to r before r in the same or following syllable (*ulaR > urar "snake").
    • In Taman, *r is further dissimilated to n after *r (urar : uran).
  • Development of final glottal stop (-ʔ) of mostly unexplained origin.
    • *-q > -ʔ, but *-h > *-∅
    • Other occurrences are hypothesized from an original Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme -ʔ.

Vowels

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  • *aya, aV > *a: (qi Daya > Embaloh ira:)
    • In Taman, it was sometimes reflected as ɛ: (Malay lain > lɛ:n).
  • *u was dissimilated to i before *u in the following syllable (*tumpul > timpul "blunt").
  • *ay, *ey and *aw, *ew were monophthongized into e and o, respectively.
  • *-iq and *-uq became -e and -o respectively.

West Kalimantan groups

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Main article: List of Dayak groups of West Kalimantan

Some Tamanic-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:[4][5]

Group Language Regency
Kalis Kalis Kapuas Hulu
Lau' Lau' Kapuas Hulu
Tamambalo Tamambalo Kapuas Hulu
Taman Taman Kapuas Hulu

Exclusive innovation vocabulary in the South Sulawesi language family or Buginese

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There are many lexical similarities with the languages of South Sulawesi,[1] for example:

Proto-Malayo-

Polynesian

Proto-South-

Sulawesi

Buginese Embaloh Taman
nose *qijuŋ *illoŋ iŋəʔ iŋar iŋir
self *diʀi *kal-aw-e ale kale ?
outside *uda *saliwAn saliwəŋ saluan saluan
tooth *ipən *isi isi isi isi
sleep *tuDuʀ *tindo tinro tindoʔ tindoʔ
wake up *baŋun *səddiŋ səddiŋ asadiŋ sadiŋ
above; top *babaw *babo asəʔ aset ?
forget *lupa - lilu liluʔ liluʔ
world - *lino lino lino ?
orphan - - biu biu ?
rainbow - - tarauʔ tataraʔueʔ ?

References

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  1. ^ a b c K. A. Adelaar. 1994. The classification of the Tamanic languages. In Tom Dutton and Darrell T. Tryon (eds.), Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, 1-42. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  2. ^ K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
  3. ^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021. S2CID 149377092.
  4. ^ Bamba, John (ed.) (2008). Mozaik Dayak keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat. Pontianak: Institut Dayakologi. ISBN 978-979-97788-5-7.
  5. ^ Istiyani, Chatarina Pancer (2008). Memahami peta keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat. Institut Dayakologi.


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