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Ternopil Oblast

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 15 min
Ternopil Oblast
Тернопільська область
Oblast
Ternopilska oblast[1]
Flag of Ternopil Oblast
Flag
Coat of arms of Ternopil Oblast
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Тернопілля (Ternopillia), Тернопільщина (Ternopilshchyna), Галичина (Halychyna)
Coordinates: 49°33′21″N 25°35′33″E / 49.55583°N 25.59250°E / 49.55583; 25.59250
Country Ukraine
Administrative centerTernopil
Government
 • GovernorVyacheslav Nehoda[2]
 • Oblast council64 seats
 • ChairpersonVolodymyr Bolyeshchuk
Area
 • Total
13,823 km2 (5,337 sq mi)
 • RankRanked 22nd
Population
 (2022)[3]
 • Total
Decrease 1,021,713
 • RankRanked 21st
GDP
[4]
 • Total₴ 82 billion
(€2.1 billion)
 • Per capita₴ 79,412
(€2,100)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
Postal code
46-49
Area code+380-35
ISO 3166 codeUA-61
Raions3
Cities (total)14
• Regional cities1
Urban-type settlements17
Villages1019
HDI (2022)0.722[5]
high
FIPS 10-4UP22
Websitewww.adm.gov.te.ua

Ternopil Oblast (Ukrainian: Тернопільська область, romanized: Ternópilʹsʹka óblastʹ), also referred to as Ternopilshchyna (Ukrainian: Тернопільщина, romanized: Ternópilʹščyna) or Ternopillia (Ukrainian: Тернопілля, romanized: Ternopíllja), is an oblast (province) of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Ternopil, through which flows the Seret, a tributary of the Dniester. Population: 1,021,713 (2022 estimate).[3]

One of the natural wonders of the region are its cave complexes.[6] Although Ternopil Oblast is among the smallest regions in Ukraine, over 100 caves have been discovered there.[6] Scientists believe these are only 20% of all possible caves in the region.[6] The biggest cave is Optymistychna Cave.[6] Measuring 267 km (166 mi) in total length, it is the longest cave in Eurasia and the fifth-longest in the world.[6] Twenty percent of the land in the region is chernozem soil.[6]

Among its attractions, Ternopil Oblast has 34 castles.[6] By at least one account, the most prominent is the Zbarazh Castle with fortifications that expand over 16 ha (40 acres) and was the center of a 17th-century standoff between troops of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[6] The Dniester Canyon passes through the oblast; it is considered one of the wonders of Ukraine, stretching for 250 km (160 mi).[6]

Geography

[edit]

The oblast is located in Western Ukraine and has an area of 13,800 km2 (5,300 sq mi). It is situated at the western part of the Podilian Upland, which is known for its rocky terrain. Among noticeable mountains there are the Kremenets Mountains. The oblast is also famous for its caves.

One of the major rivers in the country Dniester forms southern and southwestern borders of Ternopil Oblast with the adjacent Chernivtsi Oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Its tributaries that flow through the oblast include Zbruch, Seret, and Strypa among just a few of them. The Seret River (not to be confused with Siret nor Seret) is a left tributary of the Dniester flowing through the oblast administrative center, i.e. Ternopil.

Ternopil Oblast is one of two oblasts in West Ukraine that do not have an international border. It is surrounded by five other oblasts of Ukraine: Chernivtsi Oblast – to the south, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast – to the southwest, Lviv Oblast – to the northwest, Rivne Oblast – to the north, and Khmelnytskyi Oblast – to the east.

History

[edit]
Ternopil region until 1939

Historic administrative affiliation of the area:

From the 12th century the area belonged to Galicia–Volhynia until Galicia–Volhynia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th century.

In 1569 Poland and Lithuania united into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

From the First Partition of Poland in 1772 until the end of World War I the area which would become Ternopil Oblast was mostly part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a possession of the Habsburg Monarchy, Austrian Empire and finally Austria-Hungary. In Ukraine today, there are three oblasts (provinces) that largely formed the eastern part of Galicia and Lodomeria until 1918. Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast was entirely contained in the kingdom, as was the vast majority of Lviv Oblast (only a few small areas and villages near Sokal were not). The southern and central parts of Ternopil Oblast were within the kingdom while the northern parts (pre-2020 raions: Kremenets, Shumsk, Lanivtsi and the northern half of Zbarazh; post-2020: Kremenets Raion and small parts of Ternopil Raion) remained with Poland Lithuania; from 1795 (Third Partition) they belonged to the Russian Volhynian Governorate (specifically the Kremenetsky Uyezd). During the Napoleonic wars the area around Ternopil was annexed by Russia in the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn becoming the Tarnopolsky Krai [de; pl; ru; uk]; it was ceded back to Austria in 1815 (Congress of Vienna). The Tarnopolsky Krai roughly covered the eastern two-thirds of the post-2022 Ternopil Raion and the Chortkiv Raion up to the Strypa; in pre-2020 terms it corresponded with the cities of Ternopil and Chortkiv and the Borshchiv, Chortkiv, Husiatyn, Pidvolochysk, Terebovlia, Ternopil and Zalishchyky raions, the southern half of Zbarazh raion, the eastern and northern parts of Buchach raion and some eastern parts of Zboriv and Kozova raions.

From 1917 the formerly Russian part came under the Ukrainian People's Republic (Ukrainian State April–December 1918; also claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets/Ukrainian Soviet Republic December 1917–April 1918 and the Ukrainian SSR from March 1919); from 1918 the formerly Austrian part was controlled by the West Ukrainian People's Republic (nominally part of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 22 January 1919) but ultimately the whole area fell to the Second Polish Republic in 1921 following the Ukrainian War of Independence, Polish–Ukrainian War and Polish–Soviet War. The formerly Austrian parts became part of the Tarnopol Voivodeship, while the formerly Russian parts became part of the Volhynian Voivodeship, specifically the Krzemieniec county [pl; uk]. The southern pre-2020 raions of Ternopil Oblast were partially coterminous with Galicia and Lodomeria's districts/counties and Interwar Poland's counties.

Kingdom of Galicia, administrative, 1914
Raions of Ternopil Oblast (until 2020) Equivalent districts/counties of Galicia and Lodomeria
Berezhany Raion Western part of
Brzeżany county.
Borshchiv Raion Borszczów
Buchach Raion Buczacz county
Chortkiv Raion Czortków and the southern part
of Kopychyntsi county
Husiatyn Raion Kopychyntsi
Kozova Raion Eastern part of Brzeżany county
except for the city of Brzeżany itself.
Monastyryska Raion Western part of Buczacz county.
Pidhaitsi Raion Western part of Podhajce county.
Pidvolochysk Raion Skalat county and the
eastern part of Zbaraż county
Terebovlia Raion Trembowla county in the east and
Podhajce county in the west.
Ternopil Raion Tarnopol county
Zalishchyky Raion Zalishchyky
Zbarazh Raion The western part of Zbaraż county
and the southern part of Brody county.
Zboriv Raion Zborów county

The oblast was created during the Second World War when both Nazi Germany and later the Soviet Union invaded Poland. Due to the Polish national policy in the area (Pacification action), many people favored the Soviet invasion of Eastern Galicia at first. However, soon thereafter, the Soviet security agencies started a witch hunt among nationally oriented members of Ukrainian resistance who emigrated to Poland after the Soviet-Ukrainian War as well as other reasons. Many of local population were exiled to Siberia regardless of their ethnic background. On December 4, 1939, the voivodeship division in the West Ukraine was abolished and replaced with the existing Soviet administrative division oblast. Ternopil Oblast (originally Tarnopol Oblast) was established based mostly on the Tarnopol Voivodeship and southern portions of the Volhynian Voivodeship.

During the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany, Ternopil became an object of fierce fighting between Soviet and German forces because of its importance as a rail transportation hub. During German occupation, the region (except for its Volhynian portion) became part of the District of Galicia and transferred to administration by the General Government. After the war, a destroyed residential section of Ternopil, near the river, was turned into an artificial lake rather than being rebuilt. Additionally, upon annexation to the Soviet Union's Ukrainian SSR, most ethnic Poles in the region were forcibly relocated to Poland, whose national borders had shifted far to the west. The area of the former Polish voivodeship was expanded by adding territory in the north, though the westernmost parts were transferred to the Lviv oblast. After 1945 Soviet authorities also encouraged ethnic Russians to settle in territories newly annexed to the Soviet Union, including the Ternopil oblast, though western Ukraine remained considerably less Russian than eastern Ukraine.

As Ukraine achieved independence in the 1990s, western Ukraine remained the heartland of Ukrainian political and cultural nationalism, and the political affiliations of Ternopil voters reflected that viewpoint. In the first elections after independence, the People's Movement of Ukraine was the leading party in the oblast. A majority of oblast voters supported the Ukrainian nationalist-oriented Electoral Bloc Yuliya Tymoshenko in the 2002 Ukrainian parliamentary election. Over 88% of voters supported Yulia Tymoshenko of the All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election.

By 2005, the population of the oblast had grown to roughly 225,000, consisting primarily of ethnic Ukrainians with a large Russian or Russian-speaking minority. The city of Ternopil has important institutions of higher education, including two teacher's colleges, an international medical school with instruction in English, and one of three economics institutes in Ukraine.

Pochaiv Monastery

The religion of the majority is Ukrainian Greek Catholic, though there is a notable Orthodox presence and a small Protestant minority. Many churches which were closed or destroyed under Soviet rule have rebuilt since independence. The local Jewish community, which was very large before 1939, disappeared in the Holocaust and was not reestablished after 1945. There are no active synagogues in the oblast and only a few isolated individuals affiliating with the Jewish faith.

Points of interest

[edit]
Vyshnivets Palace
Dzhuryn Waterfall, one of the highest in Ukraine

The oblast is known for its castles and fortresses. Due to the underfunding of the state program for the preservation of cultural heritage, many of objects of historical significance are in poor condition. The following historic-cultural sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine.

Population

[edit]

National composition

[edit]

The population is predominantly Ukrainophone and about 98% consider themselves Ukrainians. Among the biggest minorities are Poles and Russians who combine 1.6% of the total population. Most of the population is bilingual and the Ukrainian language is accepted in daily communications. The estimated population is 1,038,694 (2020 est.)[7]

In historical comparison, before World War II national composition was very different and according to the 1931 Polish Census Ukrainians were a slight majority in the Tarnopol Voivodeship at 54.8%, while there was almost no Russians. On the other hand, the Polish and Jewish population decreased drastically from 36.6% and 8.4% respectively.[citation needed]

Age structure

[edit]
0-14 years: 15.7% Increase (male 86,309/female 81,940)
15-64 years: 69.0% Steady (male 360,305/female 381,271)
65 years and over: 15.3% Decrease (male 53,364/female 110,887) (2013 official)

Median age

[edit]
total: 38.6 years Increase
male: 35.8 years Increase
female: 41.4 years Increase (2013 official)

Economy and transportation

[edit]
Bridge near Terebovlia

The economy is predominantly agriculturally oriented. Among industries, there is a well developed food industry particularly sugar production, alcohol, and dairy (such as butter). There is also number of factories such as "Vatra" (lighting equipment), Ternopil Harvester Plant, "Orion" (radio communication) among a few.

Ternopil Oblast has an adequate network of highways, while the city of Ternopil is located at the intersection of main European corridors along the E50 and E85 highways. There is a small airport in Ternopil (Ternopil Airport) which however mostly is used for charter flights. There is a well developed railroad network which is a part of the Lviv Railways. Water transportation is very limited and mostly along the Dniester River.

Subdivisions

[edit]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Ternopil Oblast
Map of Ternopil Oblast after July 2020
Map of Ternopil Oblast before July 2020

After 18 July 2020

# Name Center Year Area
(km2)		 Population Hromadas Populated place
City Town Village
1 Kremenets Kremenets 144,7 8 4 1
2 Ternopil Ternopil 566,9 25 7 6
3 Chortkiv Chortkiv 334,3 22 7 9

Before 18 July 2020 Before the 2020 administrative reform, Ternopil Oblast was administratively subdivided into 17 raions (districts), as well as 1 city (municipality) which is directly subordinate to the oblast government: Ternopil, the administrative center of the oblast. The average area of a raion was around 808 km2 (312 sq mi), the biggest one was Terebovlia Raion covering 1,130 km2 (440 sq mi) and the smallest one - Pidhaitsi Raion with 496 km2 (192 sq mi). The average population number was around 50.6 thousands which is just below the national average.

Raions of the Ternopil Oblast
In English In Ukrainian Administrative Center
Berezhany Raion Бережанський район
Berezhanskyi raion 		Berezhany
(City)
Borshchiv Raion Борщівський район
Borshchivskyi raion 		Borshchiv
(City)
Buchach Raion Бучацький район
Buchatskyi raion 		Buchach
(City)
Chortkiv Raion Чортківський район
Chortkivskyi raion 		Chortkiv
(City)
Husiatyn Raion Гусятинський район
Husiatynskyi raion 		Husiatyn
(Urban-type settlement)
Kozova Raion Козівський район
Kozivskyi raion 		Kozova
(Urban-type settlement)
Kremenets Raion Кременецький район
Kremenetskyi raion 		Kremenets
(City)
Lanivtsi Raion Лановецький район
Lanovetskyi raion 		Lanivtsi
(City)
Monastyryska Raion Монастириський район
Monastyryskyi raion 		Monastyryska
(City)
Pidhaitsi Raion Підгаєцький район
Pidhayetskyi raion 		Pidhaitsi
(City)
Pidvolochysk Raion Підволочиський район
Pidvolochyskyi raion 		Pidvolochysk
(Urban-type settlement)
Shumsk Raion Шумський район
Shumskyi raion 		Shumsk
(City)
Terebovlia Raion Теребовлянський район
Terebovlanskyi raion 		Terebovlia
(City)
Ternopil Raion Тернопільський район
Ternopilskyi raion 		Ternopil
(City)
Zalishchyky Raion Заліщицький район
Zalishchytskyi raion 		Zalishchyky
(City)
Zbarazh Raion Збаразький район
Zbarazkyi raion 		Zbarazh
(City)
Zboriv Raion Зборівський район
Zborivskyi raion 		Zboriv
(City)

Notable people

[edit]

In town of Buchach was born a Nobel Prize recipient, writer Shmuel Yosef Agnon.[6] The prize was given for works about fate of Galician Jews.[6] Agnon worked for a Lviv newspaper, but after refusal to serve in the army he moved to Mandatory Palestine.[6] In Ukraine he published over 70 of his early works.[6]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Syvak, Nina; Ponomarenko, Valerii; Khodzinska, Olha; Lakeichuk, Iryna (2011). Veklych, Lesia (ed.). Toponymic Guidelines for Map and Other Editors for International Use (PDF). scientific consultant Iryna Rudenko; reviewed by Nataliia Kizilowa; translated by Olha Khodzinska. Kyiv: DerzhHeoKadastr and Kartographia. p. 20. ISBN 978-966-475-839-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-25. Retrieved 2020-10-06. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  2. ^ "Zelensky appoints Nehoda as head of Ternopil RSA". Ukrainian national news [uk]. 24 August 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  3. ^ a b Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  4. ^ "Валовии регіональнии продукт".
  5. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Tell about Ukraine. Ternopil Oblast Archived 2020-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. 24 Kanal (youtube).
  7. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2020 року / Population of Ukraine Number of Existing as of January 1, 2020 (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2023.
  8. ^ wrestler, football and basketball
[edit]
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