Tanda, Bengal

Part of a series on the
Bengal Sultanate
Ruling dynasties Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1414) Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah 1342-1358 Sikandar Shah 1358-1390 Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah 1390-1411 Saifuddin Hamza Shah 1411-1413 Muhammad bin Hamza Shah 1413 Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah 1413-1414 Alauddin Firuz Shah I 1414 House of Ganesha (1414–35) Raja Ganesha 1414-1415 Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah 1415-1416 Raja Ganesha 1416-1418 Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah 1418-1433 Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah 1433-1435 Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1435–87) Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah 1435-1459 Ruknuddin Barbak Shah 1459-1474 Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah 1474-1481 Nuruddin Sikandar Shah 1481 Jalaluddin Fateh Shah 1481-1487 Habshi rule (1487–94) Shahzada Barbak 1487 Saifuddin Firuz Shah 1487-1489 Mahmud Shah II 1489-1490 Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah 1490-1494 Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538) Alauddin Hussain Shah 1494-1518 Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah 1518-1533 Alauddin Firuz Shah II 1533 Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah 1533-1538 Muhammad Shahi dynasty (1554–64) Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah 1554-1555 Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah I 1555-1561 Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah 1561-1563 Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II 1563-1564 Karrani dynasty (1564–76) Taj Khan Karrani 1564-1565 Sulaiman Khan Karrani 1565-1572 Bayazid Khan Karrani 1572 Daud Khan Karrani 1572-1576
Subdivisions Mint Towns: Pandua Sonargaon Gaur Khalifatabad Satgaon Chatgaon Tanda Fatehabad Hajo Jaunpur Mrauk U Realms: Chandradwip Pratapgarh Arakan Srihat
Architecture Adina Mosque Sixty Dome Mosque Firoz Minar Choto Sona Mosque Baro Shona Masjid Bagha Mosque Pathrail Mosque Panbari Mosque Shankarpasha Mosque Goaldi Mosque Majidbaria Mosque Darasbari Mosque Eklakhi Mausoleum Muazzampur Mosque Qasba Mosque Kusumba Mosque Sura Mosque Nine Dome Mosque Jamaluddin Mosque Nasrat Gazi Mosque
Culture Literature Dobhashi Yusuf-Zulekha Persian influence Indo-Persian culture Persianate society Education Ghiyathiyyah Madrasah
Economy History of the taka
Warfare Ekdala (1353-1359) Jaunpur (1415-1420) Reconquest of Arakan (1429-1430) Kamata (1498) Mrauk U (1512–1516) Mughal invasion of Bengal Ghaghra (1529) Tukaroi (1575) Rajmahal (1576)
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Tanda (Bengali: তান্ডা, lit. 'high ground'), also known as Tandah and Khwaspur Tandah, was a historic 16th-century city of Bengal in the eastern part of South Asia, and one of the most prominent medieval capitals; serving the Karrani Sultans of Bengal and the early Mughal governors of Bengal.^[1]

Almost completely opposite to the city of Gaur, Tanda is located west of Teliagarhi by approximately 19.31km, 1.60km away from Lakshipur and southeast of Malda, West Bengal by roughly 24.14km. It lay on the western banks of the Ganges River where the river historically used to split into two.^[1]

During the reign of Mughal emperor Humayun struck silver coins in Tanda in the late 1530s. According to numismatics, Tanda achieved mint town status in 1544 when the region was under the Sur Empire ruled by Sher Shah Suri. During the reign of the Sultan of Bengal Sulaiman Khan Karrani, the capital of Bengal was switched from Gaur to Tanda.^[2] From then on, it continued as the capital of Bengal's Karrani dynasty. Tanda continued to host a prominent mint up until 1576.

The rise of Mughal dominion in the region was led by the Bengal Subah's first Mughal governor Munim Khan. Defeating the Bengal Sultanate at the Battle of Tukaroi in 1575, the capital was switched back to Gaur. An epidemic plague in Gaur swiftly led to the death of Munim and many Mughal troops, allowing Sultan Daud Khan Karrani to regain control and reestablish Tanda as the capital.^[3] Karrani was defeated the following year at the Battle of Rajmahal by the following Mughal general, Khan Jahan I, who kept Tanda as the capital due to fear of plague in Gaur. Tanda was made a part of the Sarkar Udambar (commonly known as Sarkar Tanda) which included Rajmahal, Murshidabad and North Birbhum.

In 1586, a gentleman merchant from London by the name of Ralph Fitch visited the city, describing it as prosperous whilst at the same time decaying due to the Ganges' course changing. Tanda remained the capital of Bengal up until the governorship of Man Singh I in the 1590s, who abandoned the city for Rajmahal.

According to Baharistan-i-Ghaibi of Mirza Nathan (later known as Shitab Khan),^[4]: 666 Tanda was noted for its stock of goods. Mirza Nathan's officer, Madari, purchased a shipload of lead, gunpowder and bows and arrows.^[4]: 585 There was a notable dargah (shrine) located in the village of Malatipur in Tanda. This contained the tomb of Mir Syed Ahmad al-Husayni, who was a notable Muslim ascetic who lived in Malatipur and would receive hundreds of visitors. After his death, Ahmad was succeeded by his Sahib-i-Sajjada Mir Syed Nizam ad-Din as the chief Sufi of the town. During the reign of Emperor Jahangir, it was common for Mughal officers to visit the shrine and commemorate urs there, as done by Shitab Khan - a disciple of Fariduddin Ganjshakar.^[4]: 716 In April 1660, Prince Shah Shuja and his family briefly took shelter in Tanda whilst hiding from Mir Jumla II.^[5]

By 1826, Tanda had been destroyed by floods, thus disappearing into the river. Presently, Tanda is a heap of dusts.^[1]